不明蛇种咬伤的急诊救治

目的探讨不明蛇种咬伤的诊断方法、临床特点及急诊救治措施。方法对64例不明蛇种咬伤患者的诊断方法、临床表现、程序化综合救治方法及疗效评价进行分析。结果蛇种判定基本准确,治疗及时,总有效率100%,伤口渗血、肿胀明显减少。结论急诊救治的关键是早期诊断、早期预测、早期治疗,其中早期诊断是重中之重。需要早期评估病情的发展,加强蛇伤知识的普及,提高对毒蛇的认识,建议群众尽可能把伤人之蛇打死带来医院以便于及早确诊。     

3599例毒蛇咬伤流行病学研究

目的了解江苏省南通市及周边地区毒蛇咬伤病例流行病学特征,为本地区的蛇伤防治提供参考和指导。方法对2004~2013年南通市及周边地区3599例蛇伤患者,按地区分布、蛇伤种类、患者年龄、性别、职业、咬伤季节、就诊时间、严重程度、治疗转归进行分析。结果发病率较高的是如皋市、通州市、南通市、如东县等,共2500例,占69.46%;发病率较低的是海门市、海安县、启东市,总共217例,占6.03%。主要致伤蛇种为蝮蛇,占99.30%;患者职业主要为农民,占86.27%;男女比例为1∶1.16,女性略高于男性;发病年龄在40~69岁,占73.08%;夏秋农忙为高发季节,占92.59%;咬伤部位以四肢为多,占99.66%,尤以下肢更为多见;严重程度不高,重危症的比例在逐年下降,总体预后较好,死亡率亦明显下降。结论了解本地区毒蛇咬伤流行病学特征,加强蛇伤高危人群的知识宣教,对降低本地区蛇伤病死率及致残率具有重要意义。     

毒蛇咬伤的预防及院前急救调查与分析

目的了解蛇伤患者对蛇咬伤的预防知识及院前自救情况,为指导蛇伤防护工作提供依据。方法随机抽取我院2010～2011年急诊收治的173例蛇伤患者,通过问卷调查及交谈法,了解蛇伤患者对蛇习性、防护措施、蛇咬伤后的反应及处理情况。结果蛇伤患者对蛇习性了解情况不乐观,采取防护措施不到位,急救处理不科学。结论应加强蛇伤防护工作的宣传,改善院前急救情况。     

竹叶青蛇咬伤中毒的临床护理

竹叶青（frimeresams stejnegeri）是我国常见的毒蛇之一,主要分布于长江以南各省,是常见的致伤蛇种之一,据广西蛇伤流行病学抽样调查结果表明其发病率占蛇伤病例的20．2%,病死率为0．5％。为了探讨竹叶青咬伤引起中毒的临床护理方法,对2001年4月-2005年4月来本院急诊确诊的竹叶青蛇咬伤病人33例,采取临床护理结合治疗观察,收到明显效果。现报告如下。     

银环蛇咬伤救治及研究进展

银环蛇咬伤在我国占各类毒蛇咬伤的8·12%,居第五位。随着毒理学的研究进展,发病机理明确,抗蛇毒血清的应用及综合治疗,蛇伤的死亡率明显下降,然而,就诊延误或救治不当,银环蛇伤仍是各类毒蛇伤病死率之首。现将近年的救治研究进展加以综述和总结,以期为有效地救治银环蛇咬伤有所帮助。1银环蛇咬伤的流行病学银环蛇咬伤的流行病学变化很大。根据国家卫生部资料显示,南方几省近5年毒蛇咬伤危重病人中,伤18万人,死亡2·5万人,且蛇伤病人每年以3%的速度逐年上升,已构成常见急诊之一[1]。银环蛇咬伤在我国占各类毒蛇咬伤的8·12%,居第五位,而死亡…     

眼镜王蛇咬伤的救治体会

眼镜王蛇（Ophiophigus hannah,Kingcobra）是世界上最大的毒蛇,又名山万蛇、过山风,多见于我国西南部及南亚各国,被咬者若不及时、正确救治,往往很快死亡。我院近期在广西医科大学一附院急诊蛇伤研究中心李其斌教授指导下,救治了5例眼镜王蛇咬伤的患者,均治愈出院,现将救治情况报告如下。     

蛇伤诊疗过失民事责任认定与窥视

自20世纪90年代后期以来,我国医疗过失责任赔偿与补偿显著增加,医患关系日趋紧张。由于蛇伤逐步接受规范化、科学化处置,患者的要求与治疗选择意识提高,医疗机构救治人次不断增加。我院自1985年成立蛇伤急救中心以来,共接受急诊住院患者18000余例,参与外院蛇伤医疗鉴定及民事诉讼代理案件答辩45例。     

竹叶青蛇咬伤右耳廓1例救治体会

在临床治疗蛇伤患者中,被毒蛇咬伤耳部者较为少见。由于致伤部位的特殊性,如救治不及时或处理不当,可致剧烈肿胀疼痛,引起呼吸困难,病情加重,导致窒息而死亡。临床上对咬伤头颈等特殊部位的蛇伤患者要予以高度重视。我所于2011年8月收治1例竹叶青蛇咬伤右耳廓的患者,     

“云南省蛇伤救治中心” 在云南省第一人民医院挂牌成立

本刊昆明讯:为了推动云南省蛇伤救治先进技术的普及与提高。减少蛇伤致死致残率,保护人民群众的生命健康,于2020年12月11日“云南省蛇伤救治中心”在云南省第一人民医院挂牌成立。会上,云南省蛇伤救治中心与广西蛇类研究会进行了技术合作签约仪式。云南省急诊学会主任委员、昆明医科大学吴海鹰教授,广西蛇伤救治中心主任、广西蛇类研究会会长、广西医科大学李其斌教授,云南省第一人民医院蒋立虹院长等领导出席了揭牌仪式并作了祝贺讲话。     

湖南衡阳地区毒蛇咬伤流行病学分析及防治

目的分析湖南省衡阳市毒蛇咬伤的流行病学特征,为毒蛇咬伤的防治提供依据。方法采用回顾性分析方法收集衡阳市2018年1～12月份的1214例毒蛇咬伤患者的临床资料,分析致伤蛇种、患者的性别和年龄、月份、就诊时间、毒蛇辨认能力等资料的分布特点。结果衡阳市主要致伤蛇种为蝮蛇(65.7%),其次为不明蛇类咬伤(21.7%)、眼镜蛇咬伤(10.0%)、五步蛇咬伤(1.07%)、竹叶青咬伤(0.7%)、银环蛇咬伤(0.8%);患者多为男性农民,且40岁以上多见;毒蛇咬伤时间集中在每年夏秋季节,以4～10月份为主;被咬伤后大部分患者能在4 h内来院就诊,蛇伤以轻型为主,预后良好,无死亡病例。结论湖南省衡阳市毒蛇咬伤具有显著流行病学特点(致伤蛇种以蝮蛇最多,季节分布以夏秋季为主,其中男性多于女性,就诊时间以4 h内为主),针对性宣教、预防可明显降低毒蛇咬伤的发生率。     

毒蛇咬伤对患者凝血功能的影响及诊疗分析

目的观察毒蛇咬伤对患者凝血功能的影响,并探讨有效的诊疗方法。方法对2014年9月~2015年9月我院收治的200例毒蛇咬伤患者凝血功能的变化情况进行研究,主要包括变化的类型、变化种类数量、出现异常的时间和好转时间,并分析诊疗过程及诊疗效果。结果毒蛇咬伤患者的凝血功能会受到不同程度的影响,其中纤维蛋白原(Fib)减少较明显,异常持续时间一般在72h以内,少数患者超过72h;患者入院后立即实施伤口清理、注射抗蛇毒血清、连续肾脏替代(CRRT治疗)等诊疗措施。经治疗后,患者均恢复出院。结论毒蛇咬伤可引起明显的凝血功能异常,及时采取有效的治疗措施,可明显提高治疗效果,促进康复。     

基于动物学、临床医学跨界研究快速准确诊断1例不明蛇类咬伤的分析

目的 探讨动物学、临床医学跨界研究成果联合运用于快速准确诊断不明蛇类咬伤中的作用及效果.方法 通过回顾性分析1例不明蛇类咬伤患者的临床资料,从病史、动物学生活习性、咬痕鉴别、流行病学、临床表现、蛇类动物学分布6个方面进行剖析不明蛇类咬伤的诊断思路与方法.结果 该例蛇伤患者的病史特征以及诊断与鉴别诊断:(1)病史特征符合...     

毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用观察

目的探讨毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院58例毒蛇咬伤患者应用院前早期程序化急救处理方案的临床资料。结果 58例毒蛇咬伤患者经院前早期程序化急救处理后,痊愈出院53例,好转3例,自动出院1例,院前死亡2例（眼镜王蛇咬伤1例,银环蛇咬伤1例）。结论院前急救是蛇伤治疗前期的一个关键性步骤,院前早期程序化急救处理方案应用于蛇伤患者,有利于提高抢救成功率。     

蛇伤凉血合剂治疗毒蛇咬伤致急性肾损伤临床观察

目的探讨中西医结合救治毒蛇咬伤所致急性肾损伤（AKI）的临床疗效．方法将毒蛇咬伤致AKI病人49例随机分成两组,对照组（n=25）和治疗组（n=24）．对照组给予西医常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加服蛇伤凉血合剂．疗程7～14天。结果治疗组少尿持续时间（5±3）天。对照组为（8±5）天,组间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）;治疗组4例（16％）行透析治疗,对照组10例（41％）行透析治疗,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）,两组疗效比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论蛇伤凉血合荆能显著提高毒蛇咬伤致AKI的疗效。     

广西竹叶青蛇伤的临床特征探讨

目的探讨广西竹叶青蛇伤后的临床特征,为临床诊治提供较合理依据。方法选择被竹叶青蛇咬伤的急诊患者55例的临床资料并分析临床特征。结果 55例竹叶青蛇伤患者分别按咬伤地点与临床分型比较(χ2=18.03,P0.01),竹叶青蛇属(竹叶青和白唇竹叶青)与临床分型比较(χ2=24.67,P0.01)及咬伤地点与竹叶青蛇属比较(χ2=24.80,P0.01),差异均有统计学意义,咬伤地点与竹叶青蛇属呈中度正相关(rs=0.67);竹叶青蛇咬伤按临床分型比较血液学变化有统计学意义(均P0.01),其中血小板(PLT)、白细胞(WBC)各型比较均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论竹叶青蛇伤主要在城市花园草丛、田间地头等地点发生,伤后临床分型绝大多数为轻型,少数为重型和危重型;白唇竹叶青蛇伤地点主要在深山老林,伤后临床分型以危重型、重型为主,少数为轻型。咬伤地点与临床分型和蛇种属有很大差异性,可为临床诊治提供参考依据。竹叶青蛇伤致血液功能障碍,甚至出现类DIC;除分型标准外,患者WBC的增高程度可作为严重程度的参考指标。     

Detection of venom by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients bitten by snakes in Thailand.

The ability of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect venom was evaluated in 251 patients bitten by four of the commonest poisonous snakes in Thailand. Serum was tested only from patients who brought the snakes that had bitten them. About one third of all bitten patients had detectable venom antigenaemia, though a smaller proportion were symptomatic. Serum venom concentrations on admission correlated with the severity of clinical manifestations. The test was sensitive and specific even for specimens that had been collected and stored under suboptimal conditions. The technique is suitable for forensic use in cases of suspected snakebite. The combination of snake identification and venom antigen detection should be a more reliable means of studying the epidemiology of snakebite than the measurement of venom antibodies in a population.     

Mapping snakebite epidemiology in Nicaragua--pitfalls and possible solutions

Background

Snakebites are a public health problem in Nicaragua: it is a tropical developing country, venomous snakes are present and there are reports of snakebites treated both in the formal and informal health care system. We aimed to produce an incidence map using data reported by the health care system that would be used to allocate resources. However, this map may suffer from case detection bias and decisions based on this map will neglect snakebite victims who do not receive healthcare. To avoid this error, we try to identify where underreporting is likely based on available information.

Method and Findings

The Nicaraguan municipalities are categorized by precipitation, altitude and geographical location into regions of assumed homogenous snake prevalence. Socio-economic and healthcare variables hypothesized to be related to underreporting of snakebites are aggregated into an index. The environmental region variable, the underreporting index and three demographic variables (rurality, sex and age distribution) are entered in a Poisson regression model of municipality-level snakebite incidence. In this model, the underreporting index is non-linearly associated with snakebite incidence, a finding we attribute to underreporting in the most deprived municipalities. The municipalities with the worst scoring on the underreporting index and those with combined low reported incidence and large rural population are identified as likely underreporting. 3,286 snakebite cases were reported in 2005–2009, corresponding to a 5-year incidence of 56 bites per 100,000 inhabitants (municipality range: 0–600 cases per 100,000 inhabitants).

Conclusions

Using publicly available data, we identified areas likely to be underreporting snakebites and highlighted these areas instead of leaving them “white” on the incidence map. The effects of the case detection bias on the distribution of resources against snakebites could decrease. Although not yet verified empirically, our study provides an example of how snake bite epidemiology may be investigated in similar settings worldwide at a low cost.     

毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭38例救治分析

目的探讨毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的发病机制和治疗措施。方法选择毒蛇咬伤患者38例,应用抗蛇毒血清、机械通气等综合治疗。结果经综合救治措施治疗,38例全部痊愈出院。结论综合救治措施是抢救毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭最有效的方法。     

Time delays in treatment of snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka and the need for rapid diagnostic tests

Delays in treatment seeking and antivenom administration remain problematic for snake envenoming. We aimed to describe the treatment seeking pattern and delays in admission to hospital and administration of antivenom in a cohort of authenticated snakebite patients. Adults (> 16 years), who presented with a confirmed snakebite from August 2013 to October 2014 were recruited from Anuradhapura Hospital. Demographic data, information on the circumstances of the bite, first aid, health-seeking behaviour, hospital admission, clinical features, outcomes and antivenom treatment were documented prospectively. There were 742 snakebite patients [median age: 40 years (IQR:27–51; males: 476 (64%)]. One hundred and five (14%) patients intentionally delayed treatment by a median of 45min (IQR:20-120min). Antivenom was administered a median of 230min (IQR:180–360min) post-bite, which didn’t differ between directly admitted and transferred patients; 21 (8%) receiving antivenom within 2h and 141 (55%) within 4h of the bite. However, transferred patients received antivenom sooner after admission to Anuradhapura hospital than those directly admitted (60min [IQR:30-120min] versus 120min [IQR:52-265min; p<0.0001]). A significantly greater proportion of transferred patients had features of systemic envenoming on admission compared to those directly admitted (166/212 [78%] versus 5/43 [12%]; p<0.0001), and had positive clotting tests on admission (123/212 [58%] versus 10/43 [23%]; p<0.0001). Sri Lankan snakebite patients present early to hospital, but there remains a delay until antivenom administration. This delay reflects a delay in the appearance of observable or measurable features of envenoming and a lack of reliable early diagnostic tests. Improved early antivenom treatment will require reliable, rapid diagnostics for systemic envenoming.