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1.
Shoji Itakura 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(2):149-161
Two male Japanese monkeys were trained to use a mirror to reach an object that could not be seen directly. Training to use
a mirror in this way proceeded, step-by-step, from reaching a piece of apple to key-tracking. In Experiment 1 the monkeys
were trained to use the mirror to locate a desired object, a piece of apple in a box facing the mirror, which could be seen
only by looking into the mirror. The apple, once located, however, could be grasped without further reference to the mirror.
This behavior is referred to as mirror mediated object discrimination. In subsequent experiments the monkeys could not reach
the goal object except by observing it and his hand movement in the mirror. In Experiment 2 the target was a piece of apple
visible in the mirror, in Experiment 3 an illuminated key and in Experiment 4 a series of keys which were illuminated sequentially.
Mirror guided behavior such as shown in Experiment 2, 3, and 4 has not previously been demonstrated in monkeys. 相似文献
2.
Kimura T 《Comparative medicine》2007,57(3):305-310
The skin of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) shows diffuse discolorations resembling human dermal melanocytosis. Very few laboratory animals have melanocytes in the dermis. The purpose of this study was to clarify the dermatologic characteristics of Japanese monkeys in terms of gross appearance, skin color, and histopathologic findings. A colorimeter was used to record the skin colors of pigmented and nonpigmented sites. Tissue specimens obtained from both types of sites were examined histopathologically. All animals examined had pigmented sites on their bodies, and the discolorations extended over 25% to 33% of the body surface. The colorimeter could detect differences in skin color due to dermal melanocytosis. All parameters of the colorimetric systems used (Yxy, L*a*b*, and L*C*h* systems) demonstrated significant differences between pigmented and nonpigmented sites. In pigmented sites, the epidermis lacked melanocytes, but the dermis had numerous melanocytes with abundant melanin. Activated melanocytes with well-developed dendrites were distributed throughout the upper part of the dermal layer. Melanocytes were not arranged in clusters, and elastic and collagen fibers in the dermis showed no histological abnormalities. Nonpigmented sites lacked melanin granules in both the epidermis and dermis. This study revealed that gross dermal melanocytosis correlated well with colorimetric results and histopathologic findings. These findings suggest that the pigmentation of Japanese monkeys is equivalent to dermal melanocytosis in humans, to the end that Japanese monkeys may be a useful animal model for investigating dermal melanogenesis. 相似文献
3.
Baldev Singh Grewal 《Primates; journal of primatology》1981,22(2):277-280
Self-wrist biting in the Arashiyama-B troop of Japanese monkeys was observed during a nearly 4-year study. In all, six monkeys
were seen performing this behavioural pattern. Medium ranking monkeys belonging to the age class 2–7 years performed this
behavioural pattern most frequently. A slight tendency for the diffusion of this behaviour along kinship lines was also observed. 相似文献
4.
Nobuo Masataka 《American journal of primatology》1983,5(2):111-125
Alarm and estrous calls emitted by Japanese macaques were recorded and analyzed in the Arashiyama West and East groups. Their responses to natural calls as well as to synthesized versions varying in the acoustic parameters that defined the vocalizations were studied. The response patterns shown by Arashiyama West group members, which were subject to a distinct change with only a slight difference of a single parameter, appeared to reflect strict underlying perceptual boundaries. This was analogous to the categorical perception that humans show with speech sounds. In contrast, continuous perception was exhibited by Arashiyama East group individuals. When several sounds were played back in combination to the former group, following stimuli were recognized by quite different cues from those by which the first sound was perceived. The groups' differences in vocal perception are discussed in terms of the ecological differences of the environments they inhabit. 相似文献
5.
Shinji Imakawa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(4):493-504
The co-feeding relationships of immature Japanese monkeys in the provisioned situation were studied. The most frequent co-feeders
for immature females were diversified as compared to those for immature males. The number of immature females who showed strong
co-feeding relationships with their mothers gradually decreased with age in both high- and middle/low-ranking matrilines,
but the percent decrease was greater for middle/low-ranking immatures. Almost all immature females who displayed strong co-feeding
relationships with adult males were from middle/low-ranking matrilines. Strong co-feeding relationships with mothers among
immature males from high-ranking matrilines remained until 4 years of age. In contrast, strong co-feeding relationships with
mothers among middle/low-ranking immature males decreased rapidly in the first year of life, and most 1- to 4-year-olds showed
no strong co-feeding relationships with other group members. It is considered that middle/low-ranking mothers may not provide
their immatures with a secure base for obtaining food in the provisioned situation. 相似文献
6.
Birth data of 25 troops of Japanese monkeys, which range over major areas in Japan between lat. 31°22 N. and 41°15 N., show significant differences in the timing of the birth season among different troops. The difference seems regional to some extent. Correlations between the timing of the birth season of the troop and various environmental factors—latitude, rainfall, temperature, social factors and so on, were examined, and it was suggested that the effect of environmental factors are complex and not always direct, and that the threshold value of each factor in causing the onset of the copulatory season might vary by troops. The difference in the timing of the birth season among different troops has not yet been sufficiently explained by a simple correlation with environmental conditions.While troops with large numbers of birth show annual uniform monthly distribution patterns of births, those with a smaller number of births show more fluctuations in the monthly distribution pattern of births from year to year. However, all the births in the latter come within a range of about four months, which is fixed for each troop. 相似文献
7.
8.
Shoji Itakura 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(3):343-352
Two male Japanese monkeys used a mirror to inspect an object attached to their bodies but not directly visible. These monkeys
had been trained previously to use a mirror to guide their hand to a target. In Experiment 1 their behavior in the presence
of a mirror was observed. In Experiment 2 the monkeys used the mirror to locate a picture projected on a screen to the left
or right rear side of the cage. In Experiment 3 the monkeys used a mirror to observe and finally grasp an object attached
behind their heads. Two monkeys who were not trained to use a mirror to obtain an otherwise hidden object did not show such
behavior. 相似文献
9.
Canine teeth were extracted from seven adult male Japanese monkeys. Observations over the next four years led to the conclusion that canines are not essential for either the attainment or maintenance of high rank, but that they may play an important part in the self-defense of low-ranking males.Publication No.501 of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center supported by NIH Grant RR 00163. 相似文献
10.
C. Corradino 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(3):351-362
Spatial proximity was used to investigate the social structure of a group of 14 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) living in Cavriglia Park (Arezzo, Italy). Instantaneous sampling was used to collect data. From April 1984 to March 1985,
273 hr of observation were accumulated. Time spent in proximity by any two monkeys was transformed into a similarity index.
Two triangular matrices were created with these indices (one for the non-breeding and the other for the breeding season) and
submitted to nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS). During the non-breeding season proximity proved closely related to
hierarchical relationships and the existence of two real social classes was suggested. Tendency to loneliness was associated
in this period with old age in females and low rank in both females and males. Moreover, socially stable versus socially unstable
animals had different spacing patterns. Almost the same central-peripheral structure was outlined in both seasons, consistently
with a stableoikia hypothesis for this group under these conditions. During the breeding season social organization was influenced by individual
sexual interest. A male spacing pattern emerged, probably in correlation with female homosexuality, which played a preeminent
role in the sexual context. The relative loneliness of sexually immature individuals was evident in this season. 相似文献
11.
A. Tartabini 《Journal of human evolution》1979,8(5):503-511
We employed techniques of behavioral entropy to carry out a quantitative analysis of sequences of behavioral patterns evident in the interaction between infants and other members of a group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). The group concerned included examples both of monkeys in captivity and in the wild state. The results were examined as a function of the animal age and environmental differences (cage-field). An example is given to illustrate the use of information theory. Findings partially confirmed that the variability of social behavior decreases as the age of the animals increases. 相似文献
12.
Takahashi T Higashino A Takagi K Kamanaka Y Abe M Morimoto M Kang KH Goto S Suzuki J Hamada Y Kageyama T 《Journal of medical primatology》2006,35(1):30-37
BACKGROUND: Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata, is recognized as the monkey species inhabiting the northernmost area in the world, and thus likely to possess unique fat-depositing mechanisms to resist cold weather in winter. We report that obese females are present in the Wakasa group of Japanese monkey reared in an open enclosure of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight of 12 females were categorized as obese, showing percentage body fat of over 22%. The levels of serum leptin (mean +/- SD, 4.9 +/- 2.3 ng/ml) measured in these obese monkeys were significantly higher than those of non-obese peers of the same group (n = 4; 1.2 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) and another Japanese monkey group (Takahama, n = 14; 0.8 +/- 0.25 ng/ml); however, serum levels of adiponectin, insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and fructosamine did not differ between obese and non-obese monkeys. Few serum lipid parameters such as triglyceride and cholesterol showed lower levels in obese monkeys than their non-obese peers. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that these obese monkeys in the Wakasa group have not developed obesity-related diseases/disorders such as diabetes. In the Wakasa group, the frequency of obese individuals was high in some maternal lineages, suggesting that genetic factors responsible for obesity may have been inherited in these lineages. 相似文献
13.
Shuichi Matsumura 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(1):1-10
The social interactions between young male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and members of two adjacent groups were studied. Young males usually associated with members of a single group. Although
some young males occasionally interacted with members of the neighboring group, the frequency of their intergroup affiliative
interactions was much lower than that of their intragroup interactions. The intergroup affiliative interactions were less
symmetrical than the intragroup interactions. Three- or four-year-old males who remained in their natal group interacted with
males of the neighboring group, whereas males over 5 years old did not. Young males revealed a dramatic change in their association
partners from males in one group to those in another during the course of their intergroup transfer. Males who remained in
their natal group did not attempt to interact with females of the neighboring group. In contrast, males who had transferred
to a non-natal group interacted with females in their natal group. It is suggested that intergroup affiliative interactions
and intergroup transfer of young male macaques are influenced by close associations between males. The immediate motivation
for transfer of young natal macaques may be some attraction to males outside their group rather than sexual attraction to
unfamiliar females. 相似文献
14.
15.
Masayuki Nakamichi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(4):576-583
The behavioral development of infant twin Japanese monkeys in a free-ranging group during the first 12 months of life was
reported and compared with that of single born infants. There were no clear differences in mother-infant interactions toward
either twin or single infants, but the twins showed a clear nipple preference. The twins spent much time in contact with and
proximity to each other and as their interactions were peaceful no dominance relations between them were assumed. Each twin
interacted with other infants and juveniles less frequently than did the single infants. 相似文献
16.
Takashi Torigoe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(4):497-506
A captive troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) was presented with a nylon rope, a wooden cube, and an iron tube, and their subsequent manipulations were observed in detail.
In total, 202 manipulation patterns were distinguished on the basis of three components: the actions performed, body-parts
used, and relations to other objects. The developmental changes in these modes of manipulation were analyzed cross-sectionally,
revealing four characteristics: (1) the most manipulative members of the troop were those aged 2–3 and 4–6 years old; (2)
most of the manipulatory repertoire appeared by 4–6 years old; (3) actions such as Roll, Rub, and Slide and the use of bodyparts
continued to increase in variety until 4–6 years old, while the variety of other actions showed plateaus after 2–3 years old
or an earlier age; and (4) secondary manipulations appeared at 1 year old and continued to increase in variety even after
4–6 years old. 相似文献
17.
The hair density of free-ranging Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) living in three different areas was investigated. The Japanese monkeys had thicker hair than other macaques. The hair density
in the Japanese monkeys varied with locality: the northern monkeys had thicker hair than the southern ones. The density did
not vary markedly with age up to 3 years of age, but then decreased gradually up to adult age (≧7 years old). The remarkable
growth of the trunk suggested that the total number of hairs increased with age, especially during the period as a juvenile. 相似文献
18.
Linda D. Wolfe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1981,22(1):24-32
In this paper the display (i.e., “branch-shaking”) behavior of three troops of Japanese monkeys—the confined Oregon troop
as reported byModahl andEaton (1977), the semi-free-ranging Arashiyama West troop and the free-ranging Arashiyama B troop—are compared. The comparison
reveals several similarities and dissimilarities between the Oregon troop and the two genetically related Arashiyama troops.
The similarities include three display postures (shaking, kicking and leaping) and an increased frequency of male but not
female displaying during the breeding season. The dissimilarities include the absence of two Oregon display postures (tossing
and swinging) and collective displaying among Arashiyama monkeys. The hypothesis ofModahl andEaton (1977) that male displaying influences the females' choice of male mating partners is discussed. The evidence suggests the
Oregon monkeys have incorporated male displaying into their socio-sexual behavior to a greater extent than Arashiyama monkeys.
However, field observations indicate that males who migrate to the Arashiyama B site during the breeding season can influence
female choice by “advertizing” their location with displays. 相似文献
19.
We investigated structural genes (gag, pol, env) of HERV-W family in the Macaca fuscata (Japanese monkey). Those genes are expressed in various tissues (testis, prostate, kidney, cerebellum, thymus, pancreas, intestine, stomach, ovary) of the Japanese monkey in RT-PCR and sequencing analyses. Nine clones for gag, thirty-one clones for pol and thirty-four clones for env fragments of the HERV-W family in monkey tissues were identified and analyzed. These clones showed a high degree of sequence similarity, 82.2-84.7% for gag, 88.4-91.7% for pol, and 90.8-95.4% for env, to those of HERV-W family. Translation to amino acids in all clones derived from the monkey indicated that they showed multiple interruptions of frameshifts and termination codons by deletion/insertion or point mutation. Identical sequences from different tissues of the monkey were found in env and pol clones of the HERV-W family. 相似文献
20.
Bernard Chapais 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(4):407-423
This paper describes in detail how a 2.5-year-old female belonging to the second-ranking family in a captive group of three
families managed to outrank her healthy, three-times heavier mother with the aid of the two immature daughters of the alpha
female who was not herself directly involved. After the outranking was completed, the two active allies were removed. This
had no effect on the rank relation between the female and her daughter. It is only after the mother of the two allies was
removed (in addition to her daughters) that the mother recovered her rank above her daughter. This case study and the few
other reported cases of changes in rank among females are discussed in relation to the issue of the stability of rank relations
in hierarchical systems where rank is socially inherited rather than based solely on dyadic power contests. On the basis of
this combined evidence, it appears that when attempting to rise in rank, females do not challenge dominants by allying with
subordinates, but that they rather ally with an individual ranking above the target. This phenomenon, together with the fact
that support is given to other females downwards the hierarchy, might explain the stability of female dominance relations
and be the manifestation of an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy. 相似文献