高山森林林窗和生长基质对苔藓植物氮和磷含量的影响

苔藓在森林生态系统养分富集和循环方面有重要作用,苔藓植物在氮磷循环中的作用可能受到森林更新和生长基质的影响.为理解苔藓在森林生态系统养分循环中的作用,研究了高山森林不同位置(林窗中心、林窗边缘、林下)和不同生长基质(活立木、倒木、枯立木、大枯枝、根桩、地表)上的苔藓植物氮磷含量.结果表明:地表苔藓氮含量(3.12 mg·g^-1)显著低于其他生长基质上的苔藓,尽管枯立木附生苔藓氮含量高达17.41 mg·g^-1,但倒木、大枯枝、枯立木和活立木苔藓氮含量差异不显著;最高(1.09 mg·g^-1)和最低(0.61 mg·g^-1)的磷含量分别出现在森林地表和枯立木的苔藓,且森林地表的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他生长基质上的苔藓,但倒木、大枯枝、根桩和活立木上的苔藓磷含量差异不显著.林窗位置显著影响了倒木和大枯枝上的苔藓氮、磷含量,林窗内倒木和大枯枝上的苔藓氮、磷含量显著高于林窗边缘.粗木质残体的类型、腐烂等级对苔藓氮、磷含量的影响存在差异,两者交互作用的影响显著;第Ⅴ腐烂等级倒木上的苔藓氮含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅲ腐烂等级大枯枝上的苔藓氮含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅱ腐烂等级倒木上的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅳ腐烂等级枯立木上的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他腐烂等级.可见,森林林窗更新和粗木质残体腐解过程会影响苔藓植物的氮、磷含量,同时影响森林生态系统的养分循环过程.     

Coarse woody debris in undisturbed and logged forests in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component of the carbon cycle in tropical forests. We measured the volume and density of fallen CWD at two sites, Cauaxi and Tapajós in the Eastern Amazon. At both sites we studied undisturbed forests (UFs) and logged forests 1 year after harvest. Conventional logging (CL) and reduced impact logging (RIL) were used for management on areas where the geometric volumes of logs harvested was about 25–30 m³ ha^?1. Density for five classes of fallen CWD for large material (>10 cm diameter) ranged from 0.71 to 0.28 Mg m^?3 depending upon the degree of decomposition. Density of wood within large fallen logs varied with position relative to the ground and with distance from the center of the log. Densities for materials with diameters from 2 to 5 and 5 to 10 cm were 0.36 and 0.45 Mg m^?3, respectively. The average mass (±SE) of fallen CWD at Cauaxi was 55.2 (4.7), 74.7 (0.6), and 107.8 (10.5) Mg ha^?1 for duplicate UF, RIL, and CL sites, respectively. At Tapajós, the average mass of fallen CWD was 50.7 (1.1) Mg ha^?1 for UF and 76.2 (10.2) Mg ha^?1 for RIL for duplicate sites compared with 282 Mg ha^?1 for live aboveground biomass. Small‐ and medium‐sized material (<10 cm dia.) accounted for 8–18% of the total fallen CWD mass. The large amount of fallen CWD at these UF sites relative to standing aboveground biomass suggests either that the forests have recently been subjected to a pulse of high mortality or that they normally suffer a high mortality rate in the range of 0.03 per year. Accounting for background CWD in UF, CL management produced 2.7 times as much CWD as RIL management. Excess CWD at logging sites would generate a substantial CO₂ emission given the high rates of decay in moist tropical forests.     

Fallen retention aspen trees on clear-cuts can be important habitats for red-listed polypores: a case study in Finland

Green-tree retention is a relatively new forestry application, which aims at decreasing the negative effects of clear-cut logging on forest biodiversity. In this study, the value of retained aspens in maintaining diverse assemblages of wood-decaying fungi (polypores; Basidiomycota) on clear-cuts was investigated, after the retention trees had died, fallen and started to decay. A total of 110 fallen aspen trunks were investigated on clear-cuts and within old-growth forests in eastern Finland, southern boreal zone; and 499 records of polypores belonging to 46 species were made. The intermediately decayed trunks on a clear-cut area hosted more species and more red-listed species than did trunks within forests. Most of the polypore species with more than two records were found in both habitats. These results suggest that many aspen-associated polypores are able to live and reproduce in sun-exposed habitats, if the quality and quantity of dead wood fulfill the species-specific requirements. This unexpected result, however, may be partly due to the exceptionally great abundance of aspen in the study area. Furthermore, in the long term, the local benefits of fallen retention trees can be limited, unless the local continuity of large aspens, both living and dead, is ensured.     

西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林粗木质残体空间格局分析

粗木质残体（Coarse woody debris,CWD）的空间格局反映了森林群落的死亡格局和干扰格局,在一定程度上体现了群落内林木的死亡过程。采用相邻网格法对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var.smithii）原始林1 hm²固定样地内CWD进行调查,从CWD类型、腐烂等级、径级3个方面对CWD空间分布格局进行分析。结果表明：样地内CWD总密度为582株/hm²,倒木占55.33%,是CWD的主要输入形式。CWD密度在腐烂等级上的分布可用多项式拟合（R²=0.9973）,在径级上的分布可用指数衰减模型拟合（R²=0.9746）,且在不同类型、腐烂等级及径级上的分布差异较大。在50 m尺度内,CWD整体表现为小尺度的集群分布和中、大尺度的随机分布。在3种CWD分类中,仅有大枯枝、Ⅰ级腐烂、径级ⅠCWD在小尺度或中尺度表现为较强的集群分布,其余则均以随机分布为主,只是在个别尺度达到或接近集群分布。不同类型CWD间整体关联不显著,只有枯立木与大枯枝在0-21 m尺度内达到显著负关联。CWD空间分布格局是急尖长苞冷杉原始林的重要结构特征,在很大程度上决定着林下植物群落及林型自然更新格局。     

Dendrochronological assessment of the time since death of dead wood in an old growth Magellan's beech forest,Navarino Island (Chile)

The present study investigated the relationship between time since death and the morphological characteristics of fallen dead trees in a Nothofagus betuloides forest stand located on the island of Navarino (Chile). In this unmanaged forest, there were 399 m³ ha^?1 of dead wood, which represented about half of the living tree volume. At the investigation site, 18 living trees were selected and increment cores were collected from them to build master ring‐width chronologies. Cross sections were also collected from 48 fallen dead trees. The samples collected were then assigned to observable decay classes and their death date was determined dendrochronologically. Cross‐dating techniques were used and it was found that the fallen dead trees cross‐dated significantly with standard chronologies. A year of death was successfully determined for 75% of the sampled fallen dead trees. However, this study demonstrated that, in the standard classification, the transition rate from one class of decay to another was highly variable. Furthermore, the inconsistencies found in the decay rates of the fallen dead trees demonstrated that the existing decay classification schemes were unsuitable for this type of forest stand and that the relationship between qualitatively assessed decay classes and the time since death of trees in this extreme environment was rather weak. In addition, the analysis of the time since death, in this old growth forest, was indicative of the persistence of dead wood on the forest floor in austral cold ecosystems and of its contribution to long‐term carbon storage.     

中国华南地区多孔菌多样性研究

2002至2019年对广东、广西和海南主要森林生态系统的72个保护区、森林公园、植物园、公园和林场等的多孔菌进行了采集和调查,共采集标本2 095号,经对这些材料全面和系统的研究,发现多孔菌500种,按照最新的系统学研究分属于8个目、20个科、145个属,其中多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科分别有173种和124种,约占总数的60%,是最重要的多孔菌类群。此外,其中有10个新属和132个新种是作者等人根据华南地区模式标本发现描述的。本文对华南地区多孔菌多样性进行了系统归纳,按最新的分类系统以属名顺序给出了名录,根据采集材料提供了每种的生长基质,并对所有种类的生长基质习性进行了统计。其中,294、138、112、97、78、77和29种分别生长在倒木、落枝、朽木、死树、活立木、树桩、掉落小枝和地上,故倒木是多孔菌最重要的生长基质。     

Availability of coarse woody debris in a boreal old‐growth Picea abies forest

Abstract. This study reports temporal (based on cross‐dated dead trees) and spatial patterns of availability of coarse woody debris (CWD) from Picea abies in a Swedish boreal landscape with discrete old‐growth forest patches in a wetland matrix. Data were collected from 29 patches ranging in size from 0.3 to 28 ha. A total of 897 dead trees with a minimum diameter of > 15 cm occurred on the 7.2 ha area analysed. The year of death was established for 50% of these trees. CWD volume ranged from 17 to 65 m³/ha for downed logs and from 0.5 to 13 m³/ha for standing snags. CWD of all decay stages and diameter classes occurred abundantly and the probability of finding logs of all decay stages and sizes was very high at the scale of single hectares. Tree mortality differed among 5 yr periods. However, during the last 50 yr no 5 yr period produced less than 3 logs/ha. Decay rates were highly variable among different logs. Logs with soft wood and some wood pieces lost (decay stage 5) died ca. 34 years ago. This suggests a fairly rapid decay in this northern forest. The data indicate a high and continuous availability of CWD of all types. It is likely, therefore, that selection pressures for efficient dispersal among CWD dependent species may not be very high. Consequently, species with narrow habitat demands and/or low dispersal ability may have evolved and this may contribute to the decrease of certain species in the managed landscape.     

Succession of saproxylic beetles associated with decomposition of boreal white spruce logs

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Dead wood biomass and turnover time,measured by radiocarbon,along a subalpine elevation gradient

Dead wood biomass can be a substantial fraction of stored carbon in forest ecosystems, and coarse woody debris (CWD) decay rates may be sensitive to climate warming. We used an elevation gradient in Colorado Rocky Mountain subalpine forest to examine climate and species effects on dead wood biomass, and on CWD decay rate. Using a new radiocarbon approach, we determined that the turnover time of lodgepole pine CWD (340±130 years) was roughly half as long in a site with 2.5–3°C warmer air temperature, as that of pine (630±400 years) or Engelmann spruce CWD (800±960 and 650±410 years) in cooler sites. Across all sites and both species, CWD age ranged from 2 to 600 years, and turnover time was 580±180 years. Total standing and fallen dead wood biomass ranged from 4.7±0.2 to 54±1 Mg ha^–1, and from 2.8 to 60% of aboveground live tree biomass. Dead wood biomass increased 75 kg ha^–1 per meter gain in elevation and decreased 13 Mg ha^–1 for every degree C increase in mean air temperature. Differences in biomass and decay rates along the elevation gradient suggest that climate warming will lead to a loss of dead wood carbon from subalpine forest.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林粗木质残体碳密度特征

以小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林9.12 hm~2固定样地为研究对象,分析粗木质残体(CWD)碳密度的基础特征,揭示其与林分因子和物种多样性的关系。结果表明:(1)谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度为13.25 t C/hm~2,其中云杉(Picea spp.)、冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)和未知种的CWD碳密度分别为3.59、2.61、3.06和2.85 t C/hm~2。(2)不同腐烂等级下CWD碳密度呈近正态分布,多集中在Ⅱ和Ⅲ等级,分别占总量的42.7%和35.4%。不同径级的CWD碳密度也呈近正态分布,主要分布在30—40 cm和40—50 cm径级上。干中折断、拔根倒、枯立木和干基折断为谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度的主要存在方式。腐烂等级为Ⅰ和Ⅴ的CWD中,拔根倒的碳密度最高,其他腐烂等级中均为干中折断的碳密度最高。(3)CWD碳密度表现出较强的空间异质性,其随着林分平均胸径、最大胸径和胸高断面积的增加而下降,呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);而与林分密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均无显著相关性(P0.05)。     

Bryophyte societies on the fallen logs of Pinus armandii with different decay classes in Sygera Mountains

倒木是森林生态系统维持健康和更新的重要组成部分, 在倒木不同腐解阶段, 倒木上定植的苔藓植物组合的差异尚不清楚。为深入探讨倒木上苔藓植物组合变化规律及其影响因素, 该文对西藏色季拉山同一地点不同腐解程度的4株华山松(Pinus armandii)倒木上的苔藓植物进行了样方调查和数据分析。结果表明: 4株倒木上40个样方共有苔藓植物22科52种, 其中藓类13科38种, 苔类9科14种; 以恒有优势种为特征进行划分, 共得到14个物种组合。随着倒木腐解程度加大以及周围环境的不断改变, 生长其上的苔藓植物物种多样性逐渐增加, 但组合数量和苔藓总盖度却呈现先增大后减小的趋势。苔藓物种由耐旱性强的丛生型藓类, 如木灵藓科、白发藓科, 逐渐演替为喜阴湿环境、快速生长的垫状或毯状藓类, 如提灯藓科、羽藓科和青藓科。倒木苔藓植物组合空间结构复杂程度逐渐增大。倒木是多种苔藓植物选择的重要生长基质, 其上苔藓植物受倒木的腐解程度、水分和光照等条件的影响而发生相应的物种组合变化。     

色季拉山不同腐解等级华山松倒木上的苔藓植物组合

倒木是森林生态系统维持健康和更新的重要组成部分, 在倒木不同腐解阶段, 倒木上定植的苔藓植物组合的差异尚不清楚。为深入探讨倒木上苔藓植物组合变化规律及其影响因素, 该文对西藏色季拉山同一地点不同腐解程度的4株华山松(Pinus armandii)倒木上的苔藓植物进行了样方调查和数据分析。结果表明: 4株倒木上40个样方共有苔藓植物22科52种, 其中藓类13科38种, 苔类9科14种; 以恒有优势种为特征进行划分, 共得到14个物种组合。随着倒木腐解程度加大以及周围环境的不断改变, 生长其上的苔藓植物物种多样性逐渐增加, 但组合数量和苔藓总盖度却呈现先增大后减小的趋势。苔藓物种由耐旱性强的丛生型藓类, 如木灵藓科、白发藓科, 逐渐演替为喜阴湿环境、快速生长的垫状或毯状藓类, 如提灯藓科、羽藓科和青藓科。倒木苔藓植物组合空间结构复杂程度逐渐增大。倒木是多种苔藓植物选择的重要生长基质, 其上苔藓植物受倒木的腐解程度、水分和光照等条件的影响而发生相应的物种组合变化。     

Pattern of Substrate Preferences of Free Living Protists (Myxomycetes) on Decaying Wood

We have studied the influence of the stage of decomposition and acidity of wood, as well as the illumination of the microhabitat on the species composition, abundance, and occurrence of slime molds (Myxomycetes) of the xylobiontic (inhabitants of the wood) substrate complex of forest communities in Siberia (Altai krai, Altai Republic, and Novosibirsk oblast). This work is based on a study of 1777 samples of fruit bodies (sporophores) of myxomycetes. In the analysis of data for communities of Myxomycetes of the xylobiontic substrate complex, we recognize a successional series which clearly correlates with the stage of wood decomposition. The study of the distribution of the species composition of the slime mold on wood of various stages of decomposition shows that the maximum number of species is observed on dead trunks where the wood is of medium density and the bark can easily be separated (W3). The lowest specificity and diversity of species composition is observed on the fallen trunks of trees with very dense wood and dense bark (W1). These dead trees have low water-retaining capacity, tight bark, and almost intact wood containing large amounts of lignin, preventing the invasion of plasmodia and myxamoebae of Myxomycetes into the trunk. A study of the location of slime-mold colonies in relation to the illumination level shows that the greatest number of species is found on the front, side, and bottom parts of dead trunks of woody plants. The least specificity and the least variety of Myxomycetes species are found on apical parts of dead tree trunks facing the sun. The exception are species with large fruit bodies such as Fuligo septica and Reticularia splendens, which are most often observed on the upper parts of the sun facing trunks of woody plants. In the research area, the complex of species typical for wood of coniferous trees is described. It is noted that acidophilic slime molds of the genera Comatricha and Cribraria can be traced in xylobiontic and epiphytic–corticuloid substrate complexes.     

Benchmarks and predictors of coarse woody debris in native forests of eastern Australia

Fallen coarse woody debris (CWD) is critical to forest biodiversity and function. Few studies model factors that influence CWD availability, although such investigations are critically needed to inform sustainable forest management. We assess benchmark levels of CWD in unharvested native forests and those harvested for timber, across a range of forests in north‐east New South Wales, Australia. We found timber‐harvesting was the dominant driver of CWD, with almost double the count (pieces ha^?1) and volume (m³ ha^?1) of total CWD in selectively harvested than unharvested sites. This pattern was consistent across wet and dry forest types. Harvested sites had greater counts of hollow‐bearing logs, and greater volumes of small and medium‐sized CWD (15–50 cm diameter) than unharvested sites. There was no effect of harvesting on the volume of large CWD (>51 cm diameter). Total volumes of CWD (>15 cm diameter) varied from 114 to 166 m³ ha^?1. We found few differences in CWD counts and volumes between forest types, with grassy woodlands and forests containing less CWD than other dry and shrubby forest types, reflecting lower potential input rates. The CWD levels recorded here are similar to those recorded in dry and wet sclerophyll forests elsewhere in Australia and are typical of global estimates for ‘old growth’ forests. Using general linear models we captured up to 57% of the variation in CWD across sites, and found that timber harvesting, topography and the numbers of standing hollow‐bearing and dead trees were significant predictors of CWD. Values for unharvested forest provide a benchmark that could be used to inform retention guidelines for CWD in managed forests in this region. Further assessment of the effect of repeat timber harvesting is needed to fully understand its impact on CWD dynamics, especially if forest residues resulting from timber harvesting are removed from native forests for bioenergy production.     

On the Relationships between Ground-dwelling Spider (Araneae) Assemblages and Dead Wood in a Northern Sugar Maple Forest

Downed woody material (fallen logs) offers ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae) ideal sites for nesting and foraging, but little is known about what characteristics of dead wood influence spider assemblages. In a maple forest of Forillon National Park, in eastern Québec (Canada), spider assemblages on, adjacent to, and away from fallen logs were compared. We also tested how log type (coniferous vs. deciduous) and decomposition stage influenced spider assemblages. Sampling was done for an intensive four-week period using both litter samples and pitfall traps. A total of 5613 spiders representing 83 species from 16 families was collected. Spiders were affected by the presence of logs, as both species diversity and total number of individuals collected were significantly higher on the log surface compared to the forest floor. Ordination analysis revealed a distinct compositional difference between the spider fauna found on the wood surface compared to the forest floor. Wood type and decomposition stage had few significant effects on spider assemblages, except that less decayed logs supported higher spider diversity than logs in advanced stages of decay. Dead wood is clearly important for generalist predators such as spiders, further supporting the conservation importance of fallen logs in northern forest ecosystems.     

Wood-inhabiting fungi on fallen logs of Norway spruce: relations to forest management and substrate quality

A survey of the patterns of wood decaying fungi as to occurrence of sporocarps on naturally fallen logs of Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) was undertaken in two nearby forest stands with different histories of management. One stand was an old-growth forest with few signs of logging, and the other stand was selectively logged 60–80 years ago. Altogether 118 species were found. Forest management had a negative impact on the species diversity. Newly fallen and weakly decayed logs in a natural forest had a higher species richness, more red-listed species, as well as more indicator species compared to similar logs in a managed forest. The importance of dead wood for species diversity of wood inhabiting fungi was clearly demonstrated. Presence of logs in later stages of decomposition increased the total species number in a natural forest stand with 42 (63 %), compared to a survey of only newly fallen and weakly decayed logs. Presence of logs in later stages of decomposition also increased the diversity of the species pool colonising newly fallen and weakly decayed logs. The highest number of fruiting species was found on intermediately decayed logs and on logs lying in contact with the ground. The fungal gradient as revealed in a DCA ordination was primarily related to decay. A successional pathway based on the primary decayer Fomitopsis pinicola was not detected.     

Coarse woody debris can reduce mammalian browsing damage of woody plant saplings in box‐gum grassy woodlands

The critically endangered box‐gum grassy woodlands of south‐east Australia face numerous threats including the failure of woody plant regeneration caused by over‐browsing. In the Australian Capital Territory, over‐browsing of tree and shrub saplings is likely caused by dense populations of Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) found in many nature reserves free of livestock. One possible way to protect these saplings is using coarse woody debris (CWD) as a browsing deterrent. We tested this idea by planting palatable Red Stemmed Wattle (Acacia rubida) saplings among manually applied CWD, among naturally fallen CWD, and in the open, in five woodland reserves. We recorded the proportion of saplings browsed, the number of weeks to first browsing and the browsing severity (sapling height lost). Applied CWD protected saplings from being browsed only at relatively low‐to‐moderate kangaroo browsing pressure (as measured by faecal pellet counts). At relatively high browsing pressure, the probability of a sapling being browsed among applied CWD was 100%, similar to the probability in the open treatment (no CWD). Natural CWD, in contrast, provided some protection even at high browsing pressures. Time to browsing was most affected by browsing pressure, although CWD cover also had an influence. Browsing severity was similar between the three treatments and was only affected by browsing pressure. These results indicate that without protection, palatable woody plant saplings have a high chance of being browsed by kangaroos in woodland reserves, and therefore, some protection is needed for successful regeneration. The CWD being applied to reserves has a limited capacity to protect regenerating saplings. If more protection is wanted a CWD structure more resembling natural fallen timber should be used. This could be done by artificially placing branches around plantings. However, the most important action to facilitate regeneration is to manage kangaroo populations to reduce overall browsing pressure.     

Association between myxomycetes and the decay stage of coarse woody debris in an evergreen broadleaf forest in warm temperate Japan

Myxomycetes inhabit coarse woody debris in varying stages of decay; however, their ecology in the dead wood of evergreen broadleaf trees is not well known. In this study, we examined the relationships between myxomycete species and the decay stage of wood from fallen trees in an evergreen broadleaf forest in Japan. Myxomycete species richness and abundance were calculated for eight stages of decay in fallen logs, according to the appearance and wood hardness of log portions. A total of 70 myxomycete species (including varieties) were found on the logs. Moderately decayed wood was the preferred habitat of myxomycetes (57 species; 81% of the total) and most species inhabited moist decayed wood. Analysis by nonmetric multidimensional scaling enabled the differentiation of myxomycete assemblages, with five groupings recognized across the progression of decay. Forty-two species preferred a particular decay stage, represented by the decay index. Physarum viride and Stemonitis splendens particularly preferred the less-decayed wood and Stemonitopsis typhina var. similis especially inhabited the well-decayed wood. Species from the order Physarales dominated the less-decayed wood, whereas Trichiales and Liceales species dominated the softer well-decayed wood. Myxomycetes diversity was high in and varied among logs with various stages of decay in a typical Japanese evergreen forest.     

New method for rapidly estimating population densities of the concealed wood‐borer Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the field

To rapidly estimate pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope, population densities in forests, the vertical distributions of M. alternatus oviposition sites and larvae on infested Masson pines (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) were studied. Results showed that the number of oviposition sites on sections of trunks between 0 and 2 m above ground was significantly greater than on sections of trunk above 2 m, and the vertical distribution had a significant logarithmic relationship with trunk height. The larval number of M. alternatus on dead infested trees had a significant difference among heights of trunks. Sections on trunks at 2–4 m usually contained the largest number of M. alternatus larvae, while the number of larvae on trunks above 10 m declined significantly, as well as in the 1 m section of trunk at the base. The vertical distribution of M. alternatus larvae on dead infested pines showed a distinct parabolic relationship with trunk height. The number of oviposition sites of M. alternatus on infested Masson pine trunks revealed a significant exponential relationship with the diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees. A significant positive linear relationship also was observed between M. alternatus larval number and DBH on the host pine trees, as well as between the numbers of larvae and oviposition sites on an individual tree. The total number of larvae in an infested tree could be calculated easily using an established equation, through counting the number of oviposition sites at 3–4 m of trunk aboveground. This study developed a practical method for rapid estimation of M. alternatus populations.     

Substrate requirements of red-listed saproxylic invertebrates in Sweden

To evaluate which qualities of dead wood have the highest conservational value for invertebrates, substrate requirements were recorded for all 542 saproxylic (wood-living) red-listed invertebrates in Sweden. Preferred qualities of dead trees were described for each species in seven category variables: tree species, stage of decay, type of main stem, coarseness of stem, part of tree, light preference and microhabitat. For each quality we quantified the number of red-listed insect species using it and the number that are specific to the quality. The number of species associated with different tree genera ranged from five to 202. Species-rich genera had a higher proportion of monophagous species. To what extent different tree genera have faunas complementary to each other was also analysed. As the wood decays, the host range broadens and the flora of decay fungi will probably take over as the most important factor determining the saproxylic fauna. Because there are many different types of rot required by different invertebrates, an abundance of similar looking dead trees, logs and snags are probably needed. Some 59% of the invertebrate species can live in sun-exposed sites. Most of these are favoured when the forest burns and at least 29 of them are more strongly associated with fires. For the former category, leaving dead wood on clear cuts should be an effective way to increase the amount of breeding substrate. However, some species, especially those living in the last successional stages, are dependent on shaded sites. Hollow tree trunks are another important microhabitat; 64 of the 107 species living there are specialists. To maintain all saproxylic species we need a diversity of substrate types and management methods. Our data can help to decide how to optimize the conservation measures taken during forest operations.