Inactivation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase by N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine lung and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine heart are inactivated by N^α-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone (TLCK) in the presence of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP, respectively. The inactivation of both protein kinases is pseudo-first order, suggesting the rate limiting step is beyond the binding of TLCK. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase is inactivated less than $\text{1}\text{4}$ as rapidly as cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, although it shows a higher apparent affinity for TLCK. Cyclic AMP stimulated the rate of inactivation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase 10-fold but cyclic GMP stimulated the rate of inactivation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase only 1.5-fold. The rate of inactivation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase by TLCK is sufficiently rapid (half-time of about 30 min at 37°C with 2 mM TLCK) to account for the effects of TLCK on cell growth observed by others.     

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase of Neurospora crassa

$\text{Neurospora}\text{crassa}$ was surveyed for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Two peaks (I and II) of protein kinase activity were demonstrated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of wild type $\text{Neurospora}$ extracts. Peak I was stimulated by cyclic AMP, eluted below 60 mM NaCl and had high activity using histone H2B as substrate. Peak II eluted at 200–250 mM NaCl; its activity was not cyclic AMP stimulated and was highest with dephosphorylated casein as a substrate. Cyclic AMP binding to a protein associated with the protein kinase is specifically inhibited by certain cyclic AMP analogs.     

Cyclic AMP-dependent inactivation of human liver pyruvate kinase.

Human liver pyruvate kinase is rapidly (within 2 min) inactivated by incubation of a human liver supernatant with cyclic AMP, when measured at suboptimal substrate concentrations. Half-maximal inactivation is reached with 0.04 μM cyclic AMP. The apparent K_0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate shifts from 0.5 mM to 1.1 mM by incubation with cyclic AMP. It is concluded that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may catalyze the phosphorylation of human liver pyruvate kinase $\text{in vivo}$.     

A cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase in Dictyostelium discoideum

A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was found to appear during the time course of development of $\text{Dictyostelium}\text{discoideum}$. No cyclic AMP dependency was observed at any stage of development in crude 110,000 X G soluble extracts. After partial purification, however, extracts from post-aggregation stages contained enzyme that was activated up to 6-fold by cyclic AMP, whereas protein kinase from earlier stages was not affected by cyclic AMP. Likewise, cyclic AMP binding activity increased from the aggregation to the slug stage of development. Approximately one-half of the total cyclic AMP binding activity co-purified with the cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase. The enzyme from $\text{Dictyostelium}$ showed similarities to mammalian protein kinases with respect to its kinetic properties but differed in its behavior on ion-exchange chromatography.     

Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and amylase secretion from rat parotid gland

Tolbutamide at a concentration of 10 mM inhibited cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in cell-free preparations of rat parotid glands as reported in rat adipose tissues. Incubation of rat parotid slices with 10 mM tolbutamide markedly interfered with the isoproterenol stimulation of amylase secretion. A carboxy derivative of tolbutamide, 1-butyl-3-$\text{p}$-carboxyphenylsulfonylurea, had minimal inhibitory effects both on protein kinase activity and on amylase secretion. These evidences strongly suggest the participation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in amylase secretion.     

The role of cyclic 3',5'-AMP in the regulation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities in mouse uterus and liver following 17beta-oestradiol treatment. Activation of a phosphoaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase phosphatase by phosphorylation with cyclic 3',5'-AMP dependent protein kinase.

The changes in the activities of 17 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases induced by phosphorylation [1] were reversed by the action of cyclic AMP in preparations from both uterus and liver. Cyclic AMP also inhibited the phosphorylation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase protein by endogenous non-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP. The effect was not due to a stimulation of phosphoaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase phosphatase or to an influence of cyclic AMP on aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The activity of phosphoaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase phosphatase was increased by treatment with endogenous cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, ATP and cyclic AMP. Affinity chromatography of the 32P-labeled phosphorylated phosphosynthetase phosphatase protein followed by gel electrophoresis showed that the activated phosphatase was phosphorylated. In the uterus, the changes in 17 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities observed 5 min after dibutyryl cyclic AMP administration to ovariectomized mice were similar to those observed after 17beta-oestradiol treatment, whereas in the liver the changes in these activities were the opposite to those found after treatment with 17beta-oestradiol. A mechanism for the regulation of the 17 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities is proposed, which suggests that the synthetase activities inhibited (group I) or stimulated (group II) by phosphorylation with a non-cyclic AMP-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase kinase are reactivated (group I) or inhibited (group II), respectively, by the action of a cyclic AMP-dependent phosphatase kinase through the increased activity of phosphorylated phosphoaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase phosphatase.     

Cyclic AMP stimulated phosphorylation of liver pyruvate kinase in hepatocytes.

The addition of glucagon (10^?6 M) to an incubation mixture containing ³²Pi and hepatocytes isolated from livers of rats fed $\text{ad libitum}$ results in both a 3-fold increased incorporation of ³²P into L-type pyruvate kinase and a decreased catalytic activity. The ³²P incorporated into pyruvate kinase was covalently bound to the enzyme as evidenced by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition, exogenous cyclic AMP (10^?3 M) stimulated the phosphorylation and the suppression of catalytic activity to a similar extent. On the other hand, insulin (10^?7 M) had essentially no effect on the incorporation of ³²P into pyruvate kinase or on its catalytic activity under the conditions used in this study. These results suggest that phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase $\text{invivo}$ is stimulated by glucagon via cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and that the activity of the enzyme is, at least in part, regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.     

In vivo activation of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-phosphate-dependent protein kinase in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with N-6, O-2'-diburyl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-phosphate.

Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, which results in a net increase of the intracellular cyclic AMP level, converts the epithelial-like cells to a fibroblast-like shape. Protein kinase activity in cells treated with 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP show a 3-fold increase in V_max but no appreciable changes in the apparent K_m for ATP. When cells are treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, there is a time-dependent conversion of cyclic AMP-stimulable protein kinase to cyclic AMP-independent catalytic subunits, as demonstrated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. These experiments demonstrate the activation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase $\text{in vivo}$. This activation may lead to phosphorylation of certain cellular constituent(s) and thus may be involved in the observed morphological transformation.     

Modulation of lyso-platelet activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from rat splenic microsomes. The role of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

Incubation of rat splenic microsomes with the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the presence of Mg-ATP stimulated 2-3-fold lyso-platelet-activating factor:acetyltransferase activity. This activation was due to an increase in the $\text{V}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>max</mtext>}}$ of the acetylation reaction, whereas the $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$ for acetyl-CoA was not affected. The ATP derivative, AMPPNP, could not replace ATP and preincubation of the microsomes with the heat-stable inhibitor of protein kinase prevented the activation by Mg-ATP obtained in the presence of the protein kinase. Activation of the acetylation reaction by the protein kinase was reversible. Evidence is provided that the reversal of activation is due to dephosphorylation of the enzyme. These data provide evidence that in vitro lyso-platelet-activating factor:acetyltransferase from splenic microsomes is regulated by phosphorylation.     

Substrate specificity of glycogen synthase phosphatase from bovine heart: action on phosphorylase a and histone

Glycogen synthase phosphatase has been purified from bovine heart. This preparation catalyzes conversion of synthase D into I and phosphorylase $\text{a}$ into $\text{b}$ and is able to dephosphorylate synthase D, phosphorylase $\text{a}$, active phosphorylase kinase, and phosphorylated histone and casein. The activity of phosphatase was assayed with synthase D, phosphorylase $\text{a}$, and histone as substrates after chromatography on Sephadex G-100, after sucrose gradient centrifugation, and after isoelectric focusing in a sucrose gradient. In all cases no separation of enzyme activity was observed with the above substrates. The phosphatase activity on all substrates was lost at the same rate by heat denaturation. These results indicate that this enzyme preparation contains a single phosphoprotein phosphatase which is responsible for the activity observed on the above substrates.     

Regulation of rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by cyclic AMP

The interaction between the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and the adenylate cyclase enzyme systems was examined. Cyclic AMP, but not 5′-AMP, cyclic GMP or 5′-GMP, could inhibit the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme present in crude rat brain plasma membranes. On the other hand, the cyclic AMP inhibition could not be observed with purified preparations of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme. Rat brain synaptosomal membranes were prepared and treated with either NaCl or cyclic AMP plus NaCl as described by Corbin, J., Sugden, P., Lincoln, T. and Keely, S. ((1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 3854–3861). This resulted in the dissociation and removal of the catalytic subunit of a membrane-bound cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The decrease in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity was accompanied by an increase in $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity. Exposure of synaptosomal membranes containing the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme to a specific cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor resulted in an increase in $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme activity. Synaptosomal membranes lacking the catalytic subunit of the cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase did not show this effect. Reconstitution of the solubilized membrane-bound cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, in the presence of a neuronal membrane substrate protein for the activated protein kinase, with a purified preparation of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$, resulted in a decrease in overall $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity in the presence of cyclic AMP. Reconstitution of the protein kinase alone or the substrate protein alone, with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ has no effect on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity in the absence or presence of cyclic AMP. Preliminary experiments indicate that, when the activated protein kinase and the substrate protein were reconstituted with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme, there appeared to be a decrease in the Na⁺-dependent phosphorylation of the Na⁺-ATPase enzyme, while the K⁺-dependent dephosphorylation of the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ was unaffected.     

Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of rat liver 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase, fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase

Incorporation of ³²P from [γ-³²P]ATP into a homogeneous preparation of rat hepatic 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase was catalyzed by a homogeneous preparation of the catalytic subunit of the cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase from rat liver. Approximately 2 mol of phosphate were incorporated per mol of the dimeric enzyme and this was associated with inhibition of the phosphotransferase activity and activation of the phosphohydrolase activity. Acid hydrolysis of the enzyme that was phosphorylated $\text{in}$,$\text{vitro}$ revealed that only seryl residues were labeled. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate inhibited the initial rate of phosphorylation of the enzyme. It is concluded that both activities of this bifunctional enzyme are regulated in a reciprocal manner by cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation and that this phosphorylation can be modulated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.     

Modulation by the ratio S-adenosylmethionineS-adenosylhomocysteine of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the 50 kDa protein of rat liver phospholipid methyltransferase

The present results show that the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates the 50 kDa protein of rat liver phospholipid methyltransferase at one single site on a serine residue. Phosphorylation of this site is stimulated 2- to 3-fold by S-adenosylmethionine. S-adenosylmethionine-dependent protein phosphorylation is time- and dose-dependent and occurs at physiological concentrations. S-adenosylhomocysteine has no effect on protein phosphorylation but inhibits S-adenosylmethionine-dependent protein phosphorylation. $\text{S-}\text{Adenosylmethionine}\text{S-}\text{adenosylhomocysteine}$ ratios varying from 0 to 5 produce a dose-dependent stimulation of the phosphorylation of the 50 kDa protein. In conclusion, these results show, for the first time, that the ratio $\text{S-}\text{adenosylmethionine}\text{S-}\text{adenosylhomocysteine}$ can modulate phosphorylation of a specific protein.     

Parallel activation of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in two human gut adenocarcinoma cells (HT 29 and HRT 18) in culture,by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and other effectors activating the cyclic AMP system

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), secretin, catecholamines and prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) in the presence of a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor stimulate the accumulation of cyclic AMP in two colorectal carcinoma cell lines (HT 29 and HRT 18) with subsequent activation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. In HT 29 cells incubated without phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 10^?9 M VIP promotes a rapid and specific activation of the low $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$ cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (1.7-fold); at 25°C the effect is maintained for more than 15 min, while at 37°C the activity returns to basal value within 15 min. As shown by dose-response studies, VIP is by far the most effective inducer ($\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>a</mtext>}}\text{= 4 · 10}{}^{\mathrm{?10}}\text{M}$) of the cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity; partial activation of the enzyme is obtained by 3 · 10^?7 M secretin, 10^?5 M isoproterenol and 10^?5 M PGE₁; PGE₂ and epinephrine are without effect. In HRT 18 cells VIP is less active ($\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>a</mtext>}}\text{= 2 · 10}{}^{\mathrm{?9}}\text{M}$) whereas 10^?6 M PGE₁, 10^?6 M PGE₂ and 10^?5 M epinephrine are potent inducers of the phosphodiesterase activity. The positive cell response to dibutyryl-cyclic AMP further indicates that cyclic AMP is a mediator in the phosphodiesterase activation process. The incubation kinetics and dose response effects of the various agonists on the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity determined for both cell types in the same conditions show a striking similarity to those of phosphodiesterase. Thus coordinate regulation of both enzymes by cyclic AMP was observed in all incubation conditions.     

Phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase and its substrates in human neutrophils

Phospholipid-sensitive Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinase (PL-Ca-PK) was found to be present at a high level in human neutrophils, with its activity localized in the particulate fraction. In contrast, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (A-PK) and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (G-PK), present at lower levels compared to PL-Ca-PK, were localized in the cytosolic fraction. Phosphorylation of several endogenous proteins (mol. wts. 89,000, 38,000, 34,000, 17,000 and 15,000), also localized in the particulate fraction, was stimulated specifically by a combination of phosphatidylserine and Ca²⁺, whereas no substrate proteins were observed for the calmodulin-sensitive Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinase system under the same incubation conditions. Although no substrate proteins for G-PK were detected, one substrate (mol. wt. 19,000) for A-PK was observed. Phosphorylation of substrates for PL-Ca-PK, but not that for A-PK and for enzymes independent of Ca²⁺ or cyclic AMP, was inhibited by a variety of agents, including trifluoperazine, W-7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide], adriamycin, palmitoylcarnitine, and melittin. The present findings suggest that the $\text{phospholipid}\text{Ca}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{-stimulated}$ protein phosphorylation system may be important in the membrane associated functions of human neutrophils.     

Ethanol inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release from guinea pig lung: correlation with intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides.

The effect of ethanol on histamine release from lungs of sensitized guinea pigs was studied in conjunction with measurements of tissue concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Addition of antigen $\text{in vitro}$ elicited a rapid increase in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and stimulated release of histamine. Ethanol (2%) inhibited antigen-induced release of histamine over 95% and completely inhibited the increase in both cyclic nucleotides. The activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was only slightly affected by ethanol.Metiamide blocked the ovalbumin stimulated increase in cyclic AMP but not cyclic GMP. Pyrilamine did not prevent the rise in either cyclic nucleotide. This suggests that the antigen-induced rise in cyclic AMP is an indirect result of histamine released from the tissue. The inability of H₁ and H₂ receptor antagonists to affect antigen-induced elevation of cyclic GMP in sensitized lung fragments suggests that an elevation in cyclic GMP might be either a primary event in the mediator release sequence or secondary to the release of a mediator other than histamine. The ability of ethanol to inhibit mediator release might be due to its capacity to attenuate the antigen-induced elevation of cyclic GMP in sensitized lung.     

Phosphoprotein-phosphatase activity associated with human placental alkaline phosphatase.

Human placental alkaline phosphatase, a marker protein for some nontrophoblastic neoplasms, was found to have phosphoprotein phosphatase activity. This was demonstrated by the dephosphorylation of ³²P-labeled histones, protamine, glycogen synthetase, casein, and phosvitin at various pH values. Unlike the general phosphoprotein phosphatase, the placental alkaline phosphatase does not have phosphorylase $\text{a}$ phosphatase activity.     

Effects of exogenous adenosine deaminase and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine on intracellular cyclic AMP levels in C1300 murine neuroblastoma in tissue culture

The cyclic AMP content of dense cultures of C1300 murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N2a) was elevated after incubation for short periods of time in minimal volumes of serum-free medium (SFM) containing Ro 20 1724, a potent nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor. This elevation was prevented by theophylline, an adenosine antagonist, and was retarded by dipyridamole or benzylthioinosine, inhibitors of nucleoside transport. Cyclic AMP was also elevated by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA), a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor. This effect of EHNA was more pronounced in dense cultures, in small volumes of bathing medium, and was antagonized by dipyridamole. The addition of adenosine deaminase to growth medium or SFM lowered the cyclic AMP levels attained after the addition of Ro 20 1724. We conclude that N2a cells continually release adenosine into the growth or bathing medium $\text{via}$ the nucleoside transport system and that sufficient concentrations may be achieved to tonically stimulate adenylate cyclase and influence processes controlled by the cyclic AMP:cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase system.     

An unusual cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from nematodes

The search for an unusual cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase in nematodes represented an attempt to gain some insight into the proposed homology of the cAMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Two species of protein kinase were found in high speed supernatants of the mycophagous nematode $\text{Aphelenchus}$$\text{avenae}$. One of the two, bound to DEAE cellulose and was eluted from it in a manner characteristic of the type I cAMP kinase. The enzyme had high affinity for cAMP and dissociated upon binding to the cyclic nucleotide, as judged by the fact that catalytic activity did not bind to a cAMP affinity column. The second enzyme did not bind to DEAE. Unexpectedly, it too had high affinity for cAMP and much lower affinity for cGMP (unlike the $\text{cAMP}\text{cGMP}$ kinase from insects). The holoenzyme bound tightly to the cAMP affinity column and required a high concentration of the cyclic nucleotide for elution. This latter enzyme is the only example of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase that does not dissociate upon activation.     

Adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate in Schistosoma mansoni

Homogenates of adult $\text{Schistosoma mansoni}$ (blood flukes), isolated from the porto-mesenteric veins of infected mice, contain substantial activities of adenylyl cyclase, cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, and a cyclic AMP stimulated protein kinase. The adenylyl cyclase, which is largely sedimentable at 10,000xg, is stimulated 20-fold by 10mM sodium fluoride and 1.4 to 2-fold by serotonin, glucagon, prostaglandins E₁, E₂ or B₁. The phosphodiesterase, which is largely sedimentable at 10,000xg, is inhibited by both aminophylline and papaverine but is not influenced by 10mM sodium fluoride. The protein kinase, which is present in the 10,000xg supernatant is stimulated 4 to 8-fold by either cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. There is a preference for cyclic AMP ($\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 1.1×10}{}^{\mathrm{?7}}\text{M}$) over cyclic GMP ($\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 4.5×10}{}^{\mathrm{?6}}\text{M}$). If intact worms are incubated in a glucose free medium there is a mobilization of glycogen stores which is preceded by a rise in cyclic AMP concentration. In a medium with 5mM glucose there is neither a rise in cyclic AMP nor mobilization of glycogen.