共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Immune reactions to foreign or self-antigens lead to protective immunity and, sometimes, immune disorders such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APC) including epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) play an important role in the course and outcome of the immune reactions. Epidermal powder immunization (EPI) is a technology that offers a tool to manipulate the LCs and the potential to harness the immune reactions towards prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and immune disorders. 相似文献
2.
Stoitzner P Stössel H Wankell M Hofer S Heufler C Werner S Romani N 《European journal of cell biology》2005,84(8):255-741
Activins are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family and are important for skin morphogenesis and wound healing. TGF-beta1 is necessary for the population of the epidermis with Langerhans cells (LC). However, a role for activin in LC biology is not known. To address this question, we analyzed skin from transgenic mice overexpressing the activin antagonist follistatin in the epidermis. Using immunofluorescence, we observed a striking decrease in the number of LC in the epidermis of transgenic mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Nevertheless, these LC expressed normal levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class II and Langerin/ CD207 in situ. In explant cultures of whole ear skin the number of dendritic cells (DC), which migrated into the culture medium, was reduced. This reduction was even more pronounced in cultures of epidermal sheets. Virtually all emigrated cutaneous DC displayed typical morphology with cytoplasmic "veils", showed translocation of MHC-class II to the surface membrane, and expressed the maturation marker 2A1. Thus, cutaneous DC from transgenic mice seemed to mature normally. These results demonstrate that overexpression of follistatin in the epidermis affects LC trafficking but not maturation and suggest a novel role of the follistatin-binding partner activin in LC biology. 相似文献
3.
Mycoplasma-mediated alterations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> generation and functions of human dendritic cells 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary While tumor cell-derived factors have been demonstrated to hamper the in vitro differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) from hematopoietic stem cells, their effects on DC differentiation from CD14+ plastic-adherent monocytic precursors have been controversial. To address this issue, we examined the effects of the culture supernatants from six tumor cell lines on in vitro DC differentiation and maturation from monocytes. Two tumor cell supernatants, MDA468 and 293T, were found to be able to affect the in vitro differentiation of DCs from monocytic precursors, leading to the generation of a distinct type of DC with markedly reduced expression of DC-SIGN, downregulation of CD11c, HLA-DR and CD1a, and upregulation of CD123, HLA-ABC, CD80, CD40, CD86, CD54, CD83, CD25 and CCR7. Functionally, these DCs exhibited reduced phagocytosis and enhanced allostimulatory capacity. Further investigation demonstrated that the changes in DC phenotype and functions were due to the presence of mycoplasmas in these two cell lines; eradication of mycoplasmas completely abolished the observed effects, and importantly, pure mycoplasmas in the absence of tumor cell supernatants were able to produce the same effects. Since mycoplasmas are common contamination agents in routine tissue culture, our results caution that many reported effects of DCs in culture warrant re-evaluation. The distinct effects of mycoplasmas on DC differentiation described in this report could potentially benefit future development of DC-based vaccination and therapeutic applications.Received 21 April 2004; accepted in revised form 1 August 2004 © 2005 National Science Council, Taipei 相似文献
4.
Takeuchi J Watari E Shinya E Norose Y Matsumoto M Seya T Sugita M Kawana S Takahashi H 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2003,306(3):674-679
In the skin, there are unique dendritic cells called Langerhans cells, however, it remains unclear why this particular type of dendritic cell resides in the epidermis. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells (LCs) can be generated from CD14(+) monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4, and TGF-beta1. We compared LCs with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) generated from CD14(+) monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 and examined the effect of exposure to two distinct bacterial stimuli via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on LCs and DCs. Although stimulation with both ligands induced a marked up-regulation of CD83 expression on DCs, PGN but not LPS elicited up-regulation of expression CD83 on LCs. Consistent with these results, TLR2 and TLR4 were expressed on DCs, whereas only TLR2 was weakly detected on LCs. These findings suggest the actual feature of epidermal Langerhans cells with low-responsiveness to skin commensals. 相似文献
5.
Summary Slowly cycling cells in murine epithelia can be marked by their retention of a tritiated-thymidine nuclear label. The position and identity of such label-retaining cells in palatal and lingual epithelia and ear epidermis was examined using autoradiography and histochemistry. They were found to be either (a) basally positioned keratinocytes preferentially occupying sites within units of epithelial structure that correspond to those expected for epithelial stem cells, or (b) nonkeratinocytes of the Langerhans cell type which lie suprabasally except in the epidermis where they are present in low numbers and occupy a similar position to label-retaining keratinocytes.This work was supported by NIH-NID-RO1-DEO 5395 相似文献
6.
Nguyen VA Dubrac S Forstner M Huter O Del Frari B Romani N Ebner S 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2011,15(9):1847-1856
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) endows human blood‐derived CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs) obtained from human epidermis with the capacity to induce pro‐allergic T cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of TSLP on umbilical cord blood CD34+‐derived LC‐like cells. These cells are often used as model cells for LCs obtained from epidermis. Under the influence of TSLP, both cell types differed in several ways. As defined by CD83, CD80 and CD86, TSLP did not increase maturation of LC‐like cells when compared with freshly isolated LCs and epidermal émigrés. Differences were also found in the production of chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand (CCL)17. LCs made this chemokine only when primed by TSLP and further stimulated by CD40 ligation. In contrast, LC‐like cells released CCL17 in response to CD40 ligation, irrespective of a prior treatment with TSLP. Moreover, the CCL17 levels secreted by LC‐like cells were at least five times higher than those from migratory LCs. After maturation with a cytokine cocktail consisting of tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and prostaglandin (PG)E2 LC‐like cells released IL‐12p70 in response to CD40 ligation. Most importantly and in contrast to LC, TSLP‐treated LC‐like cells did not induce a pro‐allergic cytokine pattern in helper T cells. Due to their different cytokine secretion and the different cytokine production they induce in naïve T cells, we conclude that one has to be cautious to take LC‐like cells as a paradigm for ‘real’ LCs from the epidermis. 相似文献
7.
Characteristics of human dendritic cells generated in a microgravity analog culture system 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Cherylyn A. Savary Monica L. Grazziutti Donna Przepiorka Stephen P. Tomasovic Bradley W. McIntyre Darren G. Woodside Neal R. Pellis Duane L. Pierson John H. Rex 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》2001,37(4):216-222
Summary Generation of an effective immune response requires that antigens be processed and presented to T lymphocytes by antigen-presenting
cells, the most efficient of which are dendritic cells (DC). Because of their influence on both the innate and the acquired
arms of immunity, a defect in DC would be expected, to result in a broad impairment of immune function, not unlike that observed
in astronauts during or after space flight. In the study reported here, we investigated whether DC generation and function
are altered in a culture environment that models microgravity, i.e., the rotary-cell culture system (RCCS). We observed that
RCCS supported the generation of DC identified by morphology, phenotype (HLA-DR+ and lacking lineage-associated markers), and function (high allostimulatory activity). However, the yield of DC from RCCS
was significantly lower than that from static cultures. RCCS-generated DC were less able to phagocytoseAspergillus fumigatus conidia and expressed a lower density of surface HLA-DR. The proportion of Dc expressing CD80 was also significantly reduced
in RCCS compared to static cultures. When exposed to fungal antigens, RCCS-generated DC produced lower levels of interleukin-12
and failed to upregulate some costimulatory/adhesion molecules involved in antigen presentation. These data suggest that DC
generation, and some functions needed to mount an effective immune response to pathogens, may be disturbed in the microgravity
environment of space. 相似文献
8.
Floyd M. Price Richard F. Camalier Raymond Gantt William G. Taylor Gilbert H. Smith Katherine K. Sanford 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1980,16(2):147-158
Summary A new culture medium, NCTC 168, has been designed for human skin epithelial cells. This medium formulation was developed,
by combining and testing at various concentrations, components of media NCTC 135 and 163, since a 1∶1 mixture of these two
media with 10% horse serum supplement was found to promote epithelial cell outgrowth from human skin explants. The buffer
system in NCTC 168 maintains the pH of the medium between 7.0 and 7.2. In contrast to other media tested, NCTC 168 with 10%
horse serum is capable of initiating and sustaining larger epithelial cell outgrowths. Explants in serum-supplemented NCTC
168 in the absence of feeder cells reproducibly yield confluent epithelial cell sheets apparently free of fibroblasts after
only 19 to 28 days as compared with 5 weeks or longer for the other media tested. NCTC 168 also supports passage of human
epithelial cells to the sixth subculture generation without feeder cells. Electron microscopy has shown the presence of desmosomes
and tonofilaments in the passaged cells indicating the epithelial nature of the cells. The addition of epithelial growth factor,
hydrocortisone and insulin at 5 ng per ml, 4 μg per ml and 5 μg per ml, respectively did not appreciably enhance the growth
of the epithelial cells. 相似文献
9.
Summary. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) is not metabolized within human epidermal Langerhans cells (LC); yet they can take up substantial amounts of this amino acid which subsequently can be released into the extracellular space. We recently reported that human epidermal energy metabolism is predominantly anaerobic and that the influx mechanism is a unidirectional L-dopa/proton counter-transport system and now we describe conditions for the mediated transport of L-dopa out of the LC. It is demonstrated that certain amino acids and one dipeptide can effectively trigger the efflux of L-dopa taken up by the LC.Thus, -methyl-dopa (-m-dopa), D-dopa and the dipeptide, met–ala at the outside of the plasma membrane stimulated the efflux of L-dopa from L-dopa loaded LC. Similar effects were achieved by a variety of other amino acids in the extracellular fluid while some other amino acids were inactive. The time required for 50% D-methionine-induced exodus of L-dopa from L-dopa loaded LC was in the range of 5–7min and a complete exodus of L-dopa was attained at about 20min of incubation. This dislocation of L-dopa to the extracellular fluid is interpreted as an expression of trans-stimulation. In the case of -m-dopa, D-dopa and met–ala, which admittedly were not able to penetrate the plasma membrane of LC, the concept of trans-stimulation was given a new purport, since none of them were able to participate in an exchange reaction. Finally, it could be concluded that L-dopa escaped by a route different from the one responsible for L-dopa uptake in LC.Thus, while the influx of L-dopa supports extrusion of protons deriving from anaerobic glycolysis in the LC, L-dopa efflux can provide the cells with useful amino acids in an energy-saving way, altogether a remarkable biological process. From this follows that L-dopa has a biological function of its own, besides being a precursor in the catecholamine and pigment syntheses. 相似文献
10.
11.
Summary By means of immunohistoperoxidase techniques and the use of HRP-anti-HRP complexes, follicular dendritic cells in chicken spleen can be characterized both at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. In contrast to findings in mammals follicular dendritic cells in chicken spleen exhibit evident acid-phosphatase activity and possess considerable numbers of primary lysosomes. After intravenous injection of immune complexes a transient immune complex-trapping occurs in the peripheral parts of the Schweigger-Seidel sheath. The immune complextrapping cells in the Schweigger-Seidel sheath and germinal centre show an identical enzyme histochemical pattern and only minor differences in ultrastructural characteristics.Shortly after intravenous injection of immune complexes and carbon particles these compounds show an identical distribution pattern; however, in the following days these distribution patterns become divergent. 相似文献
12.
Orion D. Hegre Sue Marshall Bradley A. Schulte Gregg E. Hickey Frank Williams Robert L. Sorenson Janet R. Serie 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1983,19(8):611-620
Summary We have developed a method to circumvent the use of exogenous proteolytic enzymes in the isolation of islets of Langerhans
from the perinatal rodent pancreas. Advantage is taken of the propensity of fibroblastlike cells to attach and migrate on
polystyrene at low-serum concentrations (5%). In contrast, at this serum level, rat islet epithelial cells tend not to adhere
to the substrate. At 3 d of culture, islets are visible at the edges of the explants. With further fibroblast outgrowth the
majority of islets are freefloating by 7 d. Simple agitation of the medium and centrifugation yields approximately 50 μg of
islet tissue per perinatal pancreas. Further purification of the islets can be obtained by subculture. Rat islets can be maintained
in this manner for several months in Medium F12 supplemented with 25% horse serum in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and air at 37° C. Hormone content of the islet tissue remains constant during prolonged subculture and such islets continue
to exhibit appropriate insulin and glucagon responses to glucose and theophylline. The morphological integrity of the endocrine
cells within the cultured islets was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural study. Nonendocrine cells are not
identifiable within the long-term cultured islets.
This research was supported in part by Grants AM 19899 and HD 00412 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
and grants from the American Diabetes Association, Minnesota Affiliate.
Portions of this work were presented at the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, held in San Diego,
California, June 6–10, 1982. 相似文献
13.
R. WRENCH 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》1980,70(1):19-53
Over the lint week of postnatal life, dermal dendritic cells stream upwards to invade the epidermis of the mouse tail and back skin. Their migrations seem associated with the development of distinct types of epidermal physiology:ortho- and parakeratosis. Changes from neonatal epidermal morphology occur at similar times in both back and tail skin. The hairv mouse back skin is alwavs orthokeratotic, but the initially orthokeratotic tail epidermis later becomes parakeratolir in the scale regions, remaining orthokeratotic in areas of hair production.
Dermal cells studied were adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-, non-specific esterase (NSE)-, naphthvl AS-D chloroacetate-, and dihydroxyphenvlalanine (dopa)-positive dendritic cells. The results are discussed in connection with hair growth and glabrous epidermal kcratinization. Dendritic cell regulation of epidermal physiology involving the dermis and pilosebaceous unit is discussed in relation to reviewed work on mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in animal and human skin. 相似文献
Dermal cells studied were adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-, non-specific esterase (NSE)-, naphthvl AS-D chloroacetate-, and dihydroxyphenvlalanine (dopa)-positive dendritic cells. The results are discussed in connection with hair growth and glabrous epidermal kcratinization. Dendritic cell regulation of epidermal physiology involving the dermis and pilosebaceous unit is discussed in relation to reviewed work on mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in animal and human skin. 相似文献
14.
Flacher V Sparber F Tripp CH Romani N Stoitzner P 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》2009,58(7):1137-1147
Langerhans cells, a subset of skin dendritic cells in the epidermis, survey peripheral tissue for invading pathogens. In recent
functional studies it was proven that Langerhans cells can present exogenous antigen not merely on major histocompatibility
complexes (MHC)-class II molecules to CD4+ T cells, but also on MHC-class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. Immune responses against topically applied antigen could be measured in skin-draining lymph nodes. Skin barrier
disruption or co-application of adjuvants was required for maximal induction of T cell responses. Cytotoxic T cells induced
by topically applied antigen inhibited tumor growth in vivo, thus underlining the potential of Langerhans cells for immunotherapy.
Here we review recent work and report novel observations relating to the potential use of Langerhans cells for immunotherapy.
We investigated the potential of epicutaneous immunization strategies in which resident skin dendritic cells are loaded with
tumor antigen in situ. This contrasts with current clinical approaches, where dendritic cells generated from progenitors in
blood are loaded with tumor antigen ex vivo before injection into cancer patients. In the current study, we applied either
fluorescently labeled protein antigen or targeting antibodies against DEC-205/CD205 and langerin/CD207 topically onto barrier-disrupted
skin and examined antigen capture and transport by Langerhans cells. Protein antigen could be detected in Langerhans cells
in situ, and they were the main skin dendritic cell subset transporting antigen during emigration from skin explants. Potent
in vivo proliferative responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured after epicutaneous immunization with low amounts of protein antigen. Targeting antibodies were mainly
transported by langerin+ migratory dendritic cells of which the majority represented migratory Langerhans cells and a smaller subset the new langerin+ dermal dendritic cell population located in the upper dermis. The preferential capture of topically applied antigen by Langerhans
cells and their ability to induce potent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses emphasizes their potential for epicutaneous immunization strategies.
This article is a symposium paper from the conference “Immunotherapy—From Basic Research to Clinical Applications,” Symposium
of the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 685, held in Tübingen, Germany, 6–7 March 2008. 相似文献
15.
Iara L. G. Brasileiro Dr. Antonio Haddad Georges Pelletier 《Cell and tissue research》1982,223(1):217-230
Summary L-3H-fucose was injected intravenously into rats that were killed from 10 min to 7 days after isotope administration. Semi-thin and thin sections of the islets of Langerhans were processed for light- and electron-microscopic radioautography, respectively, and analyzed quantitatively. L-3H-fucose was incorporated into newly synthesized glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus of the beta cells and subsequently labeled glycoproteins migrated to secretory granules and plasma membrane. Therefore, some of the glycoproteins synthesized by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans are destined for the renewal of plasma membrane. Although the labeling of the secretory granules was clearly demonstrated, it was not possible to decide if the newly formed glycoproteins are incorporated into the content or into the membrane of the granule. Thus, the fate as well as the function of secretory-granule glycoproteins could not be determined precisely. Several hypotheses concerning the presence of glycoproteins in the secretory granules in relation with insulin metabolism are considered. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACT
Oxidative stress and Th17 cytokines are important mediators of inflammation. Treatment with beta-adrenoceptor (ADRB) antagonists (beta-blockers) is associated with induction or aggravation of psoriasis-like skin inflammation, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we identify lysosomotropic beta-blockers as critical inducers of IL23A in human monocyte-derived Langerhans-like cells under sterile-inflammatory conditions. Cytokine release was not mediated by cAMP, suggesting the involvement of ADRB-independent pathways. NFKB/NF-κB and MAPK14/p38 activation was required for propranolol-induced IL23A secretion whereas the NLRP3 inflammasome was dispensable. MAPK14 regulated recruitment of RELB to IL23A promoter regions. Without affecting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, propranolol increased lysosomal pH and induced a late-stage block in macroautophagy/autophagy. Propranolol specifically induced reactive oxygen species production, which was critical for IL23A secretion, in Langerhans-like cells. Our findings provide insight into a potentially crucial immunoregulatory mechanism in cutaneous dendritic cells that may explain how lysosomotropic drugs regulate inflammatory responses. 相似文献
17.
Hui Zhang Xuemin Zhu Jingjing Shen Haiheng Xu Min Ma Wei Gu 《Journal of liposome research》2017,27(4):302-311
A prerequisite for successful transdermal or dermal drug therapy is the drug ability to penetration through the skin, especially stratum corneum (SC). The most acceptable technique for measuring skin permeation in vitro is the application of both the Franz diffusion cell device and the skin model. In the skin model, a liposome-based artificial skin membrane (LASM) consisting of tight layers of liposomes immobilized on a filter was prepared and characterized. Using porcine ear skin, rat skin and Strat-M? artificial membrane as control, the LASM was then evaluated in permeation studies with five active compounds: ferulic acid, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, tetrahydrocolumbamine, and tetrahydropalmatine. The scanning electron microscope images demonstrated complete filling of the membrane pores with lipids and the formation of a continuous liposomal coating. The contents of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) and cholesterol in LASM were measured to be 12.08?±?0.18 and 4.41?±?0.04?mg/cm2, respectively. Moreover, revealed by the measurement of electrical resistance, the LASM remains intact for at least 12?h with the incubation of 20% ethanol. The results of permeation studies demonstrated a good correlation (r2?=?0.9743, r?=?0.9871) of Papp values between the drugs’ permeation through LASM and porcine ear skin. In addition, by ATR-FTIR analysis, a slighter shift of CH2 stretching frequency between LASM and porcine ear skin was observed compared with the shift between Strat-M? membrane and porcine ear skin. In summary, for the first time, the LASM has been proved to be a valuable alternative to porcine ear skin in permeation studies using Franz diffusion cell device. 相似文献
18.
Herman L Hubert P Caberg JH Evrard B Kedzia W Boniver J Delvenne P 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》2007,56(7):1087-1096
Although human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in the majority of cervical cancers and their precursors (squamous intraepithelial
lesions; SIL), the persistence or progression of cervical lesions could be associated with quantitative and functional alterations
of dendritic/Langerhans cells (DC/LC). As LC abnormalities have been associated with a decreased expression of macrophage
inflammatory protein 3α (MIP3α) in cervical SIL, we tested the effect of exogenous MIP3α on the migration of LC in a (pre)neoplastic
epithelium formed in vitro. By using a Boyden chamber assay, we first showed that the migratory capacity of LC generated in
vitro is significantly increased in the presence of MIP3α compared to control medium. We next demonstrated that MIP3α is able
to increase the 3D infiltration of LC in organotypic cultures of HPV-transformed keratinocytes. This property to stimulate
LC migration was not altered after inclusion of MIP3α in a bioadhesive polycarbophil gel. Moreover, the function of DC to
exert cytostatic effects and to present alloantigens was not altered in the presence of MIP3α.
P. Hubert and L. Herman contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
19.
De Melo MR Araújo Filho JL Patu VJ Machado MC Mello LA Carvalho LB 《Journal of molecular histology》2006,37(8-9):321-325
Immunohistochemistry, based on antibody anti-S100 protein, was used to evaluate the Langerhans cells (LC) in benign and malign skin neoplasias. These cells were quantitatively estimated using a computer image analysis (OPTIMAS software system, Version 6.1) in skin biopsies diagnosed as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), epidermoid carcinoma (EpC), trichoepithelioma (TE), keratoacanthoma (KA), seborreic keratosis (SK) and actinic keratosis (AK). The antibody anti-S100 protein recognized them. No significant variations were observed in the number of LC among malignant tumour (BCC = 23.25 ± 5.81 and EpC = 20.88 ± 4.24). Benign lesions (AK = 33.04 ± 7.11; TE = 55.74 ± 9.35; SK = 42.38 ± 9.92, and KA = 47.62 ± 10.4) presented a higher number of LC when they were compared among them and to malignant and normal tissues. No significant differences were observed in LC area and volume between benign and malign neoplasias. These results indicate possibly differences in the immunogenicity between benign and malign epidermic tumours. In conclusion, the experimental computer assessment method was reliable and consistent to morphometric analysis of tumoural tissues. 相似文献
20.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key connectors between the innate and adaptive immune system and have an important role in modulating other immune cells. Therefore, their therapeutic application to steer immune responses is considered in various disorders, including cancer. Due to differences in the cell source and manufacturing process, each DC medicinal product is unique. Consequently, release tests to ensure consistent quality need to be product-specific.Although general guidance concerning quality control testing of cell-based therapies is available, cell type-specific regulation is still limited. Especially guidance related to potency testing is needed, because developing an in vitro assay measuring cell properties relevant for in vivo functionality is challenging. In this review, we provide DC-specific guidance for development of in vitro potency assays for characterisation and release. We present a broad overview of in vitro potency assays suggested for DC products to determine their anti-tumor functionality. Several advantages and limitations of these assays are discussed. Also, we provide some points to consider for selection and design of a potency test. The ideal functionality assay for anti-tumor products evaluates the capacity of DCs to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Because this approach may not be feasible for release, use of surrogate potency markers could be considered, provided that these markers are sufficiently linked to the in vivo DC biological activity and clinical response. Further elucidation of the involvement of specific DC subsets in anti-tumor responses will result in improved manufacturing processes for DC-based products and should be considered during potency assay development. 相似文献