水稻单C2H2型锌指基因ZOS2-01的表达与功能分析

拟南芥超雄基因(SUPERMAN,SUP)是一个单C2H2锌指基因.该基因突变后会造成雌蕊同源转化为雄蕊,正常的心皮发育受阻,因此SUP在控制花第3/4轮边界的建立和胚珠的发育中起重要作用.为了探知水稻中的SUP同源基因是否也存在类似的功能,我们根据拟南芥SUP的功能结构域,从水稻中克隆了一个与SUP类似基因,命名为ZOS2-01,并对其表达和功能进行了分析.结果表明,ZOS2-01与拟南芥的SUP和矮牵牛的PhSUP1在系统进化树上处于同一分支且与SUP的功能结构域完全相同.定量PCR和GUS表达分析表明,除胚乳外,ZOS2-01几乎在所有组织和器官中表达,但在幼穗中的表达量最高,暗示它可能参与了水稻的营养生长和花器官发育的调节.然而,采用RNA干扰和过量表达的方法减少和增加ZOS2-01的表达并没有明显影响水稻的生长发育,转基因水稻的营养生长正常,花器官发育也没有明显异常且结实正常.这些结果表明,尽管水稻ZOS2-01与拟南芥SUP具有相同的功能结构域,但它们的表达和功能可能已出现了分化,或者水稻中存在多个功能冗余的SUP类似基因.     

棉花MADS-box蛋白基因(GhMADS-13)的克隆和表达分析

一组具有MADS-box结构域的转录因子在控制花器官的诱导与发育中起着重要作,以中棉所36(CCRI)均一化全长cDNA文库为基础,结合EST测序分析,分离获得一个棉花的MADS-box基因全长cDNA.该基因cDNA全长1 079 bp,包含一个732 bp的完整的开放阅读框,编码234个氨基酸,具有典型的MADS-box结构域和完整的K区,命名为GhMADS-13(GenBank:FJ409870).与拟南芥、葡萄等植物的AGL6类基因具有高度的同源性.实时定量RT-PCR分析表明,GhMADS-13在CCR136的花器官发育中早期表达量逐步增加,后期有下降趋势.推测GhMADS-13可能在开花诱导和花器官发育过程中起着重要作用.     

猪JARID1C基因的cDNA克隆、生物信息学及组织表达谱分析

JARID1C是高度保守的ARID蛋白家族的成员,该家族的蛋白参与并引起一系列生物学效应,如染色质重塑、细胞增殖与分裂、个体发育以及基因转录调控。JARID1C在人脑中表达丰富,对脑的发育和维持正常功能具有重要作用,突变可引起智力迟钝。本研究采用电子克隆（insilicocloning）的方法并结合5′末端快速扩增技术（RACE）,从猪卵巢中克隆到JARID1C的全长cDNA序列（GenBank登录号：EF139241）。猪JARID1C基因的cDNA全长5,908bp,包括4,551bp的开放阅读框（ORF）、522bp的5′非翻译区（5′UTR）和835bp的3′非翻译区（3′UTR）,polyA加尾信号序列AATAAA位于5,881bp和5,886bp之间。生物信息学分析揭示JARID1C蛋白含有1517个氨基酸残基,定位于细胞核中,该蛋白含有5个保守的结构域：JmjN结构域、ARID结构域、JmjC结构域、C5HC2锌指结构域和PHD锌指结构域。应用ClusterW程序分别对猪、狗、小鼠、大鼠、人和猿的JARID1C核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列进行多重序列比对,发现猪的JARID1C与其他哺乳动物具有很高的相似性。借助Mega3.1软件,采用N-J算法构建JARID1亚家族蛋白的系统进化树,揭示不同物种的进化关系。应用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在不同组织的表达差异,结果表明该基因在各组织均不同程度地表达,其中在肺和骨骼肌表达水平最低,而在脑和性腺表达水平最高。     

新基因水稻 OsLSD1 的克隆及拟南芥和水稻类 LSD1 基因家族的生物信息学分析

类 LSD1 (LSD1-like) 基因家族是一类特殊的 C2C2 型锌指蛋白基因,编码植物特有的转录因子 . 目前已经研究的 2 个成员拟南芥 LSD1 (lesions stimulating disease resistance 1) 和 LOL1 (LSD-One-Like 1) 基因均参与植物细胞程序化死亡 (programmed cell death, PCD) 的调控 . 从水稻 cDNA 文库中克隆到 1 个类 LSD1 基因,命名为 OsLSD1. 该基因长 988 bp ,包含一个 432 bp 的开放阅读框,推导的氨基酸序列 (143 个氨基酸 ) 含有 3 个内部保守的锌指结构域 . DNA 印迹结果表明 OsLSD1 基因在水稻基因组中为单拷贝,且在根、茎和叶中表达 . 借助于生物信息学分析技术,从拟南芥和水稻数据库中各识别出 5 个和 7 个 ( 包括 OsLSD1) 类 LSD1 基因 . 分析了这些类 LSD1 基因的结构,蛋白质结构域组成 . 系统进化分析表明,无论基于编码区的核苷酸或氨基酸序列都可以将这些类 LSD1 基因分为 2 类 . 虽然不存在拟南芥或水稻特有的类 LSD1 蛋白,但有些结构域是水稻所特有的,也有些基因是来源于复制事件 .     

新基因水稻OsLSD1的克隆及拟南芥和水稻类 LSD1基因家族的生物信息学分析

类LSD1 (LSD1-like)基因家族是一类特殊的C2C2型锌指蛋白基因,编码植物特有的转录因子.目前已经研究的2个成员拟南芥LSD1(1esions stimulating disease resistance 1)和LOL1(LSD-One-Like 1)基因均参与植物细胞程序化死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)的调控.从水稻cDNA文库中克隆到1个类LSD1基因,命名为OsLSD1.该基因长988 bp,包含一个432bp的开放阅读框,推导的氨基酸序列(143个氨基酸)含有3个内部保守的锌指结构域.DNA印迹结果表明OsLSD1基因在水稻基因组中为单拷贝,且在根、茎和叶中表达.借助于生物信息学分析技术,从拟南芥和水稻数据库中各识别出5个和7个(包括OsLSD1)类LSD1基因.分析了这些类LSD1基因的结构,蛋白质结构域组成.系统进化分析表明,无论基于编码区的核苷酸或氨基酸序列都可以将这些类LSD1基因分为2类.虽然不存在拟南芥或水稻特有的类LSD1蛋白,但有些结构域是水稻所特有的,也有些基因是来源于复制事件.     

甜荞FaesAP2基因的克隆与表达分析

本研究采用同源克隆和RACE技术,从甜荞（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.）品种'西农9976'中分离出调控花器官发育的FaesAP2基因,该基因序列全长1668 bp,包含1个长为1374 bp的完整开放阅读框,共编码457个氨基酸。序列比对以及系统发育分析结果发现,FaesAP2蛋白拥有2个高度保守的AP2（APETALA2）结构域,在第1个AP2结构域前端有1段由10个氨基酸残基组成的高度保守的核定位信号区;系统发育分析显示其与拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana（L.） Heynh.） AP2转录因子的亲缘关系较近。基因表达模式分析表明,该基因在甜荞pin型和thrum型花的雄蕊和雌蕊中有明显的表达,但在幼叶和花被片中不表达,且其表达量在2种类型花不同发育时期呈现明显的变化,均在花药迅速膨大期达到最高值,因此推测该基因在甜荞花发育过程中可能参与了花器官发育的调控。     

甘蔗锌指蛋白基因ShSAP1的克隆与表达模式

植物中具有A20/AN1锌指结构域的蛋白与逆境应答密切相关,在甘蔗热带种Saccharum officinarum拔地拉Badila中克隆到一个具有A20/AN1锌指结构域的锌指蛋白基因ShSAP1。为研究ShSAP1的基因结构和表达特性,采用PCR和Southern blotting分析了ShSAP1的基因组结构,通过半定量RT-PCR对ShSAP1在甘蔗不同部位、不同胁迫和不同激素处理下的表达模式进行了分析。结果表明,ShSAP1的5'UTR区有两段内含子,大小分别为202 bp和1 052 bp,在     

红花玉兰MwAG基因在花发育不同时期的表达

MwAG基因是调控红花玉兰(Magnolia wufengensis)雌雄蕊发育的关键转录因子。采用半定量RT-PCR、Northern blot杂交和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了MwAG基因在红花玉兰花芽形态分化几个关键时期表达的组织特异性和表达水平的变化。研究结果表明, MwAG基因仅在红花玉兰雌雄蕊中表达, 而在幼叶、外轮花被和内轮花被中不表达。在花器官形态分化过程中, MwAG基因在雌雄蕊原基分化期和雌雄蕊成熟期均维持在一个较高的水平, 且在雄蕊中的表达波峰早于雌蕊, 这与雌雄蕊形态分化的时间基本吻合; 在花芽分化早期, 相同大小的花芽, 瓣数越多, MwAG基因在雌雄蕊中的表达量越低, 其结果与不同瓣数雌雄蕊分化的时间一致, 即瓣数越多, 雌雄蕊分化越晚。     

一个可能与T细胞发育相关的新的C2H2型锌指蛋白基因的克隆(英)

一些在组织和细胞分化中起重要作用的蛋白质包含锌指结构域.为了克隆分离和研究与造血细胞分化和发育成熟相关的蛋白基因,利用编码C2H2型锌指蛋白结构域中部分保守氨基酸序列设计简并引物,以骨髓cDNA为模板,进行PCR扩增,得到若干新的锌指蛋白基因EST.用其中一条为探针筛选人骨髓cDNA文库,获得了一个新的锌指蛋白基因全长cDNA,GenBank收录号为AF246126,长3 888 bp,包括一个完整阅读框,编码686个氨基酸,包括17个典型的和2个非典型的C2H2模体,命名为HZF2. RNA印迹、人多组织mRNA斑点杂交分析结果显示, 其在T淋巴细胞发育和定居的器官组织胸腺、淋巴结中有较高表达,在脾脏、胎肝有中度表达,在B淋巴细胞发育的骨髓中表达很低,在外周血几个淋巴细胞系中仅有极微量的表达,提示HZF2可能对于T淋巴细胞发育和增殖有重要功能.该基因也在脑组织的若干部位、胎盘及肾上腺有较高表达,在多种其他组织细胞有微量表达,说明其可能对维持这些组织细胞的生理功能也起一定作用.将编码HZF2读框的DNA顺序克隆到pEGFP-N1载体中,转染3T3细胞,证明表达的HZF2-GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞核,这与根据HZF2蛋白结构推测其可能作为DNA结合蛋白行使调节基因转录的功能是一致的.     

烟草C2H2锌指蛋白转录因子家族成员的鉴定与表达分析

C2H2锌指蛋白转录因子家族在真核生物中具有重要的生物学功能,广泛参与植物叶的发生、花器官的调控、侧枝的形成及逆境胁迫等生命过程。植物C2H2锌指蛋白不仅结合DNA和RNA,而且与蛋白质之间相互作用。本研究利用普通烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)基因组数据库,运用Blastp比对,结合Pfam和SMART分析,鉴定了118条普通烟草C2H2锌指蛋白家族成员;对烟草C2H2锌指蛋白家族进行了进化树分析、结构域分析、物理化学性质分析、染色体定位、基因结构分析、三维结构分析及组织表达分析等。结果表明：不同成员的氨基酸长度差异较大;系统进化及结构域分析显示,所有C2H2家族成员可以被分为5个亚家族,同一亚家族成员之间在结构域和理化性质上呈现较高一致性;每个成员都含有C2H2结构域,在数量上存在较大差异;将所有基因家族成员定位在22条染色体上;组织表达分析表明,每个C2H2亚家族都有成员在不同组织中表达,在叶及根中有些基因的表达量较高。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.