海岛棉GbTCP5基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究根据前期海岛棉的转录组数据,通过PCR技术从海岛棉‘新海21’中克隆1个TCP基因,命名为GbTCP5,其开放阅读框945bp,编码314个氨基酸,预测分子量约34.95kD,等电点8.41;多序列比对结果表明,GbTCP5蛋白含有特征性的TCP保守结构域;进化树分析表明,GbTCP5基因与GhTCP17基因在同一分支。qPCR实验结果表明,GbTCP5基因在35d纤维中表达量较高,暗示其可能参与棉花纤维的次生壁合成。酵母单杂交实验表明,GbTCP5在SD-Trp-His-Ade缺陷培养基上生长并且X-gal检验显蓝色,说明该基因在酵母体内具有转录激活功能。     

海岛棉GbTCP15基因的克隆与表达分析

根据陆地棉GhTCP15基因序列,设计1对引物,通过PCR技术从海岛棉品种‘新海21号’中克隆一个同源基因,命名为GbTCP15。海岛棉GbTCP15基因具有一个1 056 bp开放阅读框,编码351个氨基酸,预测分子量约为38 057.4 kD,等电点为9.01,序列中含有一个高度保守的TCP结构域。氨基酸序列对比表明,海岛棉GbTCP15蛋白与其他植物中的TCP蛋白有较高的一致性,说明该基因在进化过程中是相当保守的。亚细胞定位结果显示,GbTCP15主要分布在细胞核上,推测GbTCP15在复制和转录的过程中发挥着信号转导以及转录调控等作用。进化树分析表明,海岛棉GbTCP15基因与雷蒙德氏棉GrTCP15基因分布在同一分支上。实时荧光定量PCR表明,海岛棉GbTCP15基因在茎部和15 d纤维中表达量较高。研究表明,GbTCP15转录因子可能参与棉花纤维以及表皮毛的发育。     

海岛棉GbHCT基因克隆及生物信息学分析

克隆海岛棉木质素合成关键酶基因GbHCT全长cDNA序列,分析其在纤维不同发育时期的表达情况。根据海岛棉转录组数据中的HCT序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆基因,通过生物信息学方法分析GbHCT的cDNA序列和氨基酸序列。通过分析转录组数据研究GbHCT在纤维不同发育时期的表达。从海岛棉中克隆了1个编码HCT的基因GbHCT,开放阅读框长度为1311bp,编码436个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为48.58kD,等电点为6.03。GbHCT氨基酸序列中含有HTLGD和DFGWG2个保守基序。GbHCT氨基酸与陆地棉、亚洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉HCT一致性较高,与其他植物中的HCT氨基酸的一致性为55.7%-60.7%。转录组数据分析发现GbHCT在纤维不同发育阶段都有表达,在5DPA的纤维中表达量最高,表明该基因可能参与棉花纤维的发育。     

梅花CBF转录因子的克隆及表达

根据GenBank中与梅花同属的桃、甜樱桃等已发表CBFs转录因子序列设计简并引物,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法,从梅花基因组DNA和cDNA中克隆CBF转录因子片段。结果表明,两种途径获得的CBF基因序列一致,基因全长821bp,编码238个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列具有典型的CBF蛋白特征,包含保守的AP2/EREB DNA结合结构域及CBF家族蛋白特征短多肽序列(PKK/RPAGRxKFxETRHP和DSAWR)。氨基酸相似性分析结果表明,该基因与欧洲甜樱桃、矮扁桃等CBF转录因子相似性较高。相对荧光定量PCR结果显示,4℃低温胁迫下,其表达量符合CBF转录因子表达特点,随着胁迫时间的增长表达量呈上升趋势,8h时达峰值,说明该基因在低温胁迫下上调表达。     

甜荞FaesSTK基因在长花柱长雄蕊突变体lpls中的表达分析

采用RACE技术,从甜荞（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）中克隆获得3种花型的STK同源基因FaesSTK,并对其序列特征进行分析。结果显示,甜荞3种花型植株STK同源基因序列一致,全长为967 bp,包含长689 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一个由225个氨基酸残基组成的D类MADS-box转录因子。蛋白序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明,FaesSTK蛋白属于MADS-box转录因子中的STK进化系。包含1个由57个氨基酸残基组成的高度保守的MADS结构域;1个由82个氨基酸残基组成的次级保守区域的K结构域,在C端的转录激活区还含有另外2个高度保守的基序（AGⅠ和AGⅡ）。实时荧光定量检测结果显示,FaesSTK基因主要在甜荞lpls突变体的雄蕊、雌蕊和不同发育时期的幼果中表达,在根和花被片中仅能检测到微弱的转录信号,在叶和茎中不表达,其中在雌蕊和果实中的表达量极显著高于其他组织。推测该基因在花发育过程中可能主要参与调控甜荞lpls突变体雌蕊和果实的发育。     

马尾松PmFT1基因克隆及对花发育的影响

本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从马尾松中克隆获得PmFT1基因全长序列,PmFT1基因开放阅读框(ORF)全长993 bp,编码247个氨基酸。对基因氨基酸序列生物信息学分析表明,PmFT1蛋白含有保守的PEBP结构域、基序DPDx P、Gx HR和第84位的关键氨基酸,但PmFT1在保守的14个氨基酸序列和LYN/IYN区域差异较大。系统进化树分析显示,马尾松PmFT1与云杉和辐射松亲缘关系较近,裸子植物单独分为一类,并且在FT类基因关键结构域相对保守。利用荧光定量PCR研究PmFT1基因在不同组织和雌雄球花发育中的表达研究表明,PmFT1基因为组成型表达,在老茎中的表达量最低;PmFT1基因在雌球花和雄球花发育过程中的表达模式正好相反,说明PmFT1基因参与了马尾松花发育调控,且促进雄球花发育,抑制雌球花发育。     

海岛棉抗枯萎病基因GbMPK16的克隆及功能验证

研究MAPK基因在海岛棉抗枯萎病途径中的功能,为棉花枯萎病抗性育种提供基因资源。根据前期海岛棉枯萎病抗性转录组测序和表达谱数据分析,从差异表达基因中筛选到一个海岛棉抗枯萎病相关Unigene序列,该序列注释为MAPK相关基因。从海岛棉抗病品种"06-146"中克隆了一个MAPK家族基因GbMPK16,进行生物信息学分析,并在枯萎病菌、乙烯、水杨酸诱导下对该基因进行表达分析,通过VIGS技术进行该基因抗病性功能分析。研究显示GbMPK16基因有1 665 bp的ORF序列,编码554个氨基酸,属于MAPK家族D组,保守区域包括TDY磷酸化部位,GbMPK16蛋白与其他生物MPK16蛋白有较高的一致性。进化树分析表明,GbMPK16与GhMPK16亲缘关系最近。亚细胞定位预测表明,GbMPK16分布于细胞核的可能性46.3%,在细胞质里的可能性40.7%。qRT-PCR表达分析显示,GbMPK16基因在不同抗病海岛棉品种表达量明显高于感病海岛棉品种,乙烯和水杨酸处理后出现表达量上调趋势,并且在抗病材料中该基因表达量均高于感病材料。通过VIGS技术沉默GbMPK16基因后,与对照相比该基因的表达量明显下降,枯萎病侵染15 d后,沉默该基因的植株发病情况高于对照。GbMPK16基因可能在海岛棉抗枯萎病途径中发挥作用。     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜BnTCP7基因的克隆和表达分析

该研究克隆获得了甘蓝型油菜预测转录因子TCP7-like同源编码基因,命名为BnTCP7,与甘蓝型油菜TCP7-like NC_027757基因的核苷酸序列相似性为95.68%。BnTCP7基因开放阅读框全长为648bp,编码215个氨基酸。BnTCP7氨基酸序列与十字花科(Brassicaceae)中其他19条TCP7或者TCP7-like氨基酸序列比对发现,BnTCP7与芸薹属和萝卜属等TCP7同源蛋白具有很强的相似性和保守性,尤其在靠近N端的TCP保守结构域,具有典型的螺旋-环-螺旋结构,且BnTCP7属于TCP家族Ⅰ类,为亲水性不稳定蛋白。通过BnTCP7和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtTCP7(NC_003076)蛋白的二级和三级结构在线预测比对分析,进一步证实BnTCP7具有TCP家族典型结构。进化树分析表明,BnTCP7蛋白与甘蓝型油菜TCP7-like NC_027757蛋白聚在同一分支,两者亲缘关系最近。利用转录组数据对不同时期不同器官BnTCP7基因表达模式分析发现,其表达量呈现一定差异性,其中营养器官中的表达量高于生殖器官。非生物胁迫及激素处理对甘蓝型油菜幼苗植株中BnTCP7基因的表达影响分析发现,BnTCP7基因不仅响应了冷、热、损伤等非生物胁迫,而且参与了ABA和GA3激素的信号转导,表明BnTCP7基因在植物维持正常生长发育和逆境胁迫中可能发挥重要作用。     

甜荞FaesSTK基因在长花柱长雄蕊突变体lpls中的表达分析

采用RACE技术,从甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)中克隆获得3种花型的STK同源基因Faes STK,并对其序列特征进行分析。结果显示,甜荞3种花型植株STK同源基因序列一致,全长为967 bp,包含长689 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一个由225个氨基酸残基组成的D类MADS-box转录因子。蛋白序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明,Faes STK蛋白属于MADS-box转录因子中的STK进化系。包含1个由57个氨基酸残基组成的高度保守的MADS结构域; 1个由82个氨基酸残基组成的次级保守区域的K结构域,在C端的转录激活区还含有另外2个高度保守的基序(AGⅠ和AGⅡ)。实时荧光定量检测结果显示,Faes STK基因主要在甜荞lpls突变体的雄蕊、雌蕊和不同发育时期的幼果中表达,在根和花被片中仅能检测到微弱的转录信号,在叶和茎中不表达,其中在雌蕊和果实中的表达量极显著高于其他组织。推测该基因在花发育过程中可能主要参与调控甜荞lpls突变体雌蕊和果实的发育。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.