梣叶槭种子中抑制物质研究简报

休眠、层积和萌发的梣叶槭种子中抑制物质的含量不同。休眠的种子中抑制物质的含量最多,层积后的种子抑制物质活性明显减弱,萌发的种子中依然存有少量的抑制物质。抑制物质在种子内的分布也不同。子叶内较多,胚中较少。种子萌发时,胚内的抑制物质可能向子叶转移。     

脱水敏感的黄皮种子在发育中的可溶性蛋白变化

黄皮种子的子叶与胚轴,在发育前期蛋白质合成速率均高于后期。在发育过程中子叶的可溶性蛋白含量无明显变化,但在后期能新合成少数低分子量的热不稳定蛋白,可能是引起种子萌发的水解酶类。胚轴中可溶性蛋白单位干重含量高于子叶,而其成分不随发育而变化。ABA可促进发育后期黄皮种子胚轴中20kD蛋白的合成,但不能改变种子的脱水敏感性。     

黄精种子萌发过程发育解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术对成熟黄精种子形态及萌发过程中的形态学变化及解剖结构特征进行了研究,以阐明黄精种子繁殖的生物学机制。结果显示:(1)成熟的黄精种子由外而内依次为种皮、胚乳和胚等3部分组成。其中种皮由一层木质化的细胞组成;胚乳占据种子的大部分结构,胚乳细胞含有大量淀粉,细胞壁增厚;胚处于棒型胚阶段。(2)黄精种子在萌发过程中棒型胚靠近种脐端分化为吸器、子叶联结和子叶鞘,靠近种孔的部位分化出胚根、胚轴和胚芽。(3)黄精种子萌发首先由子叶联结伸长将胚芽和胚根原基推出种孔,紧接着下胚轴膨大形成初生小根茎,吸器留在种子中分解吸收胚乳中的营养物质。(4)通过子叶联结连通吸器和初生小根茎,将胚乳中的营养物质由吸器-子叶联结这个通路转移到初生小根茎中,为初生根茎上胚芽和胚根的进一步分化提供物质保障。(5)黄精种子自然条件下萌发率较低,而且当年不出土。研究表明,黄精种子的繁殖生物学特性是其生态适应的一种重要机制。     

脱水敏感的黄皮种子在发育中的可溶性蛋白变化

黄皮种子的子叶与胚轴,在发育前期蛋白质合成速率均高于后期。在发育过程中子叶的可溶性蛋白含量无明显变化,但在后期能新合成少数低分子量的热不稳定蛋白,可能是引起民种子萌发的水解酶类。胚轴中可溶性蛋白单位干重含量高于子叶,而其成分不随发育而变化。ＡＢＡ可促进发育后期黄皮种了胚轴中２０ｋＤ蛋白的合成,但不能改变种子的脱水敏感性。     

刺毛碱蓬种子多型性及其对极端盐渍环境的适应

采用盆栽和生长箱培养方法,对真盐生植物刺毛碱蓬2种形态种子的发育形态特点和萌发过程中对盐度响应的特征进行研究,以了解其对极端盐渍环境的适应.结果表明:(1)在施加0.2%～0.6% NaCl条件下刺毛碱蓬种子产量对盐度增加存在正响应,且在不同生长时期产生形态特征完全不同的2种形态种子,其中一种体积较大、种皮较软且脱水子叶为深绿色(简称软皮种子),软皮种子成熟、干燥脱水后的子叶中有叶绿素存在;另一种体积较小、种皮坚硬且子叶为白色(简称硬皮种子).(2)对2种形态成熟的脱水种子分别在去离子水和700 mmol·L-1 NaCl溶液中浸泡0、12、24 h后测定其种子萌发率、子叶叶绿素含量及光合作用能力的变化,结果发现,无论是否有盐胁迫,软皮种子吸水后的总萌发率均显著高于硬皮种子;软皮种子吸水3 h后即能检测到光合放氧,但经盐处理的种子与去离子水处理的种子其光合放氧能力无显著差别.(3)刺毛碱蓬2种形态的种子在高盐度条件下具有分批次萌发的特征;软皮种子子叶含有叶绿素在吸水后不久进行光合作用并形成幼苗,而硬皮种子萌发迟,但传播扩散远,这些特征在种子萌发和种群建成过程中起到了分摊萌发风险的作用,使刺毛碱蓬具有对更大范围盐渍环境的适应特性.     

长豇豆胚和胚乳的发育及营养物质积累

长豇豆(Vigna sesquipedalis (L.)Fruwirth)开花前7—10小时传粉,开花后8—10小时完成双受精。合子期珠孔端及合点部位胚囊的周界壁有壁内突。胚发育属柳叶菜型。胚柄的基部细胞及基部区域外层细胞的外切向壁发生壁内突。成熟胚中胚柄宿存。开花后9—16天为子叶细胞中淀粉积累期,开花后12—18天为蛋白质积累期。胚乳发育为核型,珠孔端胚乳细胞化,合点端保持游离核状态。胚乳外层细胞为传递型细胞,珠孔端的胚乳细胞形成折叠细胞群,亦有壁内突。心形胚期胚乳开始退化解体,成熟胚期胚乳完全消失。     

离体发育和萌发中花生种子不同部份内源ABA含量的变化

离体发育和萌发中花生种子不同部份的内源ＡＢＡ含量变化存在明显的差异．种皮和子叶内存在ＡＢＡ的Ｃ（４０）生物合成途径,胚轴内恻为Ｃ（１５）生物合成途径．种子内源ＡＢＡ含量变化和种子活力有密切关系．     

镉胁迫对瘤突苍耳、苍耳及其杂合体种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

入侵种与本地种杂交可能会改变其某些性状,影响其生理生化过程,增强其对一些重金属的耐受性。镉是目前造成土壤污染的主要重金属元素之一,为探讨杂交是否能够增强植物对重金属镉的耐受性,采用培养皿滤纸法比较了不同浓度镉(0,10,40,80和120 mg/L)处理下瘤突苍耳(Xanthium strumarium)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)及二者杂合体(X.strumarium♀×X.sibiricum♂,X.sibiricum♀×X.strumarium♂)种子萌发与幼苗生长情况。结果表明:1)入侵种瘤突苍耳与本地种苍耳之间存在杂交现象;2)镉促进了杂交瘤突苍耳(X.strumarium♀×X.sibiricum♂)种子的萌发,当镉浓度为80 mg/L时,其萌发率、发芽势、发芽指数最高;3)杂交瘤突苍耳在80、120 mg/L镉处理下根长和叶绿素含量低于瘤突苍耳,但子叶受到的氧化胁迫并未高于瘤突苍耳。研究结果显示,杂交有可能提高了瘤突苍耳在高浓度镉胁迫时对重金属镉的转运能力,幼苗根系吸收大量的镉并向上运输给子叶,导致根系生长受到抑制、子叶叶绿素含量下降,抗氧化酶系统可能在降低子叶氧化程度上发挥了作用。     

去胚轴对花生子叶肽链内切酶和贮藏蛋白质降解的影响

从离体子叶与连体子叶在水中培养一段时间后的比较,看到它们之间在肽链内切酶活性和盐溶蛋白及花生球蛋白降解上的差异并不大,这表明去除胚轴对子叶肽链内切酶活性和贮藏蛋白降解的影响很轻微。亚胺环己酮（蛋白质合成抑制剂）不能完全抑制离体子叶肽链内切酶活性的提高,子叶的大部分大分子贮藏蛋白同样被降解。这表明,在花生种子萌发过程中降解大部分贮藏蛋白的子叶肽链内切酶并非人全部是在种子萌发是新合成的。子叶贮藏蛋白降     

桃儿七种子解剖结构及其萌发生长期形态特征

为探明种皮和胚乳是否是限制桃儿七种子萌发的主要因素,利用组织切片和显微技术,对桃儿七种子及其不同萌发期（1、7、14、21、28 d）解剖结构和播种后一定时期内（7~210 d）的植株生长形态进行观察。桃儿七种子由种皮、胚乳和胚构成。种皮包括外种皮和内种皮,外种皮致密规整,由外至内分别为栅状石细胞和表皮层细胞,内种皮由5~6层海绵细胞组成。胚乳占种子体积的绝大部分,包括珠孔胚乳和外胚乳。胚由胚根、胚轴和子叶组成,被致密种皮、多层珠孔胚乳和外胚乳包围。萌发期1~7 d胚根和胚轴开始伸长,7~14 d两片子叶分离,14~21 d胚根突破珠孔胚乳和种皮,21~28 d胚根、胚轴和子叶继续扩张伸长。种子播种210 d后可平均形成3片功能真叶和5条不定根。致密种皮（物理休眠）和多层胚乳（机械休眠）是限制桃儿七种子萌发的两个主要因素。     

ULTRACYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ATPASE IN THE INDIVIDUAL PARTS OF THE MATURE,DORMANT SEED OF PISUM SATIVUM

The location and activity of a K⁺-ATPase in mature, dormant peas were investigated using two ultracytochemical techniques, as well as biochemical assays of plasma membrane fractions from separate seed parts. Both the Wachstein and Meisel (1957) and the Ernst (1972) cytochemical methods showed plasma membrane-associated reaction product located primarily on the exterior surfaces of the entire pea embryo, except for the stem apex and tip-most cells of the radicle. No plasma membrane-assocated reaction product was found in the seed coat, which typically consists of cells with degenerating protoplasts. Biochemical results showed the highest specific K⁺-ATPase activity in the radicles (775 nmol Pi/mg protein/hr), followed by epicotyls (168 nmol Pi/mg protein/hr) and cotyledons (147 nmol Pi/mg protein/hr). It is proposed that the entire pea embryo may function in the active absorption of nutrients during the initial phases of germination. Additional functions of the enzyme may include cell wall loosening prior to cell elongation, regulation of cytoplasmic pH, and the generation of turgor.     

芡实种子萌发期的生物学特性与结构解剖

本文描述了芡实种子的结构,种子的萌发和幼苗的形态特征。成熟种子必须置于水中保存,以增大胚体,并完成后熟作用。外胚乳是种子萌发和幼苗生长的主要营养来源。萌发后在子叶叶柄基部外侧形成的突起结构可能起固着作用。     

The Role of Maturation Drying in the Transition from Seed Development to Germination: IV. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND ENZYME ACTIVITY CHANGES WITHIN THE COTYLEDONS OF RICINUS COMMUNIS L. SEEDS

Drying of immature seeds of Ricinus communis L. cv. Hale (castorbean) during the desiccation-tolerant phase of development causesthem to germinate upon subsequent rehydration. This desiccation-inducedswitch from development to germination is also mirrored by achange in the pattern of soluble and insoluble protein synthesiswithin the cotyledons of the castor bean. Following rehydrationof seeds prematurely dried at 40 d after pollination (DAP),cotyledonary proteins characteristic of development (e.g. storageproteins) are no longer synthesized; hydrolytic processes resultingin their degradation commence (after 12 h) in a manner similarto that observed following imbibition of the mature seed. Apattern of protein synthesis recognizable as germination/growth-associatedoccurs; premature drying has elicited a redirection in metabolismfrom a developmental to a germinative mode. Desiccation is alsorequired for the induction (within cotyledons of 35 DAP seeds)of enzymes involved in protein reserve breakdown (leucyl ß-naphthylamidase;LeuNAase) and lipid utilization (isocitrate lyase; ICL), anevent intimately associated with the post-germinative (growth)phase of seedling development. Thus, at a desiccation-tolerantstage of development, premature drying results in the suppressionof the developmental metabolic programme and a permanent switching-onof the germination/growth metabolic programme. Key words: Desiccation, metabolism, seed development, seed germination, castor bean, cotyledons     

Asparaginyl endopeptidase (VmPE-1) and autocatalytic processing synergistically activate the vacuolar cysteine proteinase (SH-EP).

A vacuolar cysteine proteinase, designated SH-EP, is synthesized in cotyledons of germinated Vigna mungo seeds and is responsible for degradation of the seed proteins accumulated in protein bodies (protein storage vacuoles). SH-EP belongs to the papain proteinase family and has a large N-terminal prosegment consisting of 104 amino acid residues and a C-terminal prosegment of 10 amino acid residues. It has been suggested that an asparaginyl endopeptidase, V. mungo processing enzyme 1 (VmPE-1), is involved in the N-terminal post-translational processing of SH-EP. The recombinant proform of SH-EP (rSH-EP) was produced in Escherichia coli cells, purified to homogeneity and refolded by stepwise dialysis. 31P-NMR analysis of intact germinated cotyledons revealed that the vacuolar pH of cotyledonary cells changes from 6.04 to 5.47 during seed germination and early seedling growth. rSH-EP was converted in vitro to the mature form through autocatalytic processing at a pH mimicking the vacuolar pH at the mid and late stages of seed germination, but not at the pH of the early stage. VmPE-1 accelerated the rate of processing of rSH-EP in vitro at the pH equivalent to the vacuolar pH at the early and mid stages of germination. In addition, the cleavage sites of the in vitro processed intermediates and the mature form of SH-EP were identical to those of SH-EP purified from germinated cotyledons of V. mungo. We propose that the asparaginyl endopeptidase (VmPE-1)-mediated processing mainly functions in the activation of proSH-EP at the early stage of seed germination, and both VmPE-1-mediated and autocatalytic processings function synergistically in the activation of proSH-EP in cotyledons at the mid and late stages.     

THE ROLE OF THE ENDOSPERM IN THE GERMINATION OF LEGUMES: GALACTOMANNAN,NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS CHANGES IN THE GERMINATION OF GUAR (CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA; LEGUMINOSAE)

The endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (“guar”) contains 41 % of the dry weight and 45 % of the acetone-insoluble-solids of the seed, but only 3–11 % of the nitrogen and phosphorus. At least 75 % of the acetone-insoluble-solids of the endosperm is galactomannan, only about 12% being accounted for as pentosan, pectin, protein, phytin, ash, and dilute-acid-insoluble residue. During a five-day germination period at 30 C, all of the galactomannan and all but 5 % of the dry weight of the endosperm disappeared, being translocated to the cotyledons. About ⅓ of the nitrogen and phosphorus of the endosperm plus seed coat were also translocated. After a 36-hr lag, the accumulation of the nitrogen and acetone-insoluble-solids in the seedling axis were linear, while the total dry weight and phosphorus showed a rapid increase followed by a slower accumulation during the five-day period. In the cotyledons, the dry weight temporarily increased, but the acetone-insoluble-solids, nitrogen and phosphorus showed only a net decrease after 84, 36 and 36 hr, respectively. Scanning election micrographs of dry-fractured and sectioned endosperm show that the bulk of the endosperm is a solid mass of galactomannan with essentially no cell lumina; a several-cell layer (“aleurone”) of thick-walled cells of similar structure is metabolically active.     

ANATOMY OF THE SEED OF CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS

Sripleng , Aksorn , (Kasetsart U., Bangkok, Thailand), and Frank H. Smith . Anatomy of the seed of Convolvulus arvensis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 386—392. Illus. 1960.–The anatropous ovule has a small, ephemeral nucellus covered by a massive integument. Shortly after fertilization, a lateral pouch develops from the upper portion of the embryo sac toward the dorsal side of the ovule and then downward. This leaves a partial integumentary septum in the base of the seed. The cellular endosperm is mostly absorbed by the embryo. Two—6 cell layers persist on all sides of the seed except below the cotyledons on the dorsal side where larger amounts persist. Over most of the seed the dermatogen develops into an epidermis that consists in part of groups of thick-walled elongate cells that produce the papillose appearance of the mature seed. The cells beneath the dermatogen divide periclinally and form 2 layers. The outer layer undergoes anticlinal divisions and differentiates a subepidermal layer of small, rectangular, thick-walled cells that become lightly lignified and suberized. The cells of the inner layer undergo some anticinal and periclinal divisions, elongate and differentiate as palisade sclerenchyma. The inner layers of the integument consist of parenchyma cells that are crushed and partially absorbed at maturity. The pad on the basal end of the seed, between the hilum and micropyle, is derived from a multiple epidermis that is differentiated into several layers of rectangular cells and a layer of palisade sclerenchyma. The subepidermal and palisade layers found over other parts of the seed dip beneath the pad.     

慈菇下胚轴毛的形态发育研究

慈菇种子萌发前,下胚轴基部的表皮细胞分化成生毛细胞。当下胚轴穿出种皮约1—2毫米时,生毛细胞的外壁向外突出,形成下胚轴毛。开始时,其顶端膨大,呈分泌毛状,后呈根毛状。下胚轴毛的主要功能是起固着作用。下胚轴毛发育后期,在其保留细胞核的膨大的基部和突起的毛状体之间形成一细胞壁,此时毛状体便开始萎缩脱落。下胚轴毛的基部重新形成完整的表皮细胞。     

赤霉素和温水浸种对紫斑牡丹种子下胚轴萌发及其种胚解剖结构的影响

以紫斑牡丹种子为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0、100、300、500 mg/L)赤霉素(GA3)浸种和不同温度温水浸种(25、30、40和50℃)处理,考察各处理种子生根率的变化,并通过透射电镜观察不同生根发育时期种子种胚超微结构,探究赤霉素和温水浸种处理解除紫斑牡丹种子休眠进程中种胚超微结构变化以及这种变化与休眠解除的相关性。结果表明:(1)GA3和温水浸种均明显提前了紫斑牡丹种子生根时间,并以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水处理的生根效果最好,分别较对照提前14.7 d和16.0 d,生根率分别达62.33%和67.00%。(2)光学显微镜观察发现,GA3、温水浸种处理较对照组紫斑牡丹种胚子叶的上、下表皮细胞形状及排列方式无明显影响,但其厚度均变薄,维管束结构明显,以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水浸种处理生根效果最佳。(3)透射电镜观察发现,在各GA3浸种和温水浸种处理下,紫斑牡丹种子萌发前期,种胚子叶脂类物质出现降解现象,脂体呈大小不一的圆形或块状分布在细胞壁周边,数量明显减少,细胞核明显,核仁清晰,出现少量线粒体,细胞质内开始有蛋白质积累,在液泡的周围形成蛋白质沉积物;在种子萌发后期,种胚子叶细胞内物质稠密,脂体已降解融合成较大块状,细胞中储存的营养物质基本降解完全,内质网、高尔基体、线粒体等细胞器出现,结构更加完整,表明此时细胞内物质代谢活动加强,种子休眠解除,且300 mg/L GA3、40℃温水浸种处理种子种胚子叶结构变化最为明显。研究发现,300 mg/L GA3浸种和40℃温水浸种均可显著提高种子的萌发率,且40℃温水浸种的效果更好,在实际生产中建议使用温水浸种法。     

Developmental control of small heat shock protein expression during pea seed maturation

Plants synthesize four classes of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs); two classes are targeted to the plastid and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively, and two are found in the cytoplasm. In this paper, we describe a new role for the two classes of cytoplasmic HSPs in maturing embryos of developing seeds. The expression of each class of sHSPs was examined in pea seeds grown under non-stress conditions using Western and Northern analysis. Class I and class II cytoplasmic sHSPs are coordinately expressed in the embryo and accumulate to levels seen in moderately heat-stressed leaves. Their induction in cotyledons coincides with the mid-maturation phase of seed development, and induction in axes roughly coincides with abscission of the seed from the ovary wall. Both classes of sHSPs persisted in cotyledons for 4 days after the onset of imbibition, but disappeared from axes shortly after germination. Neither class of cytoplasmic sHSP is expressed in non-embryonic organs associated with the seed. The timing and organ specificity of sHSP expression is paralleled by the expression of the corresponding mRNAs. Neither the plastid nor the endoplasmic reticulum sHSPs were consistently expressed during seed development, but both could be induced by heat-stressing the developing seed. Developmental regulation of the cytoplasmic sHSPs is evidence that these proteins function not only in responding to heat-stress but also during seed development and/or germination.