Enzymatic activity in crude oil contaminated rats

The activity of enzymes found in the plasma, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and enzymes from erythrocytes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and catalase, was studied in rats contaminated by crude oil. Crude oil (tube fed) contamination caused a significant increase in MDH and LDH activity 96 hr after contamination while a decrease in activity was noted in 6-6-PDH and catalase. An additional contamination (1 week after the first contamination), measured 96 hr after contamination, caused a relative decrease in MDH and LDH activity while there was a contrasting relative increase in G-6-PDH and catalase activity. After a recovery period of 3 weeks the only significant change was an increase in catalase activity.     

The palmitoleate: a natural selective denaturant of enzymes

A study has been carried out in order to explain the enzyme-palmitoleate interaction. The highly purified and crystalline enzymes representative of fundamental metabolic pathways were: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P-DH), alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme-palmitoleate interaction was studied as a phenomenon time-independent (inhibition) and time-dependent (inactivation). Palmitoleate inhibited remarkably LDH, MDH, ICDH and G6P-DH. A kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action of palmitoleate on LDH and MDH was also carried out. Inactivation studies have shown that ADH and alkaline phosphatase are not sensitive to palmitoleate action, unlike the other enzymes. A comparison was made between the action of palmitoleate and that of a synthetic anionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).     

国人睾丸、附睾和输精管的氧化还原酶的组织化学观察

本文收集了１９—３８岁国人正常男性新鲜睾丸、附睾和输精管１３例,进行了氧化还原酶组织化学染色、光镜定位及定性观察。结果表明：睾丸曲细精管和输出小管上皮的ＧＤＨ,ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＧＰＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ９种酶;睾丸间质细胞和附睾管上皮的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＧＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ８种酶;输精管的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＩＣＤＨ和ＧＤＨ４种酶的酶活性呈强阳性或极强阳性。提示输出小管和头部附睾管含有的多种氧化还原酶对精子功能成熟有极重要作用。     

Histochemical studies on the submandibular ganglia of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penecillata).

The histochemistry of the neural cells was studied in the submandibular ganglia of 5 Callithrix jacchus (3 males and 2 females) and 4 Callithrix penicillata (2 males and 2 females). These cells contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, nucleoproteins and lipidic materia, but are apparently devoid of glycogen. It is impossible to demonstrate in them any reactivity for UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, ATPase at pH 6.3, leucine aminopeptidase and alanyl aminopeptidas. The reaction for the other searched enzymes was as follows: weak (F-1,6-P Ald and cytochrome oxidase), weak to moderate (ADH, 6-P-GDH, ICDH, SDH, MDH, alpha-GPDH and beta-OHBDH), moderate (G-6-PDH, F-1,6-PA, LDH and GDH), moderate to strong (ATPase at pH 7.4, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase) and strong (G-6-PA, NADH2,-TR, NADPH2-TR, ATPase at pH 8.5 and 9.4 and alkaline phosphatase).     

Activités de quelques enzymes associés à la conidiogenèse du Neurospora crassa

Summary Enzyme activities have been measured and compared at several stages of the development of Neurospora crassa i.e. from free conidia (inoculum) to conidiated mycelia grown on sucrose versus acetate (poor versus highly conidiogenous) media.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and NADP nucleotidase (NADPase) show inverse activity-time curves, both on sucrose and acetate media. G-6-PDH has its higher activity at the preconidiating stage while NADPase progressively increases to reach its maximal value in the mature conidia.Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) has a higher activity in extracts from acetate compared to sucrose cultures; in both conditions, maximal MDH activity corresponds with the initiation of conidiation. Malate synthetase (MS) has a delayed activity which is much higher in acetate extracts.Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is more active in sucrose than acetate extract with a sharp activity peak just preceding conidiation proper.Isozymes of G-6-PDH and MDH, as well as total soluble proteins from extracts of sucrose versus acetate cultures have been compared after their separation on polyacrylamide columns.     

Effect of tuftsin on enzyme activity in the energy metabolism of lymphocytes

The cytochemical technique was used to measure the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) of peripheral blood lymphocytes of mice and rats given intraperitoneal injections of an endogenous immunostimulant tuftcin (Tre-Lys-Pro-Arg) in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. A significant decrease of SDH activity was observed both in mice and rats 4 and 6 hours following injection, respectively. In mice, that activity returned to normal in 12, while in rats in 24 hours. An opposite action was produced by tuftcin on G-6-PDH, causing the maximum elevation of the enzyme activity in rat lymphocytes 6 hours after peptide administration. The decrease to the initial level was observed in 24 hours. Tuftcin did not affect the activity of LDH. The data obtained indicate that the immunological effect of tuftcin is coupled with the changes in the activity of Krebs cycle enzymes (SDH) and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes (G-6-PDH).     

Histochemical observations on the occurrence of glycolytic and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes in the hepatopancreas and their possible relation to eyestalk factor(s) in the crab Scylla serrata (Forskal).

Histochemical studies were carried out on some of the glycolytic enzymes viz. phosphorylase, aldose, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and a key enzyme of the pentose phosphatase cycle, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), in the hepatopancreas of Scylla serrata (Forskal). 1. Weak activities of phosphorylase and aldolase and strong-activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticed mainly in the brush border of the tubules and R-cell cytoplasm. A trace activity of G-6-PDH was noticed in the brush border. 2. Bilateral eyestalk removal results in inhibition of both phosphorylase and aldolase. However, enhanced activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticeable 4 h after the operation. The G-6-PDH activity remained unaltered till 24 h. 3. Injection of eyestalk extract into both intact and destalked crabs activated all the enzymes.     

Histoenzymologie du pancreas endocrine de l'homme

Résumé Des recherches histoenzymatiques sont effectuées sur biopsies de 14 pancréas humains prélevés au cours d'interventions opératoires. Les cellules insulaires présentent une très grande activité pour la G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, ICDH, Cis-Ac-ase et NADPH-R. Elles montrent une activité plus faible pour la LDH, MDH, 3-PGADH, SDH, ATP'ase, MAO, Sulfatase, Estérase et Leuc. Peptidase. La Lip-DH et la glucuronidase sont faiblement positives. Il existe une différence de l'activité enzymatique entre les cellules A et B; ces dernières montrent une activité plus importante. La G-6-P'ase, la F-1-6-DP'ase sont négatives. Certaines considérations sont faites sur le r?le probable des enzymes étudiées dans la cytophysiologie insulaire.

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Summary Histoenzymatic investigations on 14 normal human biopsies from surgical interventions demonstrate a high activity of G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, ICDH, Cis-Ac-ase and NADPH-R of the islet cells. The activities of LDH, MDH, 3-PGA-DH, SDH, ATP'ases, MAO, sulfatase, Esterase and Peptidases are considerably less intense. The Lip-DH, the glucuronidase are feebly positive. There exists a difference between the A and the B-cells. These latter shows generally a more considerable activity. Other activities like G-6-P'ase and F-1-6P'ase are negative. Some considerations are drawn on the presumable role of these enzymes in the cytophysiology of the islets of Langerhans.

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Dédié au ProfesseurW. Bargmann à l'occasion de son 60e anniversaire.     

Die Histotopik einiger Oxydoreduktasen im Hoden von Hund und Katze

Zusammenfassung Im Hoden von Hund und Katze werden folgende Enzyme histochemisch nachgewiesen: NADH-Tetrazoliumreduktase (NADH-T-Red), NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktase (NADPH-T-Red), Cytochromoxydase (Cyt-Ox), Lactat-Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aldolase (ALD), Alkohol-Dehydrogenase (ADH), Glycerin-1-phosphat-Dehydrogenase (GDH), Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), Succinat-Dehydrogenase (SDH), NAD-spezifische Isocitrat-Dehydrogenase (NAD-ICDH). Die starke Fermentaktivität der G-6-PDH und der LDH in den Leydig-Zellen beider Spezies, der relativ hohe Gehalt an histochemisch nachweisbarer ADH in den Zwischenzellen der Katze sowie eine deutliche Reaktion auf GDH in den Sertoli-Zellen der Katze werden diskutiert.

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Summary In the testes of dog and cat the distribution pattern of NADH-tetrazolium reductase, NADPH-tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxydase, lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, alcohol dehydrogenase, -glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and NAD specific isocitrate dehydrogenase was studied by histochemical means. The strong reaction of G-6-PDH and LDH in the Leydig cells of both species, the relatively high amount of ADH in the interstitial cells of the cat testis and the principal site of -GPDH in the Sertoli cells of the cat are discussed.

     

Glycolytic enzymes in the premolt field crab Paratelphusa hydrodromus (Milne-Edwards) (Crustacea)

The quantitative assay of hexokinase (HK), phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3 PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) revealed that coxal muscles compared to hepatopancreas contained higher activities of all the enzymes investigated. It appears that the coxal muscles of the premolt field crab has carbohydrate-based fuel economy. The hepatopancreas is a rich source of lipid and very poor source of glycogen. The activity of G-6-PDH is moderately high in the hepatopancreas. It seems that in this lipogenic tissue conversion of G-6-P to triose phosphate occurs predominately via pentose-phosphate pathway thus generating NADPH for lipogenesis. The relative G-3PDH ad LDH activities in hepatopancreas and coxal muscles led us to believe that the reconversion of NAD from NADH in hepatopancreas nd muscle flexor is effected by glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, whereas in muscle extensor it is achieved by both G-3PDH and LDH activities.     

Effect of tuftsin on the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in peritoneal macrophages

Cytochemistry was used to measure the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in rat peritoneal macrophages under the action of the endogenous immunostimulant tuftcin (tre-lys-pro-arg) during phagocytosis of latex particles and at rest. Tuftcin did not affect the activity of the study enzymes in non-phagocytic cells. Elevation of the peptide concentration to 0.25 micrograms/ml and higher in phagocytic macrophages activated G-6-PDH and lowered the activity of LDH. Tuftcin did not alter the activity of SOD in phagocytic macrophages.     

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a pivotal role in nitric oxide-involved defense against oxidative stress under salt stress in red kidney bean roots

The pivotal role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH)-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production in the tolerance to oxidative stress induced by 100 mM NaCl in red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots was investigated. The results show that the G-6-PDH activity was enhanced rapidly in the presence of NaCl and reached a maximum at 100 mM. Western blot analysis indicated that the increase of G-6-PDH activity in the red kidney bean roots under 100 mM NaCl was mainly due to the increased content of the G-6-PDH protein. NO production and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were also induced by 100 mM NaCl. The NO production was reduced by NaN(3) (an NR inhibitor), but not affected by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) (an NOS inhibitor). Application of 2.5 mM Na(3)PO(4), an inhibitor of G-6-PDH, blocked the increase of G-6-PDH and NR activity, as well as NO production in red kidney bean roots under 100 mM NaCl. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in red kidney bean roots increased in the presence of 100 mM NaCl or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor. The increased activities of all antioxidant enzymes tested at 100 mM NaCl were completely inhibited by 2.5 mM Na(3)PO(4). Based on these results, we conclude that G-6-PDH plays a pivotal role in NR-dependent NO production, and in establishing tolerance of red kidney bean roots to salt stress.     

砷对兰州鲇组织中代谢酶活性及RNA和蛋白质含量影响

采用毒性试验方法,研究了安全浓度（1.288 mg/L）条件下亚砷酸钠（NaAsO2）对兰州鲇（Silurus lanzhouensis）脑、鳃、肝脏、肌肉4种组织中6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（G-6-PDH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性,以及RNA和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,染毒21d时,As（Ⅲ）可显著降低4种组织中G-6-PDH和LDH活性、RNA和蛋白质含量（P0.05）。撤毒后21d,除脑和肝组织中蛋白质含量未恢复到对照组水平（P0.05）,肝脏中G-6-PDH活性超过了对照组水平（P0.05）外,其余各组织中G-6-PDH和LDH活性、RNA和蛋白质含量均可恢复到对照组水平（P0.05）。以上结果表明,As（Ⅲ）对兰州鲇组织中代谢酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,可致组织细胞RNA损伤和可溶性蛋白质减少,但这种影响是可逆的,撤毒后一定时间内可恢复到正常水平。       

Aldrin toxicity on amphibian neuronal, hepatic and muscular tissue oxidative enzymes

Aldrin toxicity was studied in the brain, liver and muscle of Rana hexadactyla. It was observed that sublethal concentration of aldrin inhibited the activities of SDH, MDH and ICDH while it elevated the activities of LDH and G-6-PDH. The increase and the decrease was progressive with the exposure period. The changes were attributed to the induced toxic effects such as oxygen distress, energy crisis and microstructural changes.     

Characteristics of somatic cell hybrids (mouse X Chinese hamster) with different ratios of parental species chromosome sets. IV. Electrophoretic analysis of several enzymes of the dehydrogenase class]

Electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gel of five dehydrogenases: NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were investigated in a series of mouse X Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. Seven hybrid lines with different ratio of chromosome sets of hamster and mouse: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 1:2 respectively were studied. NADP-MDH and 6PGD of both parental species and intermediate hybrid bands were present in all hybrids except two lines. These lines had only hamster MDH due to the elimination of mouse chromosomes. A correlation was found between the gene dose and the intensity of the expression of the MDH bands. The mouse type ADH was detected in all hybrids. The hamster ADH was found in one of the hybrid lines that lost all mouse chromosomes during cultivation. It is suggested that hamster ADH activity was suppressed in hybrids by the mouse genome. The species origin of GDH and G6PD could not be established due to similarity of electrophoretic mobilities of respective enzymes in parental cells.     

泽蛙雌核单倍体几种同工酶基因表达的研究

本研究用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳,比较泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体和泽蛙二倍体在鳃盖闭合期的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶(MDH)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶同工酶(G-6-PDH)和酯酶同工酶(EST)的表型。实验表明,单倍体的上述同工酶区带数和活力与同胚期的二倍体比较,差异甚大。由此,作者认为,泽蛙单倍体问工酶基因的表达异常是由于缺少另一套染色体基因的相互作用。     

Functional interrelations between isozymes of dehydrogenases in the intact and denervated rabbit muscles]

A correlation is shown to exist between malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol-3-PDH activity values, lactate/pyruvate and malate/oxaloacetate coefficients, MDH and LDH isozyme spectra and kinetic properties of LDH isozymes in soluble fractions of cytoplasm from intact rabbit m. soleus (red), m. gastrocnemius (mixed) and m. quadratus lumborum (white). In denervated soleus and gastrocnemius the cytoplasmic MDH/LDH, mitochondrial MDH/LDH, MDH mitochondrial/MDH cytoplasmic activity ratios, concentrations of substrates and isozyme spectra of MDH and LDH tend to equalize. The obtained results indicate the importance of isozyme composition and total activity ratios of the dehydrogenases for regulation of pyruvate and NADH metabolic pathways.     

Sodium dodecyl sulfate, concurrent inhibitor of several dehydrogenases

The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the activity of highly purified or crystalline enzymes has been studied. The enzymes were: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH). isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P-DH), lipase, alkaline phosphatase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, always under the critical micellar concentration, shows a selective inhibitory effect. A kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action on LDH, MDH, ICDH and G6P-DH was also carried out.     

Activities of enzymes associated with phosphoenolpyruvate metabolism in the mudskippers, Boleophthalmus boddaerti and Periophthalmodon schlosseri

1. PK and LDH activities in the muscle of Periophthalmodon schlosseri and Boleophthalmus boddaerti were at least 100-fold higher than their respective activities in the liver. 2. The ratio of PK:PEPCK in liver of B. boddaerti was smaller than that of P. schlosseri. 3. PK:PEPCK ratios in both fishes were intermediate between those of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. 4. MDH activity was higher than other enzymes assayed in the liver of both fishes. 5. The ratios of LDH:MDH in the liver of both mudskippers were comparable to those of anaerobic organisms. 6. AST was at least eight times more active than ALT in the liver of both fishes. 7. In the muscle of these mudskippers, the aspartate content was significantly less than that of alanine. 8. Exposure of these fishes to various experimental conditions led to changes in specific activities of PEPCK, LDH, AST and ALT.     

Enzymatic activity in the lung cells to the intrapulmonary administration of antigen

Histochemical study of the activity of the redox and hydrolytic enzymes in the immunocompetent cells of the lungs of guinea pigs following intratracheal immunization with complete typhoid antigen demonstrated that following a single immunization at the initial periods elevation of the activity of AP, LDH, NAD- and NADP-diaphorases was seen in the macrophages; later GDH, G-6-PDH and AP was activated in the plasma cells. Double immunization was followed by an earlier and more intensive increase of the enzymatic activity in the cells under study.