短花针茅叶片水分利用效率对放牧强度的响应及其影响因素

为明确植物的用水策略及适应性机制,以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,设置对照(CK)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG)4个放牧梯度,其载畜率分别为每1 hm^(2)每年0、0.93、1.82和2.71个羊单位的放牧强度,调查建群种短花针茅的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量以及土壤的理化性状,并且采用稳定碳同位素法和红外光合仪法对短花针茅水分利用效率进行了测定,旨在阐明短花针茅水分利用效率在不同放牧强度下的响应规律及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)放牧对短花针茅盖度、密度以及地上生物量的影响显著;随着载畜率的增大,有利于短花针茅的扩散使其分布面积增加,且在中度放牧条件下尤为明显。(2)随着放牧强度的增加,土壤水分含量较对照显著提高,土壤全氮含量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,土壤速效钾呈现降低的变化趋势,而对土壤全碳含量和pH无显著影响,说明适度放牧能够提高土壤水分含量、促进土壤氮含量的积累,但放牧会导致土壤速效钾减少。(3)随着放牧强度的增大,短花针茅长期水分利用效率(WUE l)呈现“V”形变化趋势,而瞬时水分利用效率(WUE t)与内在水分利用效率(WUE i)总体呈降低的变化趋势。(4)相关分析显示,放牧强度与短花针茅密度、地上生物量呈显著正相关关系,土壤全氮含量与有机碳、pH、WUE i呈显著正相关关系,WUE t与WUE i呈显著正相关关系;短花针茅内在水分利用效率与土壤有机碳含量密切相关。研究表明,重度放牧导致短花针茅株丛破碎化,增加了种群的扩散面积,是短花针茅长期水分利用效率提高的直接原因;短花针茅瞬时水分利用效率随放牧强度的增加而降低可能是由其内在水分利用效率降低引起的。     

载畜率对内蒙古荒漠草原冷蒿种群资源分配格局的影响

研究植物的资源分配格局以揭示其对环境变化的响应机制有重要的生态学意义。以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)种群为研究对象,设置4个载畜率水平的随机区组试验,由冷蒿地上、地下及各构件生物量的变化入手,探讨了载畜率对该种群资源分配格局的影响规律,为退化草地的恢复及合理的放牧管理提供参考。结果表明:(1)冷蒿种群的高度随载畜率的增大而显著降低(P0.05),中度与重度放牧显著降低了该种群的盖度(P0.05),轻度放牧使该种群密度显著增加(P0.05);(2)地上、地下生物量及总生物量均随载畜率的增加而显著降低(P0.05),3a的年际效应及载畜率与年际的互作效应对总生物量、地上和地下生物量的影响差异均显著(P0.05);(3)生物量分配的总体格局是根茎叶花/果,且各构件的生物量均随着载畜率的增加而减少;(4)各构件的生物量分配比例对载畜率的响应不同,中度与重度放牧显著增大了生物量在根的分配(P0.05),茎的生物量分配在轻度放牧显著增加,重度放牧显著降低(P0.05),轻度与中度放牧显著促进了叶的生物量分配(P0.05),花/果的生物量分配随载畜率的增加而显著降低(P0.05);(5)随着载畜率的增大,冷蒿的有性繁殖能力减弱,而无性繁殖能力增强。     

不同载畜率下短花针茅荒漠草原物种多度格局

以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,通过野外植被调查,并应用几何级数模型、分割线段模型和重叠生态位模型,分析不同载畜率下的植物群落物种多度格局,旨在研究物种之间的关系和群落格局,揭示过度放牧对荒漠草原植物群落的影响。结果表明:几何级数模型可以较好地拟合短花针茅荒漠草原不同载畜率下植物群落物种多度格局。物种多度格局不随放牧强度的增加而发生变化,但植物频度呈下降趋势,中度放牧和重度放牧使荒漠草原的物种数减少。建群种短花针茅对荒漠草原植物群落格局起关键作用,重度放牧使物种频率降低,但短花针茅频率表现出增加的趋势。     

短花针茅荒漠草原物种多样性及生产力对长期不同放牧强度的响应

以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,从植物个体尺度入手,通过2016年野外群落调查试验,对荒漠草原不同放牧处理[载畜率分别为0(CK)、0.91(LG)、1.82(MG)、2.71(HG)羊/(hm2·a-1)]下的物种组成、植物多样性与生产力的关系进行分析,以揭示荒漠草原群落中的物种组成、物种多样性及其功能群多样性对不同载畜率的响应机制。结果表明:(1)对照区的植物种最多,有13科30种,轻度放牧区只比对照区少野韭(Allium ramosum)1种植物,而中度放牧区和重度放牧区的植物种分别较对照区减少了30%和40%,其中减少的物种大多属于多年生杂类草与多年生根茎禾草两大功能群。(2)多年生丛生禾草在植物群落中占比始终最大(29%~78%),且随着载畜率的增加而增加,而其他功能群均随载畜率增加呈减小的趋势。(3)两种多样性指数中,除了功能群多样性的Margalef丰富度指数,其他多样性指数均在对照区达到最大值,且大小依次为对照轻度中度重度放牧区。(4)物种多样性的3个α多样性指数与草地生产力存在显著正相关关系,功能群多样性指数则与生产力无相关关系。研究认为,长期放牧使得荒漠草原群落结构趋于简单化,使多年生丛生禾草形成优势单种;且载畜率的增加使得短花针茅荒漠草原植物的多样性及生产力均显著下降,高水平的多样性会导致高水平的草地生产力,比较2种多样性指数指标,物种多样性指标对荒漠草原生产力的贡献更大。     

不同尺度下荒漠草原建群种短花针茅的空间分布对载畜率的响应

为探讨不同尺度下短花针茅种群密度空间分布对载畜率的响应特点及差异,本研究以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原建群物种短花针茅为对象,分析了不同尺度(1 mx1 m小尺度和5 mx10m中尺度)下对照、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧4种处理短花针茅种群的空间异质性.结果表明:与小尺度相比,中尺度的对照与轻度放牧下短花针茅种群密...     

内蒙古不同草地类型针茅属植物对放牧强度和气候因子的响应

以内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原为研究对象,设置轻度、中度、重度以及对照4个放牧梯度,经过连续5年野外调查试验,研究针茅属植物在不同放牧强度及不同水热条件下的变化趋势,为针茅属植物为建群种的草地管理提供理论基础。结果表明:1)草甸草原的贝加尔针茅相对生物量随着放牧强度的增加呈下降趋势,即使降水波动较大,依然保持该趋势;2)典型草原大针茅受降水的影响较大,在对照样地中相对生物量与降水呈显著正相关(r=0.326),在轻度放牧样地中则为负相关(r=-0.319),在干旱年份大针茅相对生物量在轻度放牧强度中显著高于对照样地,所以放牧对大针茅的影响随降水的不同而不同;3)荒漠草原的短花针茅相对生物量随放牧强度增加而降低,但差异不显著,短花针茅受降水和温度的影响较大,与降水呈显著负相关(r=-0.440~-0.583),与温度呈显著正相关(r=0.282~0.299)。综上所述,在水分不受限制的草甸草原,即使降水温度有较大波动也不会对群落建群种产生较大影响,放牧成为草甸草原退化的主要因子;而在降水较少的典型草原和荒漠草原,气候逐渐成为除放牧以外的主要制约因子。     

不同载畜率对荒漠草原群落结构和功能群生产力的影响

采用随机区组试验研究了内蒙古高原荒漠草原亚带短花针茅(S tip a brev if lora)草原群落不同载畜率对草原群落结构和功能群生产力的影响。结果表明:随着载畜率的增加,群落的植物种数逐渐减少,在每个载畜率水平下,冷蒿(A rtem isia f rig id a)占有绝对优势地位,优势度为35.66%~41.95%;群落的地上生物量随载畜率的增加而降低,各功能群地上生物量组成中,灌木类处于主体地位,分别占据了群落68%(CK)、77.40%(LG)、73.25%(M G)、76.91%(HG)的生物量;在植物生活型功能组成中,灌木类和杂类草、多年生丛生禾草和杂类草功能群,在生物量上具有生态互补效应(n iche com p lem en tary effect)。     

不同载畜率处理下短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统净碳交换特征

草地生态系统是我国最大的陆地生态系统, 其碳循环的动态变化在全球碳收支平衡中扮演着重要角色。放牧是草地生态系统的主要利用方式。不同的放牧利用强度对草地生态系统会产生不同的影响。该文采用便携式光合仪LI-6400和密闭式箱法于2014-2016年生长季(5-10月)测定了3个载畜率处理(对照、轻度放牧和重度放牧)的生态系统净碳交换, 同步测定了土壤10 cm温度和湿度, 探讨载畜率、水热因素对短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原碳交换的影响。结果表明: 载畜率对生态系统净碳交换有显著影响, 随着载畜率的增加, 生态系统净碳交换、生态系统呼吸以及生态系统总初级生产力分别降低了48.6%、35.3%、40.4%。重度放牧显著降低了草地的固碳能力, 但轻度放牧对草地的固碳能力没有显著影响。年际间生态系统净碳交换主要受降水调控。整个生长季, 短花针茅荒漠草原均表现为碳吸收, 土壤温度对生态系统净碳交换的贡献率高于土壤湿度。     

Net ecosystem carbon exchange characteristics in Stipa breviflora desert steppe with different stocking rates

草地生态系统是我国最大的陆地生态系统, 其碳循环的动态变化在全球碳收支平衡中扮演着重要角色。放牧是草地生态系统的主要利用方式。不同的放牧利用强度对草地生态系统会产生不同的影响。该文采用便携式光合仪LI-6400和密闭式箱法于2014-2016年生长季(5-10月)测定了3个载畜率处理(对照、轻度放牧和重度放牧)的生态系统净碳交换, 同步测定了土壤10 cm温度和湿度, 探讨载畜率、水热因素对短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原碳交换的影响。结果表明: 载畜率对生态系统净碳交换有显著影响, 随着载畜率的增加, 生态系统净碳交换、生态系统呼吸以及生态系统总初级生产力分别降低了48.6%、35.3%、40.4%。重度放牧显著降低了草地的固碳能力, 但轻度放牧对草地的固碳能力没有显著影响。年际间生态系统净碳交换主要受降水调控。整个生长季, 短花针茅荒漠草原均表现为碳吸收, 土壤温度对生态系统净碳交换的贡献率高于土壤湿度。     

氮水添加对放牧背景下荒漠草原生产力的影响

水分与氮素作为干旱和半干旱草原生产力的共同限制性因子在退化草原的生态快速修复过程中备受关注。以不同放牧强度背景下的短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,开展围封模拟放牧利用实验,同时添加氮素和水分。通过分析历史放牧强度与年份对生产力的影响,以及添加氮素和水分对不同功能群植物生物量的作用,探讨放牧强度对短花针茅草原生产力的内在作用机制,以及如何实现荒漠草原资源合理开发和可持续利用。研究结果显示,降雨量与放牧强度决定着短花针茅草原的植物群落结构。氮素和水分添加可分别提升11%-29%和12%-32%的群落地上生物量,且二者存在显著的交互作用。不同功能群植物的地上生物量对氮素与水分添加的响应存在差异,多年生丛生禾草对氮素和水分添加响应最敏感。氮素与水分添加可显著提高多年生丛生禾草的地上生物量,但与自然降水量相关。氮素添加对地上生物量的影响在正常降雨和稍旱年份作用显著,而水分添加在干旱年份作用显著。在正常降雨年份,以半灌木植物为优势种的轻度放牧背景以添加水分对提升生产力最宜,以多年生丛生禾草和半灌木为共优种的中度放牧背景和以多年生丛生禾草为优势种的重度放牧以同时添加水分和氮素对提升生产力最为宜;在干旱年份不同放牧强度背景下均以同时添加水分和氮素对提升生产力最为宜。我们的结果表明了养分与资源的改善有利于退化短花针茅草原的快速恢复和可持续生产。     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Pericarp structure and phylogeny of theLamiaceae-Verbenaceae-complex

Pericarp structure was investigated in 158 species of the familiesLamiaceae andVerbenaceae. Data from 221 out of 262 genera ofLamiaceae s.l. and a few ofVerbenaceae s.str. were collected in a table. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of pericarp characters only. The abandonment of subfam.Pogostemonoideae as a taxonomic unit is considered. Examples of groups given additional support by similarities in pericarp characters are: (1) the gynobasic-styled labiates (subfamiliesPogostemonoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae); (2) aLamioideae-Pogostemonoideae-group; (3)Nepetoideae; (4) aWestringia-Hemigenia-Hemiandra-Microcorys group (in subfam.Chloranthoideae); (5) aLepechinia-Chaunostoma-group (inNepetoideae); (6) aPrunella-Cleonia-group (inNepetoideae).     

Theoretical Study of Antagonists and Inhibitors of Mammalian Adenosine Deaminase: I. Adenosine and Its Aza- and Deazaanalogues

Aza- and deazaanalogues of adenosine, including their 1-protonated forms (except for that of 1-deazaadenosine), were studied by computer computation to find a relationship between their molecular structures and substrate properties for the mammalian adenosine deaminase. The atomic charge distribution and maps of the electrostatic potential around their van der Waals molecular surface were calculated for these compounds using the ab initio STO-3G method. The conformational studies are carried out by the MM⁺ method of molecular mechanics. The mechanism that determines the substrate selectivity of mammalian adenosine deaminase is discussed.     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Origin and development of Tool-making behavior in Africa and Asia

Around two-and-a-half million years ago, some hominid populations in Africa began to modify stones and bones in a manner that can be recognized by prehistorians as artifacts, and, by definition, produced the earliest identifiable archaeological record. It is likely that earlier hominid groups also may have had relatively rich tool-using behavioral repertoires similar to that seen in modern chimpanzees (McGrew, 1992), such tools may have been made of perishable materials or minimally modified and thus difficult to identify. This review will focus on the earliest archaeological traces and the spread of hominids out of Africa and into Eurasia.     

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Betulin Dinicotinate

The assignment of NMR resonances of lupane triterpenoids was refined by the example of 3O,28O-dinicotinoylbetulin, obtained by acylation of betulin. Hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, reparative, and anti-HIV activities were found for the compound. In addition, it was demonstrated to have immunomodulatory activity, for the first time detected among lupane triterpenoids.     

Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the growth and sporulation of several biocontrol fungi

Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio on six biocontrol fungal strains are reported in this paper. All fungal strains had extensive growth on the media supplemented with 6–12 g l⁻¹ carbon and C:N ratios from 10:1 to 80:1, and differed in nutrient requirements for sporulation. Except for the two strains of Paecilomyces lilacinus, all selected fungi attained the highest spore yields at a C:N ratio of 160:1 when the carbon concentration was 12 g l⁻¹ for Metarhizium anisopliae SQZ-1-21, 6 g l⁻¹ for M. anisopliae RS-4-1 and Trichoderma viride TV-1, and 8 g l⁻¹ for Lecanicillium lecanii CA-1-G. The optimal conditions for P. lilacinus sporulation were 8 g l⁻¹ carbon with a C:N ratio of 10:1 for M-14 and 12 g l⁻¹ carbon with a C:N ratio of 20:1 for IPC-P, respectively. The results indicated that the influence of carbon concentration and C:N ratio on fungal growth and sporulation is strain dependent; therefore, consideration for the complexity of nutrient requirements is essential for improving yields of fungal biocontrol agents.