马铃薯杂种无性株系的SSR鉴定及花粉育性和染色体构型分析

为明确马铃薯‘MB09’ב陇薯7号’杂种F1无性株系在DNA和细胞遗传学水平上的差异,该试验以亲本材料为对照,利用SSR分子标记技术对其20个优良无性株系(F1无性系一代)的DNA指纹特征进行分析,并采用常规制片镜检方法对已选出的8个杂种优良株系(F1无性系二代)的花粉育性及花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMCMⅠ)的染色体配对构型进行了研究,为马铃薯杂交新品系选育提供分子细胞遗传学依据。结果显示:(1)试验共筛选出2对SSR特异引物C57和S25,通过PCR扩增建立了能识别出这20个杂种株系及其双亲的SSR指纹图。(2)杂种优异株系F1-1、F1-2、F1-7、F1-11、F1-13、F1-14、F1-15和F1-20的花粉可育率变幅为36.73%~87.08%,并以株系F1-7最高(87.08%),而且显著超过高亲(83.33%),说明各优良株系花粉育性有一定差异。(3)对8个优异株系花粉母细胞的PMCMⅠ观察发现,各优良株系的染色体配对构型明显不同,均包括单价体、二价体、三价体和四价体4类,其中二价体构型的比例最高,其介于49.13%~82.91%之间,其中以株系F1-7的二价体比例最高(82.91%)。该研究明确了20个马铃薯杂种优良株系的SSR指纹特征和8个优异株系的花粉育性及染色体配对构型差异。     

5个菊花品种自交结实特性及减数分裂行为与花粉育性研究

对rm1-1、rm1-3、02-42-6、rm1-4和rm48-2等5个菊花品种3年自交结实率及花粉母细胞的减数分裂行为和花粉活力进行了研究.结果显示:(1)rm1-1、rm1-3和02-42-6属自交结实品种,结实性主要来源筒状小花;rm1-4和rm48-2为自交不结实品种.(2)在减数分裂过程中,rm1-1、rm1-3和02-42-6中期Ⅰ每个花粉母细胞(PMC)平均染色体配对构型分别为0.93Ⅰ+23.64Ⅱ+0.85Ⅲ+0.64Ⅳ、0.92Ⅰ+ 24.40Ⅱ+ 0.78Ⅲ+0.51Ⅳ和0.45Ⅰ+ 25.04Ⅱ+0.36Ⅲ+0.55Ⅳ;rm1-4和rm48-2每个PMC平均染色体配对构型分别为0.53Ⅰ+25.25Ⅱ+0.84Ⅲ+0.16Ⅳ和1.39Ⅰ+24.87Ⅱ+0.42Ⅲ+0.40Ⅳ;后期和末期5个品种花粉母细胞均出现不同频率的染色体桥、落后染色体、微核等异常现象,但大部分花粉母细胞均能正常发育.(3)5个品种花粉萌发率为8.1%～28.9%,其中rm1-1最低,rm1-4最高.结果表明,减数分裂过程和花粉育性与自交结实率没有必然关系.     

过表达MtVP1对马铃薯表型及糖代谢的影响

I型H⁺-PPase参与糖异生和蔗糖分解代谢,利用不同的糖(蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖)饲喂拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)Ⅰ型H⁺-PPase基因不同类型的突变体,产生的表型不一致,因此,推测Ⅰ型H⁺-PPase可能存在其它影响糖代谢的机制。为进一步明确该酶对糖代谢的影响,以过表达MtVP1的马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)渭薯4号为研究对象,观察不同培养条件下的表型,监测糖含量变化,并利用转录组测序分析转录谱。结果表明,过表达MtVP1马铃薯表现出红色茎、紫色花和表皮毛更发达,单株块茎数减少,块茎变大,块茎皱缩速度加快;转基因马铃薯块茎中淀粉、葡萄糖和果糖含量显著下降,芽中葡萄糖和果糖含量也显著下降。果糖饲喂导致转基因马铃薯花青素含量显著降低;转基因马铃薯体内果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶和果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶基因表达上调3–7倍。研究结果为进一步从糖代谢角度探究Ⅰ型H⁺-PPase的生理功能提供参考。     

鹅观草属——人工合成双二倍体(2n=10x=70)的细胞学及育性的研究

本文对缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina)、鹅观草(R.tsukushiensis var.transiens)及其人工合成杂种F_1、双二倍体进行了细胞学,育性等的分析和研究。结果表明双亲的减数分裂,花粉育性和结实性均正常,杂种F_1的减数分裂不规则且完全不育;当代双二倍体的染色体数目为70,其减数分裂构型为:6.04 Ⅰ+26.21 Ⅱ+1.52 Ⅲ+1.59 Ⅳ+0.02 Ⅴ:第二代双二倍体的染色体数目为70,个别植株为69,减数分裂构型分别为:4.16 Ⅰ+27.33 Ⅱ+0.50 Ⅲ+2.16 Ⅳ和4.79 Ⅰ26.26 Ⅱ+1.13 Ⅲ+2.13 Ⅳ。与期望染色体配对模式相比,双二倍体中二价体出现的频率有明显增大的趋势。在减数分裂AⅠ和AⅡ分别观察到数目不定的落后单价体,大部份的四分体中出现了微核。双二倍体的育性得到了很大程度的恢复,其花粉可染色性及结实率分别为54.4％和64.0％。     

抗性品系棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶的变异

用浸叶法测定了采自我国不同地区(泰安、莱阳、南京、北京和安阳)的棉蚜品系Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ对久效磷、甲胺磷、抗蚜威和灭多威等杀虫剂的抗性水平,各棉蚜品系对杀虫剂的抗性依次为Ⅴ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ,Ⅱ>Ⅰ。进一步研究表明,Ⅴ和Ⅳ品系棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂的敏感性显著下降,Ⅱ品系次之,Ⅲ和Ⅰ品系接近于敏感品系。Ⅴ和Ⅳ品系乙酰胆碱酯酶的Km值显著下降,表明酶发生了质的变化。不同棉蚜抗性品系的酯酶（全酯酶和羧酸酯酶）活性均显著升高,其中Ⅲ品系的酯酶活力为Ⅱ品系的2倍。Ⅴ品系羧酸酯酶Km值达2460.4 μmol/L,而Ⅳ品系仅为84.4 μmol/L,该两个品系羧酸酯酶发生了质的变化。研究结果表明,不同抗性程度的棉蚜品系均存在代谢抗性和靶标抗性。低抗水平的棉蚜品系,以代谢抗性为主,靶标抗性为辅;中抗水平的棉蚜品系,抑或由于解毒代谢酶的活性显著增强,也可能由于靶标的敏感性显著下降;而高抗水平的棉蚜品系,依赖于代谢抗性和靶标抗性的联合作用。     

鹅观草属——人工合成双二倍体(2n=10x=70)的细胞学及育性的研究

本文对缘毛鹅观草（Roegneria pendulina）、鹅观草（R.tsukushiensis var.transiens）及其人工合成杂种F1、双二倍体进行了细胞学,育性等的分析和研究。结果表明双亲的减数分裂,花粉育性和结实性均正常,杂种F1的减数分裂不规则且完全不育;当代双二倍体的染色体数目为70,其减数分裂构型为:6.04 Ⅰ+26.21 Ⅱ+1.52 Ⅲ+1.59 Ⅳ+0.02 Ⅴ:第二代双二倍体的染色体数目为70,个别植株为69,减数分裂构型分别为:4.16 Ⅰ+27.33 Ⅱ+0.50 Ⅲ+2.16 Ⅳ和4.79 Ⅰ26.26 Ⅱ+1.13 Ⅲ+2.13 Ⅳ。与期望染色体配对模式相比,双二倍体中二价体出现的频率有明显增大的趋势。在减数分裂AⅠ和AⅡ分别观察到数目不定的落后单价体,大部份的四分体中出现了微核。双二倍体的育性得到了很大程度的恢复,其花粉可染色性及结实率分别为54.4％和64.0％。     

马铃薯品种间光合特征的比较研究

马铃薯叶片光合作用是影响其块茎产量和品质的重要因素之一。为了选择适宜湖南栽培的马铃薯品种和提高马铃薯的栽培效益,本文时中薯3号、大西洋、费乌瑞它、东农303、PB04、PB08和滇薯6号7个马铃薯品种(系)在匍匐茎伸长期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和块茎完熟期4个时期的光合特征参数(叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度)、SPAD值和相对产量进行了比较研究。结果表明,中薯3号的叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率和平均每株产量都最高,适宜于在湖南栽培。     

狭叶香蒲花粉（蒲黄）中的亲脂性成分

从狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)的干燥花粉中分离到5个化合物,经理化试验和波谱分析其中4个化合物的结构确定为7-甲基-4-三十烷酮(7-methyl-4-triacontanone,Ⅰ)、6-三十三烷醇(6-tritriacontanol,Ⅱ)、二十五烷(pentacosane,Ⅲ)和β-谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(β-sitosterol patmitate,Ⅳ),另外还分得一个化合物Ⅴ。Ⅳ是降低血清胆固醇的有效成分。Ⅰ、Ⅱ是新化合物。     

抗全蚀病小麦-华山新麦草中间材料H8911的细胞遗传学研究与利用

抗小麦全蚀病中间材料H8911(BC1F1)是通过小麦与华山新麦草杂种幼胚培养及杂种F1(ABDN2n=28)再与小麦回交后得到的。根尖细胞染色体数目49条,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,染色体构型为20．85(19～21)Ⅱ 7．30(7～11)Ⅰ,21Ⅱ 7Ⅰ的细胞占86．67％。BC1F2和BC1F3体细胞染色体数目范围分别为45～53和44～52,49条染色体的植株类型分别占30．19％和27．50％,华山新麦草染色体丢失率分别为11．85％和13．14％;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,染色体构型分别为20．62(18～22)Ⅱ 7．64(5～13)Ⅰ 0．04(0～1)Ⅲ和20．53(17～22)Ⅱ 7．79(5～15)Ⅰ 0．05(0～1)Ⅲ,21Ⅱ 7Ⅰ的细胞分别占77．24％和69．42％。随着自交世代的延续,21Ⅱ 7Ⅰ细胞的传递能力逐渐降低。利用H8911作供体,选育出小麦-华山新麦草抗全蚀病新种质13个,其中1个附加系表现近高度抗病性,6个附加系、3个代换系和3个易位系材料表现中度抗病性。     

Ogura CMS紫菜苔×萝卜×甘蓝型油菜杂种的获得及细胞遗传学研究

以OguraCMS紫菜苔×萝卜杂种F1(AR ,2n =19)为母本 ,以甘蓝型油菜 (AACC ,2n =38)为父本进行杂交 ,获得了 4棵杂种植株。其中 1株 (PRN 1)的花色为嵌合体 ,该植株上的花多为黄色 ,但是也有乳白色花 ,另外还有 1朵花甚至 1个花瓣上同时具有黄色和白色区域 ,其余 3株 (PRN 2、 3、 4 )都开白花。PRN 4的花药开花前退化 ,其余 3株都可以看到 3～ 6枚花药 ,能够产生部分花粉 ,但是PRN 2的花粉不能被I2 KI溶液染色。PRN 2具有 4个蜜腺 ,PRN 1和PRN 3具有 2个蜜腺 ,PRN 4无可见蜜腺。在低温下PRN 2叶色正常 ,其余 3株幼叶表现不同程度缺绿。PRN 1的染色体数目为 2n =38,染色体平均配对构型为 14 6 7Ⅰ +10 0 7Ⅱ +1 0 6Ⅲ ,其染色体组构成可能是AACR ;PRN 2的染色体数目为 2n =35 ,染色体平均配对构型为 13 89Ⅰ +8 33Ⅱ +1 33Ⅲ +0 11Ⅳ ,PRN 3的染色体数目为2n =33,染色体平均配对构型为 14 0 0Ⅰ +7 82Ⅱ +1 0 0Ⅲ +0 0 9Ⅳ。PRN 4的染色体数目未能确定。与甘蓝型油菜回交后PRN 1～ 3植株各自产生了一定数量的种子 ,而PRN 4则未产生种子。对这些杂种及其后代的遗传及育种意义进行了讨论     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.