Good agreements between self and clinician-collected specimens for the detection of human papillomavirus in Brazilian patients

Women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) are at a higher risk of developing cervical lesions. In the current study, self and clinician-collected vaginal and cervical samples from women were processed to detect HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with PGMY09/11 primers. HPV genotypes were determined using type-specific PCR. HPV DNA detection showed good concordance between self and clinician-collected samples (84.6%; kappa = 0.72). HPV infection was found in 30% women and genotyping was more concordant among high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) than low-risk HPV (HR-HPV). HPV16 was the most frequently detected among the HR-HPV types. LR-HPV was detected at a higher frequency in self-collected; however, HR-HPV types were more frequently identified in clinician-collected samples than in self-collected samples. HPV infections of multiple types were detected in 20.5% of clinician-collected samples and 15.5% of self-collected samples. In this study, we demonstrated that the HPV DNA detection rate in self-collected samples has good agreement with that of clinician-collected samples. Self-collected sampling, as a primary prevention strategy in countries with few resources, could be effective for identifying cases of HR-HPV, being more acceptable. The use of this method would enhance the coverage of screening programs for cervical cancer.     

Risk of Vertical Transmission of Human Papillomavirus throughout Pregnancy: A Prospective Study

Objective

Much controversy still exists about maternal-to-infant transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, specifically about the magnitude of the risk and the route and timing of such vertical transmission. This prospective cohort study examines the risk of vertical transmission of maternal HPV in each trimester of pregnancy.

Study design

One hundred fifty three healthy pregnant women were followed longitudinally throughout pregnancy and cervical swabs obtained in each trimester and postpartum for HPV detection. Cord blood, neonatal nasopharyngeal aspirates, and placental biopsies were collected at delivery. DNA isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and hybridization were performed using the GG HPV Genotyping Chip Kit (Goodgene Inc., Seoul, Korea). Detection of HPV in neonates was defined as the presence of HPV DNA in either cord blood or neonatal nasopharyngeal aspirate.

Results

HPV DNA was detected in 14%(22/153) of healthy women in the first trimester, 18%(22/124) in the second trimester, and 10%(15/153) in the third trimester; 24%(37/153) were positive for HPV DNA on at least one occasion in pregnancy. At birth, 5.2%(8/153) of neonates were HPV DNA positive. Seven of these eight infants were born to HPV-positive mothers. Placental HPV DNA was positive in 3.3%(5/152) of cases, and all five cases were from mothers with at least one HPV-positive test. Detection of HPV DNA in neonates was associated with detection of HPV in mothers during any of the three trimesters of pregnancy.

Conclusion

HPV DNA was detected at birth in 5.2%(8/153) of neonates born to healthy women, and was associated with the detection of HPV in mothers during any of the three trimesters of pregnancy.     

HPV Prevalence in Multiple Anatomical Sites among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Peru

BackgroundHuman Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection worldwide. HPV is highly prevalent in sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) and has been associated with anal cancer, penile cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer.MethodsFrom March to September 2011, we conducted a cross-sectional study of HPV prevalence among MSM above age 18 years. Participants were recruited using respondent driven sampling at Clinica Cayetano Heredia. All participants provided anal, genital, and oral samples for HPV DNA testing, and blood for HIV and HPV antibody testing.ResultsA total of 200 MSM were recruited in the study. The mean age was 34 years (range 18–59 years, SD = 9.4) and101 participants were HIV negative (99 HIV positive). HPV 6/11/16/18 or quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) genotype seroprevalence among HIV negative and positive MSM was 64.3% (55%-75.9%) and 93.8% (87.6%-99.2%) respectively (p<0.001). HIV positivity was associated with a higher prevalence of HPV4 and HPV 16/18 DNA at external genital sites and the anal canal. HPV4 DNA prevalence at external genital sites among HIV negative and positive MSM was 14.9% and 28.7% (p = 0.02) respectively, at anal canal was 50.9% and 79.0% (p = 0.001), and at the oral cavity was 9.9% and 8.5% (p = 0.6).ConclusionsHPV4 seroprevalence was high in our study among both HIV positives and negatives, with HPV DNA prevalence much lower, and the anal canal being the anatomical site with the highest HPV DNA prevalence. HPV prevention interventions are needed among MSM at high-risk for HIV infection.     

Detection of HPV types and neutralizing antibodies in women with genital warts in Tianjin City,China

The serum samples and corresponding cervical swabs were collected from 50 women with genital warts from Tianjin city, China. The neutralizing antibodies against HPV-16, -18, -58, -45, -6 and -11 in serum samples were tested by using pseudovirus-based neutralization assays and HPV DNAs in cervical swabs were also tested by using a typing kit that can detect 21 types of HPV. The results revealed that 36% (18/50) of sera were positive for type-specific neutralizing antibodies with a titer range of 160–2560, of which 22%(11/50), 12%(6/50), 10%(5/50), 4%(2/50), 4%(2/50) and 2%(1/50) were against HPVs -6, -16, -18, -58, -45 and -11, respectively. Additionally, 60% (30/50) of samples were HPV DNA-positive, in which the most common types detected were HPV-68(18%), HPV-16(14%), HPV-58(12%), HPV-33(8%) and HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-18 and HPV-52 (6% each). The concordance between HPV DNA and corresponding neutralizing antibodies was 56% (28/50) with a significant difference (P<0.05). The full-length sequences of five HPV types (HPV -42, -52, -53, -58 and -68) were determined and exhibited 98%–100% identities with their reported genomes. The present data may have utility for investigating the natural history of HPV infection and promote the development of HPV vaccines.     

采用PCR-测序法对北京地区325例妇女宫颈脱落细胞样品中人乳头瘤病毒进行检测和基因分型

为了探讨PCR-测序法在宫颈脱落细胞样品中人乳头瘤病毒 (Human papillomavirus, HPV) 临床检测中的应用价值,采用HPV通用引物PGMY09/11针对HPV L1区基因序列进行PCR扩增,并通过DNA测序法对HPV进行基因分型。对于混合感染样品,利用HPV型别特异性引物PCR的方法进行基因分型。325例临床样品中,228例为HPV阳性,其中66例为混合感染。共发现27种不同的HPV型别,其中HPV 16比例最多,其次是HPV 58和52。高危型HPV检出率随病变程度加重显著性增加     

Adaptations of placental and cord blood ABCA1 DNA methylation profile to maternal metabolic status

In utero environmental perturbations have been associated with epigenetic changes in the offspring and a lifelong susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). DNA methylation at the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene was previously associated with CVD, but whether these epigenetic marks respond to changes in the maternal environment is unknown. This study was undertaken to assess the associations between the maternal metabolic profile and ABCA1 DNA methylation levels in placenta and cord blood. Placenta and cord blood samples were obtained at delivery from 100 women including 26 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) diagnosed following a 75 g-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between week 24 and 28 of gestation. ABCA1 DNA methylation and mRNA levels were measured using bisulfite pyrosequencing and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. We report that ABCA1 DNA methylation levels on the maternal side of the placenta are correlated with maternal high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (r < –0.21; P < 0.04) and glucose levels 2 h post-OGTT (r = 0.25; P = 0.02). On the fetal side of the placenta, ABCA1 DNA methylation levels are associated with cord blood triglyceride levels (r = –0.28; P = 0.01). ABCA1 DNA methylation variability on both sides of the placenta are also associated with ABCA1 mRNA levels (r < –0.35; P = 0.05). As opposed to placenta, cord blood DNA methylation levels are negatively correlated with maternal glucose 2 h post-OGTT (r = –0.26; P = 0.02). In conclusion, the epivariations observed in placenta and cord blood likely contribute to an optimal materno–fetal cholesterol transfer. These in utero epigenetics adaptations may also potentially trigger the long-term susceptibility of the newborn to dyslipidemia and CVD.     

Novel multiplexed genotyping of human papillomavirus using a VeraCode-allele-specific primer extension method

A VeraCode‐allele‐specific primer extension (ASPE) method was applied to the detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐DNA. Oligonucleotide primers containing HPV‐type‐specific L1 sequences were annealed to HPV‐DNA amplified by PGMY‐PCR, followed by ASPE to label the DNA with biotinylated nucleotides. The labeled DNA was captured by VeraCode beads through hybridization, stained with a streptavidin‐conjugated fluorophore, and detected by an Illumina BeadXpress® reader. By using this system, 16 clinically important HPV types (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68) were correctly genotyped in a multiplex format. The VeraCode‐ASPE genotyping of clinical DNA samples yielded identical results with those obtained by validated PGMY‐reverse blot hybridization assay, providing a new platform for high‐throughput genotyping required for HPV epidemiological surveys.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus among Croatian women attending regular gynecological visit

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been identified as major risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer. About 40 HPV viral types are commonly found in the genital tract. Most HPV infections resolve spontaneously, while persistent infection with oncogenic types, namely HPV 16 and 18 is necessary for CIN to occur and progress to cancer. Cervical screening is presently based on the Pap smear that is designed to diagnose precancerous lesions and cervical cancer The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV DNA and to determine HPV types distribution among 361 women attending regular gynecological visit. There were 205 women (29+/-8 years old) without determined abnormal cervical lesions and 156 women (34+/-15 years old) with abnormal Pap smear; low grade squamous intraepitehelial lesions (LSIL, n=69), high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL, n=72) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS, n=15). HPV DNA detection and genotyping was performed by Hybrid Capture 2 assay and additionally by consensus and type-specific primers directed PCR. The overall prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) in women with abnormal Pap smears was 67.9% (106/156), of which in ASCUS 33.4% (5/15), LSIL 62.3% (43/69) and HSIL 80.6% (58/72). In HPV positive specimens, HPV 16 was found as predominant type in 60.4% cases, followed by HPV 31 (8.5%), HPV 33 (6.6%) and HPV 18 (3.7%). In the group of women without obvious cervical changes the overall hrHPV prevalence was 35.6% with HPV 16 found in 43.8% cases, followed by HPV 31 (17.8%), HPV33 (9.5%) and HPV18 (6.8%). In both study groups, women with and without cervical lesions, the prevalence of HPVof indeterminate type was 14.2% and 13.7%, respectively. Our results indicate that cervical intraepithelial lesions are largely associated with HPV type 16, followed by HPV types 31, 33, 18 and HPV of indeterminate type. Although there is a significant difference in hrHPV DNA prevalence among two groups, no significant differences between particular hrHPV types distribution were observed.     

Bonafide,type-specific human papillomavirus persistence among HIV-positive pregnant women: predictive value for cytological abnormalities,a longitudinal cohort study

This study investigated the rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence, associated risk factors, and predictors of cytological alteration outcomes in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women over an 18-month period. HPV was typed through L1 gene sequencing in cervical smears collected during gestation and at 12 months after delivery. Outcomes were defined as nonpersistence (clearance of the HPV in the 2nd sample), re-infection (detection of different types of HPV in the 2 samples), and type-specific HPV persistence (the same HPV type found in both samples). An unfavourable cytological outcome was considered when the second exam showed progression to squamous intraepithelial lesion or high squamous intraepithelial lesion. Ninety patients were studied. HPV DNA persistence occurred in 50% of the cases composed of type-specific persistence (30%) or re-infection (20%). A low CD4⁺T-cell count at entry was a risk factor for type-specific, re-infection, or HPV DNA persistence. The odds ratio (OR) was almost three times higher in the type-specific group when compared with the re-infection group (OR = 2.8; 95% confidence interval: 0.43-22.79). Our findings show that bonafide (type-specific) HPV persistence is a stronger predictor for the development of cytological abnormalities, highlighting the need for HPV typing as opposed to HPV DNA testing in the clinical setting.     

Comparison of MY09/11 consensus PCR and type-specific PCRs in the detection of oncogenic HPV types

The causal relationship between persistent infection with high-risk HPV and cervical cancer has resulted in the development of HPV DNA detection systems. The widely used MY09/11 consensus PCR targets a 450bp conserved sequence in the HPV L1 gene, and can therefore amplify a broad spectrum of HPV types. However, limitations of these consensus primers are evident, particularly in regard to the variability in detection sensitivity among different HPV types. This study compared MY09/11 PCR with type-specific PCRs in the detection of oncogenic HPV types. The study population comprised 15, 774 patients. Consensus PCR failed to detect 522 (10.9%) HPV infections indicated by type-specific PCRs. A significant correlation between failure of consensus PCR and HPV type was found. HPV types 51, 68 and 45 were missed most frequently. The clinical relevance of the HPV infections missed by MY09/11 PCR was reflected in the fraction of cases with cytological abnormalities and in follow-up, showing 104 (25.4%) CIN2+ cases. The MY09/11 false negativity could be the result of poor sensitivity, mismatch of MY09/11 primers or disruption of L1 target by HPV integration or DNA degradation. Furthermore, MY09/11 PCR lacked specificity for oncogenic HPVs. Diagnostic accuracy of the PCR systems, in terms of sensitivity (MY09/11 PCR: 87.9%; type-specific PCRs: 98.3%) and specificity (MY09/11 PCR: 38.7%; type-specific PCRs: 76.14%), and predictive values for histologically confirmed CIN2+, suggest that type-specific PCRs could be used in a clinical setting as a reliable screening tool.     

Micronucleus frequency in human umbilical cord lymphocytes

The human fetus is exposed to a variety of environmental agents and drugs which cross the placenta and can induce DNA damage. Micronucleus (MN) determination is a suitable and sensitive method for measuring DNA damage and since umbilical cord blood is obtained without any risk for the newborn, we measured the frequency of MN in cells from cord blood in four groups of healthy newborns (NB): 35 NB whose mothers lived in two urban cities (groups I and II); 16 NB from an agricultural area (group III); and 15 NB of mothers with high-risk pregnancy (group IV). MN were also evaluated in the mothers of NB from group I (n=17) and group III (n=14). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) concentration was measured in groups I and III. The average frequency of binucleated cells with MN was 3.7+/-1.4 in 1000 cells in mothers and 1+/-0.9 in 1000 cells in NB from urban areas; and 4.5+/-2.4 in 1000 cells in mothers and 2+/-1.5 in 1000 cells in NB from the agricultural area. The correlation between the frequency of MN in mothers and NB was significant (r=0.61, p<0.01). AChE levels of samples obtained both from group III mothers and from newborns were similar to those of group I. The Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was applied to measure differences in MN frequency; NB of group I were used as control group. A significant (p<0.01) higher frequency of MN (4+/-2) was found only in lymphocytes from NB from high-risk pregnancies. Data indicate that MN evaluation in umbilical cord samples might be useful in the identification of transplacental mutagens.     

应用PCR对尖锐湿疣和外耳道乳头状瘤中HPV DNA的分型检测

从手术切除的24例女性和12例男性尖锐湿疣新鲜标本中,以及42例女性尖锐湿疣、16例男性外耳道乳头状瘤和4例女性假性湿疣的石蜡包埋标本中,提取组织的基因组DNA,用人工合成的人乳头瘤病毒6.11和16型E6区特异性寡聚核苷酸引物,通过PCR进行HPV DNA的分型检测。结果66例女性尖锐湿疣中,感染HPV6型者4例,感染11型者12例,6+11型混合感染者49例;阴性1例,总检出率达98.4％。4例女性假性湿疣中1例为HPV6型感染,阳性率25％。16例男性外耳道乳头状瘤中HPV6+11型感染者5例,6+16型感染者3例,6+11+16型多重感染者8例,阳性率100％。12例男性尖锐湿疣中,HPV11型感染者7例,6+11型4例,阴性1例,总阳性率91.6％。还对细胞学上空泡化和非典型空泡化尖锐湿疣标本的HPV感染做了比较,未发现差异。     

尖锐湿疣样本中HPV病毒的分子检测

调查男性和女性尖锐湿疣样本中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的检出率及病毒类型,为研发相关防治疫苗提供依据,以HPV 外壳蛋白DNA序列为模板设计特异引物,SSP－PCR扩增检测样本中HPV的感染率和病毒类型。收集了北京及邯郸市医院门诊尖锐湿疣样本22例,其中男性13例,女性9例。检测发现所有样本中存在着高浓度的HPV病毒DNA。男性样本中有5例感染HPV6型,6例感染HPV11型,2例为HPV6＋HPV11混合感染。女性样本中有3例感染HPV6型,2例感染HPV11型,4例为 HPV6＋HPV11混合感染。被诊断为宫颈湿疣的4位女性还在其含宫颈粘膜脱落细胞的样本中检出了HPV16、HPV18、HPV33、HPV35、HPV45、HPV54、HPV56或HPV58等高危险型病毒类型。所有检测到的HPV病毒DNA片段均TA克隆并将测定的DNA序列存入了国际基因数据库GenBank（DQ003066－DQ003079）。调查没有在单纯的男女尖锐湿疣组织块中检测到除HPV6和HPV11以外的其他HPV类型。该研究建立了灵敏可靠的HPV分子检测及分型方法,尖锐湿疣中HPV的检出率达100％。 本研究初步结果显示导致男女尖锐湿疣的HPV病毒类型没有显著差异,主要为HPV6及HPV11型。     

Gestational diabetes mellitus epigenetically affects genes predominantly involved in metabolic diseases

Offspring exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an increased risk for chronic diseases, and one promising mechanism for fetal metabolic programming is epigenetics. Therefore, we postulated that GDM exposure impacts the offspring’s methylome and used an epigenomic approach to explore this hypothesis. Placenta and cord blood samples were obtained from 44 newborns, including 30 exposed to GDM. Women were recruited at first trimester of pregnancy and followed until delivery. GDM was assessed after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy. DNA methylation was measured at > 485,000 CpG sites (Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was conducted to identify metabolic pathways epigenetically affected by GDM. Our results showed that 3,271 and 3,758 genes in placenta and cord blood, respectively, were potentially differentially methylated between samples exposed or not to GDM (p-values down to 1 × 10⁻⁰⁶; none reached the genome-wide significance levels), with more than 25% (n = 1,029) being common to both tissues. Mean DNA methylation differences between groups were 5.7 ± 3.2% and 3.4 ± 1.9% for placenta and cord blood, respectively. These genes were likely involved in the metabolic diseases pathway (up to 115 genes (11%), p-values for pathways = 1.9 × 10⁻¹³ < p < 4.0 × 10⁻⁰³; including diabetes mellitus p = 4.3 × 10⁻¹¹). Among the differentially methylated genes, 326 in placenta and 117 in cord blood were also associated with newborn weight. Our results therefore suggest that GDM has epigenetic effects on genes preferentially involved in the metabolic diseases pathway, with consequences on fetal growth and development, and provide supportive evidence that DNA methylation is involved in fetal metabolic programming.     

Patterns of Human Papillomavirus DNA and Antibody Positivity in Young Males and Females,Suggesting a Site-Specific Natural Course of Infection

Background

To monitor the impact of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 vaccine on HPV infection dynamics in the Netherlands, we started an ongoing study in sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in 2009. Here, we analyze baseline type-specific HPV DNA and HPV-specific antibody positivity rates.

Methods

We enrolled 3569 men and women, 16–24 years of age, from 14 STI clinics, and estimated genital and anal HPV DNA and antibody positivity rates of 7 main carcinogenic HPV types. Generalized estimating equations regression analyses were applied to determine risk factors for, and associations between, type-specific HPV DNA and antibody positivity.

Results

Genital HPV DNA positivity rates were higher in women than in men; anal HPV DNA was especially high in men who have sex with men (MSM). HPV antibody seropositivity rates were also highest in women and MSM. High-risk sexual behavior was predictive of both HPV DNA and antibody positivity. Despite a strong correlation in serological profiles for multiple HPV types, seropositivity was independently associated with homologous HPV DNA detection.

Conclusions

HPV DNA and antibody positivity rates are higher in women and MSM than in heterosexual men, but their association is similar across gender. This suggests a site-specific natural course of infection.     

Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in genital warts and carcinomas by DNA in situ hybridization in Chinese patients

A series of 51 genital biopsies from normal epithelium, condylomata acuminata, leucoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma from Chinese male and female patients were analysed for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18 by DNA in situ hybridization. All of the nine genital condyloma acuminata were positive for HPV DNA, in which HPV 6 was found in six cases, HPV 11 in two cases and HPV 18 in one case. Twelve out of the 21 cases (57.1% of the total) of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were shown to contain HPV DNA; HPV 16 was found in nine cases, HPV 18 in two cases and HPV 16/18 in one case. Present results support the earlier concept that HPV 6/11 are closely associated with benign genital lesions, and HPV 16/18 are mostly confined to higher grade of intra-epithelial neoplasias and carcinoma.     

Detection of HPV Types and Neutralizing Antibodies in Women with Genital Warts in Tianjin City,China

The serum samples and corresponding cervical swabs were collected from 50 women with genital warts from Tianjin city,China.The neutralizing antibodies against HPV-16,-18,-58,-45,-6 and-11 in serum samples were tested by using pseudovirus-based neutralization assays and HPV DNAs in cervical swabs were also tested by using a typing kit that can detect 21 types of HPV.The results revealed that 36%(18/50)of sera were positive for type-specific neutralizing antibodies with a titer range of 160-2560,of which 22%(...     

Human antibodies recognize multiple distinct type-specific and cross-reactive regions of the minor capsid proteins of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11.

Human serum samples derived from a case-control study of patients with cervical carcinoma (n = 174) or condyloma acuminatum (n = 25) were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies to human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV6) L2 and HPV11 L2 recombinant proteins in a Western immunoblot assay. Thirty-six samples (18%) were positive for HPV6 L2 antibodies alone, 25 (13%) were positive for HPV11 L2 antibodies alone, and 34 (17%) were positive for both HPV6 L2 and HPV11 L2 antibodies. Thirty samples that were positive for both antibodies were tested for the presence of HPV6-HPV11 L2 cross-reactive antibodies. Fifteen (50%) serum samples contained HPV6-HPV11 L2 cross-reactive antibodies, and 15 (50%) contained independent, type-specific HPV6 L2 and HPV11 L2 antibodies. Altogether, 82% of the HPV6 L2 and HPV11 L2 antibody reactivities were type specific and 18% were HPV6-HPV11 cross-reactive. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of antibody reactivities between samples from patients with cervical carcinoma and those with condyloma acuminatum. Deletion mapping identified five HPV6 L2 regions that reacted with HPV6 type-specific antibodies: 6U1 (amino acids [aa] 152 to 173), 6U2 (aa 175 to 191), 6U3 (aa 187 to 199), 6U4 (aa 201 to 217), and 6U5 (aa 351 to 367). Five HPV11 L2 regions that reacted with HPV11 type-specific antibodies were identified: 11U1 (aa 49 to 84), 11U2 (aa 147 to 162), 11U3 (aa 179 to 188), 11U4 (aa 180 to 200), and 11U5 (aa 355 to 367). Two HPV6-HPV11 cross-reactive regions were identified: 6CR1 (HPV6 L2 aa 106 to 128)/11CR1 (HPV11 L2 aa 103 to 127) and 6CR2 (HPV6 L2 aa 187 to 199)/11CR2 (HPV11 L2 aa 180 to 200).     

检测结直肠组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA的研究

用人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）高度保守的通用引物和16、18型特异引物对123例给直肠组织作聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测HPVDNA,总检出率为14．60％正常粘膜、结肠炎和炎性息肉组为3．3％（2／71）,乳头状腺瘤为17．6％（3／17）,原位癌和浸润癌为37．1％（13／35）．在正常组织、癌旁组织和癌组织HPVDNA阳性率分别为2．9％、5．7％和37.1％．在结直肠腺癌中HPV感染以18型多见,18型与16型之比为3:1,HPV在左半结肠以下比右半结肠感染率高。