炭疽毒素及其细胞受体的研究进展

炭疽毒素由 3种蛋白组成 :保护性抗原 (protectiveantigen ,PA)、致死因子 (lethalfactor,LF)和水肿因子 (edemafactor ,EF) .综述炭疽毒素研究的最新进展 .主要介绍炭疽毒素的关键致病因子———LF的结构与功能 ,炭疽毒素膜转运成分PA的结构及其受体 (anthraxtoxinreceptor ,ATR)和其cDNA克隆的结构 ,并讨论了在炭疽的治疗、预防和毒素在肿瘤治疗中的可能应用 .     

炭疽毒素保护性抗原的不同结构域对其表达可溶性的影响

目的：对炭疽毒素保护性抗原（PA）的不同结构域进行了缺失突变,以期找到免疫原性降低而功能变化不大的PA蛋白突变体。方法：在对PA结构域的缺失突变体进行表达时,意外发现不同的突变体表达效果之间存在很大差异,遂用DNAStar软件对PA的4个结构域和突变体进行分析。结果：PA蛋白结构域2的表面特性与其他结构域存在很大差异。结论：推断这种表面特性影响了PA突变体的可溶性特征。     

纳米递送系统线粒体靶向策略在肿瘤诊疗中的应用

肿瘤是危害人类健康的重大疾病之一。目前用于肿瘤治疗的方法有手术治疗、化学药物治疗、放射治疗等。然而,传统的治疗方法存在治疗效果不佳、易引发多药耐药、毒副作用大等缺点,仍需进一步探索新的肿瘤治疗靶点和策略。线粒体作为细胞的能量转换器,被认为是肿瘤、心血管和神经性疾病新药设计的最重要靶点之一。纳米药物递送载体具有易被主动靶向基团修饰的特点,可实现细胞乃至细胞器的精准靶向给药。本文从抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤复发与转移、诱导细胞自噬等方面综述了线粒体靶向纳米载体在肿瘤诊疗中的应用。     

驱动蛋白Eg5及其靶向治疗药物的抗肿瘤机制

Eg5又名Kif11（kinesin family member 11）是驱动蛋白家族成员之一,在增殖组织细胞中高表达,定位于有丝分裂期的微管,主要与细胞分裂中染色体的定位、中心体的分离以及双极纺锤体的形成和分离有关。Eg5是近年来研究较多的一种驱动蛋白分子,已开发出抑制其活性的肿瘤靶向治疗药物。该文介绍Eg5生物学特性、其抑制物在肿瘤靶向治疗中作用及与疾病关系等方面的最新研究进展。     

驱动蛋白Eg5及其靶向治疗药物的抗肿瘤机制

Eg5又名Kifll(kinesin family member 11)是驱动蛋白家族成员之一,在增殖组织细胞中高表达,定位于有丝分裂期的微管,主要与细胞分裂中染色体的定位、中心体的分离以及双极纺锤体的形成和分离有关.Eg5是近年来研究较多的一种驱动蛋白分子,已开发出抑制其活性的肿瘤靶向治疗药物.该文介绍Eg5生物学特性、其抑制物在肿瘤靶向治疗中作用及与疾病关系等方面的最新研究进展.     

骨髓间充质干细胞亲和肽MMP底物肽复合物的构建及其作为小分子药物载体的初步研究

为了探讨骨髓间充质干细胞亲和肽与基质金属蛋白酶（matrixmetalloproteinase,MMP）底物肽复合后作为小分子药物载体的可行性,采用噬茵体肽库技术,用分离培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（mousemesenchymalstemcells,MSCs）筛选噬菌体环七肽库,获得MSCs高亲和性多肽．合成FrrC（Frrc—CSTNPKVLC,FITC．P1）和生物素（Biotin—CSTNPKVLC,Bio-PI）标记的亲和肽,流式细胞术和ELISA方法检测其与MSCs的亲和性;将DAPI标记的MSC-Bio-P1复合物植入裸鼠肿瘤组织周围,检测复合物在体内的稳定性．将亲和肽与基质金属蛋白酶（matrixmetalloproteinases,MMPs）特异性底物肽（GPLGIAGQ）连接,合成FITC标记的亲和肽．底物肽复合物（FITC-Ahx-CSTNPKVLCGPLGIAGQ,FITC—P1-P2）,通过流式细胞术检测其对MSCs的亲和性,毛细管电泳方法检测MMP对FITC-P1-P2的酶切效果．结果表明,通过噬菌体肽库筛选获得的MSCs亲和肽,在体内外对MSCs均具有良好的亲和性和稳定性;亲和肽与底物肽的复合物（FTTC—P1-P2）对MSCs仍有较好的亲和性,并且能够被MMPs酶切．以上研究表明,MSCs亲和肽．MMP底物肽复合物（CSTNPKVLCGPLGIAGQ,P1-P2）可以作为MSCs与小分子药物相连的连接子,从而对MSCs作为小分子药物（如化学药物）载体的可行性提供了实验依据．     

石墨烯及其衍生物氧化石墨烯作为新型药物载体材料在肿瘤治疗领域的应用研究

石墨烯及其衍生物氧化石墨烯因具有水溶性好、比表面积大、载药量高以及易于修饰等优势,近年来在生物医药领域尤其在肿瘤治 疗领域的应用研究发展迅速。综述石墨烯及氧化石墨烯作为新型药物载体材料所具有的特性和生物安全性、表面修饰方式以及在肿瘤靶向 递药系统中的应用,为其在生物医药领域的应用研究提供新方法和新思路。     

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Complexes Between Wild-Type and Mutant Anthrax Protective Antigen Variants and a Model Anthrax Toxin Receptor

Abstract

Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming infectious bacterium, produces a toxin consisting of three proteins: lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF), and protective antigen (PA). LF and EF possess intracellular enzymatic functions, the net effect of which is to severely compromise host innate immunity. During an anthrax infection PA plays the critical role of facilitating entry of both EF and LF toxins into host cell cytoplasm. Crystal structures of all three of the anthrax toxins have been determined, as well as the crystal structure of the (human) von Willebrand factor A (integrin VWA/I domain)—an anthrax toxin receptor. A theoretical structure of the complex between VWA/I and PA has also been reported. Here we report on the results of 1,000 psec molecular dynamics (MD) simulations carried out on complexes between the Anthrax Protective Antigen Domain 4 (PA-D4) and the von Willebrand Factor A (VWA/I). MD simulations (using Insight II software) were carried out for complexes containing wildtype (WT) PA-D4, as well as for complexes containing three different mutants of PA-D4, one containing three substitutions in the PA-D4 “small loop” (residues 679–693) (D683A/L685E/Y688C), one containing a single substitution at a key site at the PA-D4—receptor interface (K679A) and another containing a deletion of eleven residues at the C-terminus of PA (A724–735). All three sets of PA mutations have been shown experimentally to result in serious deficiencies in PA function. Our MD results are consistent with these findings. Major disruptions in interactions were observed between the mutant PA-D4 domains and the anthrax receptor during the MD simulations. Many secondary structural features in PA-D4 are also severely compromised when VWA complexes with mutant variants of PA-D4 are subjected to MD simulations. These MD simulation results clearly indicate the importance of the mutated PA-D4 residues in both the “small loop” and at the carboxyl terminus in maintaining a PA conformation that is capable of effective interaction with the anthrax toxin receptor.     

炭疽毒素受体ATRcDNA的合成和克隆及ATR-Fc融合蛋白的真核表达载体的构建

可溶性炭疽毒素受体(sATR)可以特异性结合炭疽毒素保护抗原(PA),为获得用于中和炭疽毒素以防治炭疽感染的候选抗毒素药物,构建了表达ATRFc抗体样分子融合蛋白的真核表达载体。将全长为681bp的编码炭疽毒素受体N端1～227氨基酸的基因分成长约50～60碱基的18个寡核苷酸片段,相邻片段重叠部分为20～22个碱基,利用重叠延伸PCR和引物PCR法,将合成的片段组装与扩增,得到了含有ATR_1～227的全部编码区和HindIII、BamHI位点在内的DNA片段。回收的基因片段经BamHI/HindIII双酶切连接到pUC19质粒中,挑选阳性克隆进行酶切鉴定和双向序列测定,获得了全序列正确的克隆。将ATR基因与Fc基因连接后插入pcDNA3.1载体多克隆位点HindIII和NotI之间,得到表达ATRFc融合蛋白的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/ATRFc,为利用CHO哺乳动物细胞表达ATRFc并研究其生物学性质奠定了基础。     

肿瘤靶向纳米载药系统的设计与构建

近年来将纳米载药系统应用于肿瘤靶向递药的研究层出不穷。与正常组织相比,肿瘤组织具有较低的pH环境、大量新生血管生成、 不规则的血流灌注、局部缺氧等特异性的微环境,利用这些特点进行合理的纳米载药系统设计能够实现肿瘤部位的高效递药及深层穿透, 显著提高肿瘤治疗效果。针对现有的肿瘤靶向纳米载药系统的构建与设计方法进行综述,以阐述纳米载药系统在肿瘤靶向传递中的研究进展     

采用亲和层析结合制备凝胶电泳获得高纯度的重组抗原蛋白用于制备蛋白质芯片

为了得到制备抗原芯片所需的高纯度重组抗原蛋白,需要建立一套适合于多种重组抗原表达和纯化的技术路线．采用了亲和层析结合制备胶电泳的方法,对16种用于构建蛋白质芯片的食管癌相关抗原基因进行了克隆重组并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达．对高表达的重组蛋白首先制备包涵体,然后采用Ni-Sepharose亲和层析得到初步纯化的蛋白质,最后使用SDS-PAGE制备胶电泳作进一步纯化．经过透析复性后,用于制备蛋白质芯片．采用亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,得率为71% ,纯度约为70%;在SDS-PAGE制备胶进一步纯化后,得率为32%,纯度为95%,经过透析和复性后,最终得率为21%,纯度为95%．得到的重组蛋白RPS4在ELISA检测中可以和血清中识别RPS4 的自身抗体起反应,并且,采用精纯抗原制备的蛋白质芯片,在检测抗原与抗体这一对反应中也具有较高的敏感性和特异性,适合大规模血清抗体的检测．研究表明,采用亲和层析结合制备凝胶电泳纯化抗原蛋白,是一条简便快捷,适合需要量不大,但对纯度要求比较高的蛋白质芯片制备的技术路线．     

Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Detection of Bacillus anthracis, the Causative Agent of Anthrax from Soil Samples Targeting Protective Antigen

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax is one of the most important biological warfare agents. In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology was used for indirect detection of B. anthracis by detecting protective antigen (PA), a common toxin produced by all live B. anthracis bacteria. For development of biosensor, a monoclonal antibody raised against B. anthracis PA was immobilized on carboxymethyldextran modified gold chip and its interaction with PA was characterized in situ by SPR and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. By using kinetic evaluation software, K_D (equilibrium constant) and B_max (maximum binding capacity of analyte) were found to be 20 fM and 18.74, respectively. The change in Gibb’s free energy (∆G = −78.04 kJ/mol) confirmed the spontaneous interaction between antigen and antibody. The assay could detect 12 fM purified PA. When anthrax spores spiked soil samples were enriched, PA produced in the sample containing even a single spore of B. anthracis could be detected by SPR. PA being produced only by the vegetative cells of B. anthracis, confirms indirectly the presence of B. anthracis in the samples. The proposed method can be a very useful tool for screening and confirmation of anthrax suspected environmental samples during a bio-warfare like situation.     

一种新的重组腺病毒的构建及其对人肿瘤细胞的影响

腺病毒E1A基因诱导细胞凋亡．E1B19K基因及E1B55K基因抑制细胞凋亡,前者被克隆到腺病毒转移载体pCA13的HCMVIE启动子下游．构建成转移载体pCAE1A。采用lipofectin法将PCAE1A和含腺病毒基因组（E1、E3区缺失）的质粒pBHG11共转染293细胞,7～10d后得到重组病毒v5Ad4。用v5Ad4感染人肺腺癌细胞系A549,结果表明v5Ad4有明显杀伤和裂解肿瘤细胞功能。在人胚肺正常二倍体细胞中,v5Ad4没有表现出可见的细胞毒效应。     

牛肠道病毒（MZ—468株）对P615移植瘤及人癌细胞增殖的影响

本文进行了牛牛肠道病毒(MZ—468株)对P_(615)移植瘤和体内、外对人癌细胞增殖影响的实验研究,结果表明,MZ—468株病毒可以明显抑制P_(615)移植瘤的生长(P<0.01),明显延长荷瘤小鼠的生存时间(P<0.05);同时该病毒不仅可以在体外杀伤人癌(HeLa、AGZY-83—a和LTEP-a-2)干细胞,抑制其细胞集落形成,而且可以在体内抑制人癌细胞(HeLa和AGZY-83—a)异种移植瘤的生长。这充分提示MZ—468株病毒对动物和人的固体瘤具有比较明显的抗肿瘤作用。     

Evaluation of human carcinoembryonic-antigen (CEA)-transduced and non-transduced murine tumors as potential targets for anti-CEA therapies

The MC-38 C57BL/6 mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell line has been transduced with a retroviral construct containing cDNA encoding the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene [Robbins PF, Kantor JA, Salgaller M, Horan Hand P, Fernsten PD, Schlom J (1991) Cancer Res 51: 3657]. Two clones, MC-38-ceal and MC-38-cea2, expressed high levels of CEA on their cell surface. A third CEA-expressing cell line, MCA-102-cea3, was similarly derived by transduction of the MCA-102 C57BL/6 mouse fibrosarcoma cell line and is described here. In this study, the three CEA-transduced murine tumor cell lines (MC-38-cea1, MC-38-cea2, MCA-102-cea3) were evaluated for their tumorigenic potential, as well as their ability to serve as in vivo model systems for active and passive immunotherapy studies. Parameters that were investigated include tumor growth rate, the antibody response of the host to CEA, and the CEA content of the tumors. The MC-38-cea2 model appeared to be the most appropriate for immunotherapy studies. Biodistribution studies, using an¹²⁵I-labeled anti-CEA mAb, demonstrated efficient tumor targeting of MC-38-cea2 tumors in C57BL/6 and athymic mice.     

肾肿瘤相关基因的共表达网络构建与分析

作为泌尿系统常见的肿瘤之一,肾肿瘤发病率在逐年上升。针对Affymetrix hgu133b的基因芯片数据进行差异表达基因筛选,应用加权基因共表达网络分析算法构建肾肿瘤差异表达基因的共表达网络。分析肾部正常组织和肿瘤组织差异表达基因之间的关联模式;选取与肿瘤发生关联程度最高的模块,筛选枢纽基因。最后,针对枢纽基因进行基因本体富集分析。细胞衰老是抑制肿瘤发生的主要机制之一,分析结果显示枢纽基因PLA2R1和TBX3与细胞衰老有关,可能对肾肿瘤的形成具有重要影响。该结果与基因PLA2R1通过促进细胞衰老抑制肾部肿瘤发生的研究结论一致。