透明颤菌血红蛋白基因克隆及植物表达载体的构建

透明颤菌血红蛋白是一种专性好氧的氧结合蛋白。目的:以VHb基因构建植物表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中实现表达。方法:使利用试剂盒提取透明颤菌血红蛋白的总DNA,以其为模板通过PCR克隆VHb基因。结果:克隆得到VHb基因片段的长度约为0.5kb,与NCBI上公布的VHb基因序列最大同源性达99%。结论:通过酶切鉴定及PCR检测,成功构建重组植物表达载体p3300-vhb-super promoter-Tnos。     

模拟血红蛋白的重要进展

化学家正在了解铁元素在氧载体中的作用。美国俄亥俄州立大学的Daryl Busch及其研究小组合成了一个能在室温下可逆束缚氧的含铁分子,从而模拟了人体的天然氧载体——血红蛋白的作用。十年来,Busch一直在全合成氧载体模型。近几年来,他的注意力集中在所谓中间有空隙的铁络合物上。在这些络合物中,其一侧由体积庞大的基团构成一个“干燥的洞穴”,而另一侧则由另一配体或溶剂分子封闭。迄今,总战略类似于含有卟啉的模型,但是,他的模型的配体已有较大的结构适应性。他改变大体     

转基因猪——未来的供血者

美国的DNX公司培育出3只表达人血红蛋白占其总血红蛋白量10～15％的转基因猪。若能达到更高的人血红蛋白表达程度,则转基因猪将对血液替代品市场产生重大影响。目前,多数血液和血液产品都由人体供血制备,常常供不应求。而且交叉配血、检查感染源及储存费用很高。无细胞血红蛋白代用血市场预计为每年50～100亿美元。但是,无细胞血红蛋白必须经过加工,以防止当血红蛋白分子从红细胞中游离出来时形成肾中毒性二聚体,以及补偿对携氧和释放氧的失控。已有两种方法来克服上述问题。一种是用化学交联技术,另一种方法则依赖含血红蛋白脂质体即血红蛋白体(haemosome)的物质。DNX用转基因猪产生的血红蛋白适用于这两种方法,并可生产投资效益高的产品。     

透明颤菌vgb基因在产核黄素B.subtilis中的整合表达研究

目的:将透明颤菌血红蛋白vgb基因应用于核黄素的工业化生产。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌整合载体pAmyE构建了vgb基因的整合表达载体pAudV,采用化学转化法将vgb基因整合到枯草芽孢杆菌GJ08的染色体上,并通过发酵摇瓶实验检测核黄素的产量。结果:得到产核黄素枯草芽孢杆菌GJ09,摇瓶试验结果表明,在限氧条件下核黄素的产量分别提高了5.23%和3.42%。结论:透明颤菌血红蛋白vgb基因能够促进核黄素产量的提高,可以应用于核黄素的工业化生产中。     

血红蛋白结构及其携氧功能的软件平台开发

血红蛋白及其携氧功能的软件平台（HBMS）是运用JavaEE的技术开发的关于血红蛋白空间结构和携氧功能的查询软件平台,通过该平台可快速查询血红蛋白的结构和功能的一些特性。HBMS提供了血红蛋白的各级空间结构的查询,同时可以计算出不同氧分压下血氧饱和度的变化并绘制血氧饱和度曲线,用以解析血红蛋白的输送氧气的能力。该系统并提供了血红蛋白结构及其携氧功能的免费查询网站（地址：http：／／192.168.1．25：8050／sybms／）。     

受溶氧浓度调控的新型大肠杆菌表达系统

利用透明颤菌(Vitreoscilla sp.)的血红蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的转录过程受环境溶氧浓度调控,在贫氧条件下基因转录被激活的性质,构建了一个在贫氧条件下能高效表达外源基因的新型大肠杆菌表达系统。该表达系统包括一个古血红蛋白基因启动子元件控制T7RNA聚合酶基因表达的低拷贝质粒的宿主菌GJ100和另一个T7启动子控制外源基因表达的质粒载体。研究结果表明大肠杆菌本身的硫氧还蛋白,原核生物的金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白IgG结合区(ZZ),真核生物的蛇神经毒素融合蛋白,鲑鱼降钙素六聚体,人白细胞介素Ⅱ和人尿激酶原等基因均能在该系统中获得高效表达。重组蛋白表达的水平可达细胞总蛋白的30％以上。     

腺病毒载体的应用及进展

腺病毒载体是近年来继逆转录病毒载体之后被广泛应用的一个基因运载系统。它具有宿主细胞广泛、繁殖滴度高、不整合及相对安全等特点,在基因治疗中发挥越来越大的作用。本介绍了Ｅ１区缺失为特征的第一代腺病毒载体应用的有效性、安全性等方面的研究情况,和旨在克服第一代腺病毒载体不足的第二代载体构建方面的进展。     

几种氧代丙酸化合物在诱捕白纹伊蚊中的应用

为了从氧代丙酸化合物中筛选出对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus具有良好引诱效果的化合物,采用陷阱诱捕法分别测定了丙酮酸(α-氧代丙酸)、3-甲氧基-2-甲基-3-氧代丙酸、3-(苄氧基)-3-氧代丙酸和3-氨基-3-氧代丙酸4种氧代丙酸化合物及丙酸对白纹伊蚊成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明,在供试的5种化合物中,α-氧代丙酸、3-甲氧基-2-甲基-3-氧代丙酸和3-(苄氧基)-3-氧代丙酸3种氧代丙酸化合物及丙酸的诱捕效果显著,同剂量的各化合物对白纹伊蚊的诱蚊效果依次是3-甲氧基-2-甲基-3-氧代丙酸>3-(苄氧基)-3-氧代丙酸>α-氧代丙酸=丙酸。相同质量α-氧代丙酸∶3-(苄氧基)-3-氧代丙酸=1∶1至1∶2的配方比,具有协同增效作用,平均累计诱捕量均显著优于单组分α-氧代丙酸、3-(苄氧基)-3-氧代丙酸和对照纯水(P<0.05)。其中最优配方比是α-氧代丙酸∶3-(苄氧基)-3-氧代丙酸=1∶2,平均累计诱捕量比单组分α-氧代丙酸增加45.45%,比单组分3-(苄氧基)-3-氧代丙酸增加32.33%和比对照纯水增加73.11%(P<0.05)。现场...     

血浆中的血红蛋白为何不能载氧

人体的血红蛋白主要存在于红细胞中,其重要的生理功能是携带氧,但血红蛋白一旦由红细胞中释放到血浆中就丧失了载氧能力。血红蛋白这一特性的机制是什么？对人体的生命活动有什么意义？１血红蛋白的结构特点血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）是血红素和珠蛋白的络合物,目前认为至少有６...     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在刺糖多孢菌中整合表达促进多杀菌素的生物合成

为解决刺糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora spinosa)高密度深层培养过程中的供氧不足问题, 促进多杀菌素的生物合成, 采用重叠PCR 技术将透明颤菌(Vitreoscillastercoraria)血红蛋白基因(vgb)可读框(ORF)置于红霉素抗性基因启动子(P_ermE)之下, 并将其克隆到整合型载体pSET152 上, 构建成vgb 表达载体pSET152EVHB; 通过接合转移方式将其导入刺糖多孢菌SP06081 中, 利用载体上ΦC31 整合性位点通过位点特异性重组将vgb 定点整合到SP06081 菌株染色体上, 获得一株遗传性能稳定的重组菌株S078-1101; 重组工程菌的PCR 与Southern blotting 检测显示vgb 已整合到染色体上, 一氧化碳结合差光谱分析表明在S078-1101 工程菌中表达了有活性的透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb); 摇瓶发酵结果显示, 在正常溶氧与中度限氧状态下, vgb 的表达均可显著促进多杀菌素的生物合成(P<0.01). 这说明vgb 在刺糖多孢菌中的整合表达改善了菌体对溶氧的吸收性能, 是一种有效的定向遗传改良手段.     

Polymeric nanoparticles for hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

This article reports on the current status of the research on blood substitutes with particular attention on hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). Insights on the physiological role of hemoglobin are reported in the view of the development of both acellular and cellular hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Attention is then focused on biocompatible polymeric materials that find application as matrices for cellular based HBOCs and on the strategies employed to avoid methemoglobin formation. Results are reported regarding the use of bioerodible polymeric matrices based on hemiesters of alternating copolymer (maleic anhydride-co-butyl vinyl ether) for the preparation of hemoglobin loaded nanoparticles.     

Effect of cross-linker length on the stability of hemoglobin

A series of cross-linking reagents with 4 to 7 carbons have been synthesized and used to modify human hemoglobin. The product yields and biochemical properties of these cross-linked hemoglobins are compared to those made with both longer and shorter cross-linkers. Several trends become apparent. The yields decrease as the cross-linker becomes longer, which correlates well with molecular dynamics studies of reagent binding pathways presented here. The autooxidation rates increase while thermal stability decreases with longer reagents. Cross-linking under deoxy conditions also increases autooxidation rates, but the effect is less than that of increased cross-linker length. The results suggest that shorter reagents may provide better-stabilized tetramers for the construction of more complex hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.     

Allosteric effects on oxidative and nitrosative reactions of cell-free hemoglobins

A review of the oxidative and nitrosative reactions of cell-free hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) shows that these reactions are intimately linked and are subject to allosteric control. Cross-linking reactions used to produce HBOCs introduce conformational constraints and result in Hbs with reduced responses to heterotropic and homotropic allosteric effectors. The Nernst plots of heme oxidation of cross-linked HBOCs are shifted to higher potentials relative to unmodified Hb in the absence of allosteric effectors, in accord with their T-state stabilization and right-shifted Hill plots of O(2) binding. They exhibit enhanced rates of autoxidation and nitrite-induced oxidation, features that appear due to their having more solvent-accessible heme pockets. The stability of their NO-Hb derivatives varies as a result of allosteric effects on the extent of formation of pentacoordinate NO-heme geometry by alpha chains and subsequent oxidation of partner beta chains. The physiological implications of these findings on the safety, efficacy and design of second generation HBOCs are discussed in the framework of a reaction scheme showing linkages between Hb-mediated redox reactions. These redox reactions can drive formation of SNO-Hb and other reactive species and are of significance for the use of cell-free Hbs in vivo.     

A compartmental model for oxygen transport in brain microcirculation in the presence of blood substitutes

A compartmental model is developed for oxygen (O(2)) transport in brain microcirculation in the presence of blood substitutes (hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers). The cerebrovascular bed is represented as a series of vascular compartments, on the basis of diameters, surrounded by a tissue compartment. A mixture of red blood cells (RBC) and plasma/extracellular hemoglobin solution flows through the vascular bed from the arterioles through the capillaries to the venules. Oxygen is transported by convection in the vascular compartments and by diffusion in the surrounding tissue where it is utilized. Intravascular resistance and the diffusive loss of oxygen from the arterioles to the tissue are incorporated in the model. The model predicts that most of the O(2) transport occurs at the level of capillaries. Results computed from the present model in the presence of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers are consistent with those obtained from the earlier validated model (Sharan et al., 1989, 1998a) on oxygen transport in brain circulation in the absence of extracellular hemoglobin. We have found that: (a) precapillary PO(2) gradients increase as PO(2) in the arterial blood increases, P(50 p) (oxygen tension at 50% saturation of hemoglobin with O(2) in plasma) decreases, i.e. O(2) affinity of the extracellular hemoglobin is increased, the flow rate of the mixture decreases, hematocrit decreases at constant flow, metabolic rate increases, and intravascular transport resistance in the arterioles is neglected; (b) precapillary PO(2) gradients are not sensitive to (i) intracapillary transport resistance, (ii) cooperativity (n(p)) of hemoglobin with oxygen in plasma, (iii) hemoglobin concentration in the plasma and (iv) hematocrit when accounting for viscosity variation in the flow; (c) tissue PO(2) is not sensitive to the variation of intravascular transport resistance in the arterioles. We also found that tissue PO(2) is a non-monotonic function of the Hill coefficient n(p) for the extracellular hemoglobin with a maximum occurring when n(p) equals the blood Hill coefficient. The results of the computations give estimates of the magnitudes of the increases in tissue PO(2) as arterial PO(2) increases,P(50 p) increases, flow rate increases, hematocrit increases, hemoglobin concentration in the plasma increases, metabolic rate decreases, the capillary mass transfer coefficient increases or the intracapillary transport resistance decreases.     

A biophysical investigation of recombinant hemoglobins with aromatic B10 mutations in the distal heme pockets

This study examines the structural and functional effects of amino acid substitutions in the distal side of both the alpha- and beta-chain heme pockets of human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A). Using our Escherichia coli expression system, we have constructed four recombinant hemoglobins: rHb(alphaL29F), rHb(alphaL29W), rHb(betaL28F), and rHb(betaL28W). The alpha29 and beta28 residues are located in the B10 helix of the alpha- and beta-chains of Hb A, respectively. The B10 helix is significant because of its proximity to the ligand-binding site. Previous work showed the ability of the L29F mutation to inhibit oxidation. rHb(alphaL29W), rHb(betaL28F), and rHb(betaL28W) exhibit very low oxygen affinity and reduced cooperativity compared to those of Hb A, while the previously studied rHb(alphaL29F) exhibits high oxygen affinity. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that these mutations in the B10 helix do not significantly perturb the alpha(1)beta(1) and alpha(1)beta(2) subunit interfaces, while as expected, the tertiary structures near the heme pockets are affected. Experiments in which visible spectrophotometry was utilized reveal that rHb(alphaL29F) has equivalent or slower rates of autoxidation and azide-induced oxidation than does Hb A, while rHb(alphaL29W), rHb(betaL28F), and rHb(betaL28W) have increased rates. Bimolecular rate constants for NO-induced oxidation have been determined using a stopped-flow apparatus. These findings indicate that amino acid residues in the B10 helix of the alpha- and beta-chains can play different roles in regulating the functional properties and stability of the hemoglobin molecule. These results may provide new insights for designing a new generation of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.     

Comparative In Vivo Effects of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC) with Varying Prooxidant and Physiological Reactivity

A series of hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier candidates (HBOC), previously noted for their differences in prooxidative and physiological reactivity, were compared in terms of the negative effects displayed upon injection in Wistar rats. At the concentrations tested, antioxidant strategies based on albumin as well as based on rubrerythrin appear to offer observable physiological advantages.     

Numerical simulation of oxygen delivery to muscle tissue in the presence of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

This work represents a culmination of research on oxygen transport to muscle tissue, which takes into account oxygen transport due to convection, diffusion, and the kinetics of simultaneous reactions between oxygen and hemoglobin and myoglobin. The effect of adding hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) to the plasma layer of blood in a single capillary surrounded by muscle tissue based on the geometry of the Krogh tissue cylinder is examined for a range of HBOC oxygen affinity, HBOC concentration, capillary inlet oxygen tension (pO(2)), and hematocrit. The full capillary length of the hamster retractor muscle was modeled under resting (V(max) = 1.57 x 10(-4) mLO(2) mL(-1) s(-1), cell velocity (v(c)) = 0.015 cm/s) and working (V(max) = 1.57 x 10(-3) mLO(2) mL(-1) s(-1), v(c) = 0.075 cm/s) conditions. Two spacings between the red blood cell (RBC) and the capillary wall were examined, corresponding to a capillary with and without an endothelial surface layer. Simulations led to the following conclusions, which lend physiological insight into oxygen transport to muscle tissue in the presence of HBOCs: (1) The reaction kinetics between oxygen and myoglobin in the tissue region, oxygen and HBOCs in the plasma, and oxygen and RBCs in the capillary lumen should not be neglected. (2) Simulation results yielded new insight into possible mechanisms of oxygen transport in the presence of HBOCs. (3) HBOCs may act as a source or sink for oxygen in the capillary and may compete with RBCs for oxygen. (4) HBOCs return oxygen delivery to muscle tissue to normal for varying degrees of hypoxia (inlet capillary pO(2) < 30 mmHg) and anemia (hematocrit < 46%) for the hamster model.     

Model of nitric oxide diffusion in an arteriole: impact of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes

Administration of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) frequently results in vasoconstriction that is primarily attributed to the scavenging of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) by cell-free hemoglobin. The ensuing pressor response could be caused by the high NO reactivity of HBOC in the vascular lumen and/or the extravasation of hemoglobin molecules. There is a need for quantitative understanding of the NO interaction with HBOC in the blood vessels. We developed a detailed mathematical model of NO diffusion and reaction in the presence of an HBOC for an arteriolar-size vessel. The HBOC reactivity with NO and degree of extravasation was studied in the range of 2-58 x 10(6) M(-1) x s(-1) and 0-100%, respectively. The model predictions showed that the addition of HBOC reduced the smooth muscle (SM) NO concentration in the activation range (12-28 nM) for soluble guanylate cyclase, a major determinant of SM contraction. The SM NO concentration was significantly reduced when the extravasation of HBOC molecules was considered. The myoglobin present in the parenchymal cells scavenges NO, which reduces the SM NO concentration.     

Synthesis, biophysical properties, and oxygenation potential of variable molecular weight glutaraldehyde-polymerized bovine hemoglobins with low and high oxygen affinity

In a recent study, ultrahigh molecular weight (Mw ) glutaraldehyde-polymerized bovine hemoglobins (PolybHbs) were synthesized with low O2 affinity and exhibited no vasoactivity and a slight degree of hypertension in a 10% top-load model.(1) In this work, we systematically investigated the effect of varying the glutaraldehyde to hemoglobin (G:Hb) molar ratio on the biophysical properties of PolybHb polymerized in either the low or high O2 affinity state. Our results showed that the Mw of the resulting PolybHbs increased with increasing G:Hb molar ratio. For low O2 affinity PolybHbs, increasing the G:Hb molar ratio reduced the O2 affinity and CO association rate constants in comparison to bovine hemoglobin (bHb). In contrast for high O2 affinity PolybHbs, increasing the G:Hb molar ratio led to increased O2 affinity and significantly increased the CO association rate constants compared to unmodified bHb and low O2 affinity PolybHbs. The methemoglobin level and NO dioxygenation rate constants were insensitive to the G:Hb molar ratio. However, all PolybHbs displayed higher viscosities compared to unmodified bHb and whole blood, which also increased with increasing G:Hb molar ratio. In contrast, the colloid osmotic pressure of PolybHbs decreased with increasing G:Hb molar ratio. To preliminarily evaluate the ability of low and high O2 affinity PolybHbs to potentially oxygenate tissues in vivo, an O2 transport model was used to simulate O2 transport in a hepatic hollow fiber (HF) bioreactor. It was observed that low O2 affinity PolybHbs oxygenated the bioreactor better than high O2 affinity PolybHbs. This result points to the suitability of low O2 affinity PolybHbs for use in tissue engineering and transfusion medicine. Taken together, our results show the quantitative effect of varying the oxygen saturation of bHb and G:Hb molar ratio on the biophysical properties of PolybHbs and their ability to oxygenate a hepatic HF bioreactor. We suggest that the information gained from this study can be used to guide the design of the next generation of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) for use in tissue engineering and transfusion medicine applications.