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1.
Background
Glucosamine is known as a toxic agent for several malignant cell lines and transplanted tumors with little toxicity to normal host tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying anticancer activity of glucosamine are poorly understood. To study the mechanisms, the human prostate cancer DU145 cells were used for the model. 相似文献2.
Aldo Olivieri Keith F. Tipton Jeff O'Sullivan 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2012
Background
Primary-amine oxidase (PrAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of endogenous and exogenous primary amines and also functions, in some tissues, as an inflammation-inducible endothelial factor, known as vascular adhesion protein-1. VAP-1 mediates the slow rolling and adhesion of lymphocytes to endothelial cells in a number of inflammatory conditions, including inflammation of the synovium.Methods
Glucosamine binding to the enzyme was assessed spectrofluorometrically and the kinetics of inhibition of PrAO were determined spectrophotometrically through the use of direct or coupled assays, in the presence of different substrates.Results
Glucosamine is not a substrate for PrAO, but acts as a time-dependent inhibitor of PrAO activity, displaying mixed inhibition kinetics. The observed inhibition and binding were augmented in the presence of H2O2.Conclusions
Significant in vitro effects on PrAO require glucosamine in the millimolar concentration range and it is not clear at this stage whether a low but persistent level of PrAO inhibition might contribute to the anti-arthritic response.General significance
This work was aimed at characterizing the interactions of PrAO/VAP-1 with glucosamine, a widely used “over-the-counter” supplement for the treatment of osteoarthritis. 相似文献3.
1. Glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase [2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose 6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (deaminating), EC 5.3.1.10] of Bacillus subtilis has been partially purified. Its Km is 3·0mm. 2. Extracts of B. subtilis contain N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase (Km 1·4mm), glucosamine 1-phosphate acetylase and amino sugar kinases (EC 2.7.1.8 and 2.7.1.9). 3. Glucosamine 6-phosphate synthetase (l-glutamine–d-fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.16) is repressed by growth of B. subtilis in the presence of glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-propionylglucosamine or N-formylglucosamine. Glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase and N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase are induced by N-acetylglucosamine. Amino sugar kinases are induced by glucose, glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. The synthesis of glucosamine 1-phosphate acetylase is unaffected by amino sugars. 4. Glucose in the growth medium prevents the induction of glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase and of N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase caused by N-acetylglucosamine; glucose also alleviates the repression of glucosamine 6-phosphate synthetase caused by amino sugars. 5. Glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase increases in bacteria incubated beyond the exponential phase of growth. This increase is prevented by glucose. 相似文献
4.
The incorporation of labelled amino sugars by Bacillus subtilis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
1. Glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase [2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose 6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (deaminating), EC 5.3.1.10] of Bacillus subtilis has been partially purified. Its Km is 3·0mm. 2. Extracts of B. subtilis contain N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase (Km 1·4mm), glucosamine 1-phosphate acetylase and amino sugar kinases (EC 2.7.1.8 and 2.7.1.9). 3. Glucosamine 6-phosphate synthetase (l-glutamine–d-fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.16) is repressed by growth of B. subtilis in the presence of glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-propionylglucosamine or N-formylglucosamine. Glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase and N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase are induced by N-acetylglucosamine. Amino sugar kinases are induced by glucose, glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. The synthesis of glucosamine 1-phosphate acetylase is unaffected by amino sugars. 4. Glucose in the growth medium prevents the induction of glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase and of N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase caused by N-acetylglucosamine; glucose also alleviates the repression of glucosamine 6-phosphate synthetase caused by amino sugars. 5. Glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase increases in bacteria incubated beyond the exponential phase of growth. This increase is prevented by glucose. 相似文献
5.
Objective
The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) flux and protein O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) levels have been implicated in mediating the adverse effects of diabetes in the cardiovascular system. Activation of these pathways with glucosamine has been shown to mimic some of the diabetes-induced functional and structural changes in the heart; however, the effect on cardiac metabolism is not known. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to determine the effects of glucosamine on cardiac substrate utilization.Methods
Isolated rat hearts were perfused with glucosamine (0–10 mM) to increase HBP flux under normoxic conditions. Metabolic fluxes were determined by 13C-NMR isotopomer analysis; UDP-GlcNAc a precursor of O-GlcNAc synthesis was assessed by HPLC and immunoblot analysis was used to determine O-GlcNAc levels, phospho- and total levels of AMPK and ACC, and membrane levels of FAT/CD36.Results
Glucosamine caused a dose dependent increase in both UDP-GlcNAc and O-GlcNAc levels, which was associated with a significant increase in palmitate oxidation with a concomitant decrease in lactate and pyruvate oxidation. There was no effect of glucosamine on AMPK or ACC phosphorylation; however, membrane levels of the fatty acid transport protein FAT/CD36 were increased and preliminary studies suggest that FAT/CD36 is a potential target for O-GlcNAcylation.Conclusion/Interpretation
These data demonstrate that acute modulation of HBP and protein O-GlcNAcylation in the heart stimulates fatty acid oxidation, possibly by increasing plasma membrane levels of FAT/CD36, raising the intriguing possibility that the HBP and O-GlcNAc turnover represent a novel, glucose dependent mechanism for regulating cardiac metabolism. 相似文献6.
Brief report: Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44 (Proviotic™) plus esomeprazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A pilot study
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Background
Recent studies of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus GLB44 plus a proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) reported cures of more than 90% of patients with active Helicobacter pylori infections.Aim
To confirm the high H. pylori cure rates reported previously.Method
A pilot study was done in healthy H. pylori‐infected volunteers using 3‐gram sachet (3 billion cells) of L. delbrueckii GLB44 plus 22.3 mg of esomeprazole b.i.d., for 14 days. The result was determined by urea breath testing 4 weeks after therapy. Stopping rules required for ending enrollment if less than 3 of the first 10 subjects were cured.Results
Nine subjects were entered and because all failed to achieve negative urea breath test, the stopping rule required the study to end.Conclusion
We were unable to confirm reports of achieving a high H. pylori cure rate with L. delbrueckii GLB44 plus a PPI. 相似文献7.
Objectives
There has been a dramatic increase in the use of complementary medicines over recent decades. Glucosamine is one of the most commonly used complementary medicines in Western societies. An understanding of glucosamine consumption is of significance for public health and future health promotion. This paper, drawing upon the largest dataset to date with regards to glucosamine use (n = 266,844), examines the use and users of glucosamine amongst a sample of older Australians.Design
Analysis of the self-reported data on use of glucosamine, demographics and health status as extracted from the dataset of the 45 and Up Study, which is the largest study of healthy ageing ever undertaken in the Southern Hemisphere involving over 265,000 participants aged 45 and over.Results
Analysis reveals that 58,630 (22.0%) participants reported using glucosamine in the 4 weeks prior to the survey. Use was higher for those who were female, non-smokers, residing in inner/outer regional areas, with higher income and private health insurance. Of all the health conditions examined only osteoarthritis was positively associated with use of glucosamine, while cancer, heart attack or angina and other heart disease were all negatively associated with glucosamine use.Conclusions
This study suggests that a considerable proportion of the Australia population aged 45 and over consume glucosamine. There is a need for health care practitioners to enquire with their patients about their use of glucosamine and for further attention to be directed to providing good quality information for patients and providers with regards to glucosamine products. 相似文献8.
Brittany E. Harlow Michael D. Flythe Glen E. Aiken 《Journal of applied microbiology》2018,124(1):58-66
Aims
The objective was to determine the effect of the isoflavone biochanin A (BCA) on rumen cellulolytic bacteria and consequent fermentative activity.Methods and Results
When bovine microbial rumen cell suspensions (n = 3) were incubated (24 h, 39°C) with ground hay, cellulolytic bacteria proliferated, short‐chain fatty acids were produced and pH declined. BCA (30 μg ml?1) had no effect on the number of cellulolytic bacteria or pH, but increased acetate, propionate and total SCFA production. Addition of BCA improved total digestibility when cell suspensions (n = 3) were incubated (48 h, 39°C) with ground hay, Avicel, or filter paper. Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens 8 and Ruminococcus albus 8 were directly inhibited by BCA. Synergistic antimicrobial activity was observed with BCA and heat killed cultures of cellulolytic bacteria, but the effects were species dependent.Conclusions
These results indicate that BCA improves fibre degradation by influencing cellulolytic bacteria competition and guild composition.Significance and Impact of the Study
BCA could serve as a feed additive to improve cellulosis when cattle are consuming high‐fibre diets. Future research is needed to evaluate the effect of BCA on fibre degradation and utilization in vivo. 相似文献9.
Telomere length determined by the fluorescence in situ hybridisation distinguishes malignant and benign cells in cytological specimens
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Y. Matsuda A. Suzuki S. Esaka Y. Hamashima M. Imaizumi M. Kinoshita H. Shirahata Y. Kiso H. Kojima M. Matsukawa Y. Fujii N. Ishikawa J. Aida K. Takubo T. Ishiwata M. Nishimura T. Arai 《Cytopathology》2018,29(3):262-266
Background
Telomeres are tandem repeats of TTAGGG at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes that play a key role in preventing chromosomal instability. The aim of the present study is to determine telomere length using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on cytological specimens.Methods
Aspiration samples (n = 41) were smeared on glass slides and used for FISH.Results
Telomere signal intensity was significantly lower in positive cases (cases with malignancy, n = 25) as compared to negative cases (cases without malignancy, n = 16), and the same was observed for centromere intensity. The difference in DAPI intensity was not statistically significant. The ratio of telomere to centromere intensity did not show a significant difference between positive and negative cases. There was no statistical difference in the signal intensities of aspiration samples from ascites or pleural effusion (n = 23) and endoscopic ultrasound‐guided FNA samples from the pancreas (n = 18).Conclusions
The present study revealed that telomere length can be used as an indicator to distinguish malignant and benign cells in cytological specimens. This novel approach may help improve diagnosis for cancer patients. 相似文献10.
Evaluation of DNA extraction methods for Bacillus anthracis spores isolated from spiked food samples
M.C. Thomas M.J. Shields K.R. Hahn T.W. Janzen N. Goji K.K. Amoako 《Journal of applied microbiology》2013,115(1):156-162
Aims
Nine commercial DNA extraction kits were evaluated for the isolation of DNA from 10‐fold serial dilutions of Bacillus anthracis spores using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). The three kits determined by qPCR to yield the most sensitive and consistent detection (Epicenter MasterPure Gram Positive; MoBio PowerFood; ABI PrepSeq) were subsequently tested for their ability to isolate DNA from trace amounts of B. anthracis spores (approx. 6·5 × 101 and 1·3 × 102 CFU in 25 ml or 50 g of food sample) spiked into complex food samples including apple juice, ham, whole milk and bagged salad and recovered with immunomagnetic separation (IMS).Methods and Results
The MasterPure kit effectively and consistently isolated DNA from low amounts of B. anthracis spores captured from food samples. Detection was achieved from apple juice, ham, whole milk and bagged salad from as few as 65 ± 14, 68 ± 8, 66 ± 4 and 52 ± 16 CFU, respectively, and IMS samples were demonstrated to be free of PCR inhibitors.Conclusions
Detection of B. anthracis spores isolated from food by IMS differs substantially between commercial DNA extraction kits; however, sensitive results can be obtained with the MasterPure Gram Positive kit.Significance and Impact of the Study
The extraction protocol identified herein combined with IMS is novel for B. anthracis and allows detection of low levels of B. anthracis spores from contaminated food samples. 相似文献11.
Erin Henry Luca Santini Mark A. J. Huijbregts Ana Benítez-López 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2023,32(2):267-280
Aim
Whether intraspecific spatial patterns in body size are generalizable across species remains contentious, as well as the mechanisms underlying these patterns. Here we test several hypotheses explaining within-species body size variation in terrestrial vertebrates including the heat balance, seasonality, resource availability and water conservation hypotheses for ectotherms, and the heat conservation, heat dissipation, starvation resistance and resource availability hypotheses for endotherms.Location
Global.Time period
1970–2016.Major taxa studied
Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.Methods
We collected 235,905 body size records for 2,229 species (amphibians = 36; reptiles = 81; birds = 1,545; mammals = 567) and performed a phylogenetic meta-analysis of intraspecific correlations between body size and environmental variables. We further tested whether correlations differ between migratory and non-migratory bird and mammal species, and between thermoregulating and thermoconforming ectotherms.Results
For bird species, smaller intraspecific body size was associated with higher mean and maximum temperatures and lower resource seasonality. Size–environment relationships followed a similar pattern in resident and migratory birds, but the effect of resource availability on body size was slightly positive only for non-migratory birds. For mammals, we found that intraspecific body size was smaller with lower resource availability and seasonality, with this pattern being more evident in sedentary than migratory species. No clear size–environment relationships were found for reptiles and amphibians.Main conclusions
Within-species body size variation across endotherms is explained by disparate underlying mechanisms for birds and mammals. Heat conservation (Bergmann's rule) and heat dissipation are the dominant processes explaining biogeographic intraspecific body size variation in birds, whereas in mammals, body size clines are mostly explained by the starvation resistance and resource availability hypotheses. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind species adaptations to the environment across their geographic distributions. 相似文献12.
13.
Effect of menstrual cycle phase and hormonal treatments on evaluation of tubal patency in baboons
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Jeffrey T. Jensen Carol Hanna Emily Mishler Jeong Y. Lim Ov D. Slayden 《Journal of medical primatology》2018,47(1):40-45
Background
We evaluated whether menstrual cycle phase influences the assessment of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) in baboons.Methods
Retrospective analysis of baseline tubal patency studies and serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) values obtained from female baboons used as models for development of non‐surgical permanent contraception in women. The main outcome measure was bilateral tubal patency (BTP) in relationship with estradiol level.Results
Female baboons (n = 110) underwent a single (n = 81), two (n = 26), or three (n = 3) HSG examinations. In 33/142 (23%) HSG examinations, one or both tubes showed functional occlusion (FO). The median E2 in studies with BTP (49 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in those studies with FO (32 pg/mL, P = .005). Among 18 animals with repeat examinations where serum E2 changed from <60 to ≥ 60 pg/mL, 13 results changed from FO to BTP (P = .0001). No sets showed a change from BTP to FO with an increase in estradiol.Conclusion
In baboons, functional occlusion of the fallopian tube is associated with low estradiol levels, supporting a role for estrogen‐mediated relaxation of the utero‐tubal junction. 相似文献14.
Cortical beta EEG oscillations related to changes in muscle tone activity during sleep in spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)
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Manuel Alejandro Cruz‐Aguilar Miguel Angel Guevara Marisela Hernández‐González Ignacio Ramírez‐Salado Enrique Hernández‐Arteaga Fructuoso Ayala‐Guerrero 《Journal of medical primatology》2018,47(1):67-74
Background
The physiological mechanisms that allow for sleeping in a vertical position, which is primordial for arboreal primates, have not been studied yet.Methods
A non‐invasive polysomnographic study of 6 spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) was conducted. The relative beta power of the motor cortex and its linear relation with muscle tone in the facial mentalis muscle and the abductor caudae medialis muscle of the tail during wakefulness and sleep stages were calculated.Results
A strong negative linear relationship (r = ?.8, P = .03) was found between the relative power of the beta2 band in the left motor cortex and abductor caudae medialis muscle tone during delta sleep.Conclusions
The left motor cortex, through beta2 band activity, interacts with abductor caudae medialis muscle tonicity during delta sleep. This interaction takes part in the mechanisms that regulate the sleep postures. 相似文献15.
T.L. Buhr A.A. Young Z.A. Minter C.M. Wells D.C. McPherson C.L. Hooban C.A. Johnson E.J. Prokop J.R. Crigler 《Journal of applied microbiology》2012,113(5):1037-1051
Aims
To develop test methods and evaluate the survival of Bacillus anthracis ?Sterne and Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam spores after exposure to hot, humid air.Methods and Results
Spores (>7 logs) of both strains were dried on six different test materials. Response surface methodology was employed to identify the limits of spore survival at optimal test combinations of temperature (60, 68, 77°C), relative humidity (60, 75, 90%) and time (1, 4, 7 days). No spores survived the harshest test run (77°C, 90% r.h., 7 days), while > 6·5 logs of spores survived the mildest test run (60°C, 60% r.h., 1 day). Spores of both strains inoculated on nylon webbing and polypropylene had greater survival rates at 68°C, 75% r.h., 4 days than spores on other materials. Electron microscopy showed no obvious physical damage to spores using hot, humid air, which contrasted with pH‐adjusted bleach decontamination.Conclusions
Test methods were developed to show that hot, humid air effectively inactivates B. anthracis ?Sterne and B. thuringiensis Al Hakam spores with similar kinetics.Significance and Impact of the Study
Hot, humid air is a potential alternative to conventional chemical decontamination. 相似文献16.
Para‐psychobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 ameliorates stress‐related symptoms and sleep quality
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Aims
To confirm the stress‐relieving effects of heat‐inactivated, enteric‐colonizing Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 (paraprobiotic CP2305) in medical students taking a cadaver dissection course.Methods and Results
Healthy students (21 males and 11 females) took paraprobiotic CP2305 daily for 5 weeks during a cadaver dissection course. The General Health Questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were employed to assess stress‐related somatic symptoms and sleep quality respectively. The aggravation of stress‐associated somatic symptoms was observed in female students (P = 0·029). Sleep quality was improved in the paraprobiotic CP2305 group (P = 0·038), particularly in men (P = 0·004). Among men, paraprobiotic CP2305 shortened sleep latency (P = 0·035) and increased sleep duration (P = 0·048). Diarrhoea‐like symptoms were also effectively controlled with CP2305 (P = 0·005) in men. Thus, we observed sex‐related differences in the effects of paraprobiotic CP2305. In addition, CP2305 affected the growth of faecal Bacteroides vulgatus and Dorea longicatena, which are involved in intestinal inflammation.Conclusions
CP2305 is a potential paraprobiotic that regulates stress responses, and its beneficial effects may depend on specific cell component(s).Significance and Impact of the Study
This study characterizes the effects of a stress‐relieving para‐psychobiotic in humans. 相似文献17.
Tooth loss and its relationship with protein intake by elderly Brazilians—A structural equation modelling approach
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Objective
This study aimed at assessing the relationship between self‐perceived tooth loss and wearing dentures, on the one hand, and the consumption of protein, on the other hand, among the elderly population of Botucatu, SP. Food consumption tends to decrease with ageing, especially protein intake, and one of the causes could be the precariousness of oral health. Several risk factors associated with deficient dietary protein intake have been identified, namely greater physical dependence, reduced caloric intake and food insecurity, but no studies have analysed whether tooth loss and prostheses interfere with protein intake.Methods
An interview was conducted among 365 elderly individuals, in which we examined oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) as the only latent variable, in a 24‐hour nutritional assessment dietary recall repeated 3 times, conducted in person by a trained nutritionist and also performed an analysis of nutritional needs using the Nutrition Data System Research (NDSR) Program.Results
The structural equation model, performed using Stata v.14, showed that lack of teeth (standardised coefficient [SC] = 0.21, P < .001), and prosthesis use (SC = ?0.21, P < .001) was associated with OHRQoL. Lack of teeth had a direct effect on the consumption of animal protein (SC = 0.08, P = .02), a strong total effect on animal protein intake (SC = 0.51, P = .04) and a medium effect on total protein intake (SC = 0.20, P = .03), adjusted for confounders (depression and medical problems).Conclusion
Tooth loss had a strong and significant total effect on animal protein intake and a medium effect on total protein intake among elderly Brazilians. 相似文献18.
Background and aims
Rising ozone (O3) concentrations poses a great threat to crop growth and ecosystem carbon storage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Identifying the impact of elevated O3 on soil microbial residues may advance our knowledge of microbial-mediated soil organic matter (SOM) turnover. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the effects of elevated O3 on the accumulation of amino sugars in the soil of the two wheat cultivars (Tritcium aestivum L.) with different ozone-tolerances.Methods
Using the O3-Free Air Concentration Enrichment technique, we investigated the response of amino sugars to elevated O3 in a soil planted with two wheat cultivars of different ozone-tolerance [ozone-sensitive Yannong 19 (Y19) and ozone-tolerant Yangmai 16 (Y16)]. This study was conducted during the wheat growing season (jointing stage and ripening stage) of 2010 after exposure to elevated O3 for 3 years. Soil amino sugars were measured by gas chromatography technique.Results
After exposure to elevated O3, the contents of total amino sugars decreased at the wheat jointing stage, and increased at the wheat ripening stage in the Y16 cultivar. In contrast, no significant effect of elevated O3 was found in the Y19 cultivar. The Glucosamine/Galactosamine and fungal carbon/bacterial carbon ratios decreased under elevated O3. The findings indicated that elevated O3 altered the microbial process of SOM turnover and bacteria contributed more to SOM cycling than fungi under elevated O3 conditions.Conclusions
The effect of elevated O3 on the SOM turnover was wheat cultivar-specific. Thus, belowground processes of SOM turnover should be considered when selecting a tolerant wheat cultivar under elevated O3 regimes from a view of long-term ecosystem stability. 相似文献19.
Anna Schleimer Alain C. Frantz Lorraine Richart Jörg Mehnert Gono Semiadi Wirdateti Johanna Rode-Margono Michel Mittelbronn Stuart Young Frank Drygala 《Diversity & distributions》2023,29(6):713-726
Aim
The biodiversity of the Malay Archipelago is the product of the region's rich biogeographical history with periods of island connectivity and isolation during the Pleistocene glacial cycles. Here, the case of two endemic suid species, the Javan (Sus verrucosus) and Bawean (S. blouchi) warty pigs, was used to illustrate how biogeographic processes and recent anthropogenic pressures can shape demographic histories with significant implications for species conservation.Location
Malay Archipelago, with focus on Bawean and Java.Methods
We employed genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms from the Porcine SNP60 v2 BeadChip to assess interspecific genetic differentiation, to estimate divergence times and to perform demographic model selection.Results
In contrast to the hypothesis of recent divergence during the last glacial maximum, S. blouchi was found to have diverged from S. verrucosus at least 166 k years ago following a founder event. The contemporary S. blouchi population was characterised by a recent bottleneck that reduced the effective population size to less than 20. The genomic assessment supports the single species status of S. blouchi, as was previously proposed based on morphometrics. The demographic history of S. verrucosus showed evidence of secondary contact with the sympatric banded pig (S. scrofa vittatus) that colonised Java 70 k years ago.Main Conclusions
While the Javan and Bawean warty pigs have persisted throughout the Pleistocene climatic oscillations, contemporary pressures from human activities threaten their survival and immediate action should be taken to grant legal protection to both S. verrucosus and S. blouchi. This study highlighted the use of demographic history modelling using genomic data to identify evolutionary significant units and inform conservation. 相似文献20.
N. Nayan A.S.M. Sonnenberg W.H. Hendriks J.W. Cone 《Journal of applied microbiology》2018,125(2):468-479