外源赤霉素对紫斑牡丹种子萌发的影响

以紫斑牡丹种子为试验材料,研究不同浓度的赤霉素(GA_3)处理对种子生根以及生根过程中营养物质、酶活性和内源激素水平变化的影响,为探讨紫斑牡丹种子萌发机制提供依据。结果表明:(1)GA_3处理能够促进种子生根,并以300 mg/L GA_3处理对种子生根效果最好,与对照相比可提前14.67 d生根,生根率可达71.00%。(2)与对照相比,GA_3处理可以在0～15 d时促进种子淀粉水解和可溶性糖的积累,并加速可溶性蛋白的消耗,在0～30 d促进过氧化物酶(POD)活性的提高,从而促进种子萌发生根。(3)在种子沙藏生根过程中,种子脱落酸(ABA)含量呈下降趋势,赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量均表现出先上升后下降的趋势,与对照相比,GA_3处理可使种子GA、ZR和IAA的含量在沙藏前期明显上升,以解除种子休眠。研究发现,外源GA_3处理可以调控紫斑牡丹种子内源激素含量和POD活性的变化,促进营养物质转化,从而提前解除种子休眠使其萌发。     

海州常山花粉低温贮藏及其生理生化特征研究

以海州常山花粉为研究材料,探究了贮藏方式、贮藏时间、贮藏温度及预冻方式、低温解冻方式对花粉萌发率的影响,以及-80 ℃及4 ℃低温贮藏过程中海州常山花粉保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化,以筛选海州常山花粉的培养方法及贮藏条件,为其杂交育种奠定基础。结果表明：（1）进行低温贮藏时,花药和散粉两种贮藏效果差异不显著;不同的预冷方式对花粉低温贮藏影响并不显著;-80 ℃贮藏条件下,37 ℃水浴解冻效果显著优于室温解冻。（2）海州常山花粉在-80 ℃低温下贮藏90 d后仍具有7.99%的萌发率,更有效的保持了花粉萌发率。（3）随着低温胁迫时间的延续,4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温条件下贮藏的海州常山花粉超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性均呈现出先升后降的趋势。（4）4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性糖含量及-80 ℃低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量,随着低温胁迫时间的延续,呈现出先升后降的趋势;4 ℃低温贮藏条件下的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势。研究认为,海州常山花粉更适宜于在-80 ℃低温下长期贮藏,它可以通过提高自身的SOD、POD活性,增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白累积来增强抗寒性,维持自身活力。     

不同老化程度的不结球白菜种子活力指标变化及其相关分析

以不结球白菜品种‘高梗白’种子为材料,采用高温(42℃)高湿(相对湿度100%)人工加速老化处理,研究不同老化程度下种子活力指标的变化及其相关性。结果显示:(1)发芽指标(除不正常苗率)和出苗指标均随种子老化程度的加深而显著下降,不正常苗率显著上升。(2)随老化程度的加深,种子中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著下降;种子的超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率先增高后降低,过氧化氢(H2O2)含量逐渐增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,种子浸出液相对电导率升高;种子的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量和脱氢酶活性下降,α-淀粉酶活性先升高后降低。(3)老化种子的发芽势、发芽率、SOD活性、H2O2含量、相对电导率和可溶性糖含量与出苗指标间均存在极显著相关性。研究表明,不结球白菜种子的发芽势、发芽率、SOD活性、H2O2含量和可溶性糖含量随老化程度加深的变化规律一致,且指标间以及与出苗指标均有极显著相关性,可以作为检验不结球白菜种子活力的候选指标。     

赤霉素及温度处理对不同种源紫斑牡丹种子生根和发芽的影响

以不同种源的10份紫斑牡丹种子为材料,研究了赤霉素浓度及沙藏温度对不同种源紫斑牡丹种子生根的影响,分析了不同主根长度、低温时间及赤霉素浓度对各种源种子发芽的影响。结果表明:(1)适于紫斑牡丹种子生根的温度为15~20℃,原生种源种子生根对25℃的适应性随纬度增大而减弱;原生种源种子生根的最佳赤霉素处理浓度较高(400~450mg/L),次生种源种子生根的最佳赤霉素处理浓度较低(300~350mg/L)。(2)根长、赤霉素浓度、低温时间交互效应对各种源紫斑牡丹种子始萌期、发芽势和发芽率均有极显著或显著性影响;根长大于4cm时,赤霉素和低温处理能更有效地促进已生根种子发芽。(3)种子发芽最佳处理组合因种源而异,湖北种源、河南种源和甘肃种源最佳处理组合分别是低温20d结合300mg/L赤霉素、低温20d结合200mg/L赤霉素和低温40d结合300mg/L赤霉素。     

热水处理对金柑果实采后腐烂及生理特性的影响

金柑是果皮和果肉同食的柑果类型,对采后处理要求极为严格。该研究以金柑(Fortunella crassifolia)为材料,研究了其经30、40和50℃热水浸泡后果实的腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物、硬度、有机酸、细胞渗透率以及抗氧化酶活性变化。结果表明:经30℃热水处理5 min的果实失重率高于对照,而经40℃和50℃处理的果实失重率低于对照或差异不显著。经热水处理的果实总酸含量略低于对照,可溶性固形物含量在18%上下波动且差异不显著。热水处理可提高果实硬度,降低贮藏前期果实细胞渗透率以及贮藏过程中果实过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性,激发过氧化氢含量升高,可有效降低贮藏过程中金柑果实腐烂率,但不同采收期的金柑所需的热水处理温度和时间不同。对于1月初采收的果实,处理时间为5 min或10 min可降低果实腐烂率;2月初采收的果实,40℃或50℃热水处理10 min可有效降低果实腐烂率;3月初采收的果实,当处理温度达到50℃,处理时间达到10 min,才可有效降低果实腐烂率,且对果实品质没有明显的不利影响。     

乙醇对‘木纳格’葡萄采后贮藏期间品质的影响

葡萄采收后分别用不同浓度乙醇处理放在低温下贮藏,测定其品质指标的结果表明：40％的乙醇能有效控制葡萄果实的腐烂,对果实可溶性固形物含量则无影响,还可减缓果实硬度和可滴定酸含量下降,以及抑制细胞膜透性的增加,从而提高果实的贮藏品质。     

低温和长时间储藏对烟草种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以长时间贮藏和当年收获的烟草品种‘红花大金元’裸种为材料, 研究了16℃条件对烟草种子萌发、幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 当年收获种子在25℃下萌发率最高, 为95.9%, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为67.8%; 长时间贮藏和低温均能显著降低种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数。当年收获种子在25℃下根长度最长, 为2.71 cm, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为0.91 cm, 长时间贮藏和低温均能抑制幼苗的根系生长。同一温度(16℃)下, 长时间贮藏和当年收获种子的SOD 和POD 活性差异不显著; 同一贮藏时间下, 低温和常温条件下种子幼苗SOD 和POD 活性均达差异显著水平。由此可见, 低温和长时间贮藏都能抑制种子的萌发和生长, 低温能显著降低幼苗抗氧化酶活性。     

叶面喷施褪黑素对低温胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以南瓜品种‘永安2号’幼苗为试验材料,采用室内盆栽实验,在叶面喷施不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200和300μmol·L^(-1))褪黑素(MT)后进行低温(10℃/7℃)胁迫处理,考察幼苗生长指标以及相对电导率、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量等抗逆生理指标的变化,初步探讨外源褪黑素缓解南瓜幼苗低温冷害的生理机制。结果表明:(1)在低温胁迫条件下,南瓜幼苗出现叶片萎蔫失水、边缘失绿褪色、向内卷曲等冷害症状;幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重和壮苗指数等生长指标及叶片相对叶绿素含量均显著降低;叶片相对电导率、MDA含量和O^(-)·_(2)产生速率显著升高50%以上,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量也大多显著升高。(2)与低温胁迫处理相比,叶面喷施不同浓度褪黑素后,南瓜幼苗叶片冷害症状均得到不同程度恢复,并以100μmol·L^(-1) MT处理生长状态最好,植株形态表型与对照已没有明显差异;幼苗生长指标以及叶片相对叶绿素含量、6种抗氧化酶活性、3种渗透调节物质含量均不同程度提高,并随着MT浓度升高均先升后降,且均在100μmol·L^(-1) MT处理最高。研究发现,外源褪黑素能通过提高叶片叶绿素含量、增强抗氧化酶活性、增加渗透调节物质积累,显著降低低温冷害造成的膜质过氧化程度,有效减轻低温胁迫对南瓜幼苗的伤害,增强其抵抗低温能力,恢复幼苗的正常生长,且喷施浓度为100μmol·L^(-1)时效果最佳。     

黑莓品种'Boysen'鲜果贮藏特性的研究

对黑莓(Rubus spp. )品种'Boysen'不同成熟度(七成熟、八成熟和九成熟)的鲜果在常温(25 ℃)和低温(4 ℃)条件下的贮藏特性进行了研究,对贮藏时间以及贮藏前后果实的感官指标(色泽、香味和霉烂指数)、形态指标(质量和平均果径)及品质指标(可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、总花色苷含量以及固酸比)进行了比较.结果表明,不同成熟度和贮藏温度对黑莓鲜果的贮藏时间有明显影响,常温条件下九成熟、八成熟和七成熟果实的贮藏时间分别为3、4和5 d,低温条件下则分别为7、9和14 d;果实霉烂指数则随成熟度的提高及贮藏时间的延长不断提高,成熟度或贮藏温度越低(大于0 ℃),霉烂指数越小,果实的贮藏时间就越长;七成熟和八成熟的果实贮藏后色泽加深、香味变浓,而九成熟果实贮藏前后色泽和香味变化不大.采摘时不同成熟度的果实形态指标和品质指标具有一定的差异,其中,果实成熟度越大,果实质量、平均果径、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比及总花色苷含量越高,可滴定酸含量越低.低温及常温下贮藏后果实质量及平均果径、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量均不同程度减少,而固酸比和总花色苷含量均不同程度提高,但在低温贮藏条件下各项指标的变化幅度明显小于常温.总体上,在低温条件下,八成熟果实的霉烂指数低,贮藏时间较长,贮藏后的果实质量和平均果径变化幅度小,可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和总花色苷含量以及固酸比逐渐接近九成熟果实,果实品质提高.因而,在实际生产中宜采收八成熟果实并在4 ℃条件下贮藏和运输,能较好地保持黑莓鲜果的品质.     

人工老化处理对结球甘蓝种子生理生化特性的影响

以结球甘蓝品种‘冬升’种子为材料,研究高温(40℃)高湿(相对湿度100%)人工老化处理过程中种子的萌发特性、种子浸出液相对电导率和丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及抗氧化酶活性的变化,以揭示种子劣变的机理。结果表明:(1)人工老化处理甘蓝种子的含水量和不正常苗率均随着老化时间的延长逐渐增加,而种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数的增加均逐渐降低。(2)随着处理天数的延长,老化处理甘蓝种子的浸出液电导率显著增大,浸出液可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,可溶性蛋白含量表现出显著下降趋势,而种子MDA含量呈先升高后逐渐下降的趋势。(3)在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,其种子中SOD、POD、CAT活性变化的趋势相似,均随老化程度的加深而逐渐降低;而APX活性在老化处理的最初2d显著增加,第6天显著降低。研究发现,在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,种子活力和萌发率显著降低,其种子浸出液电导率、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、保护酶活性变化与种子老化及劣变程度密切相关,膜脂过氧化作用可能是引起或加剧种子老化劣变的重要原因之一。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.