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H. G. Broders ‡ S. P. Mahoney † W. A. Montevecchi W. S. Davidson 《Molecular ecology》1999,8(8):1309-1315
Moose, Alces alces, occur naturally throughout most of Canada but successful introductions of known numbers of animals have been made to the islands of Newfoundland and Cape Breton. Five microsatellite loci were used to investigate the population genetic structure and any change in genetic variability due to founder events of moose in Canada. Comparisons of allele frequencies for moose from 11 regions of the country suggested that there are at least seven genetically distinct populations (P < 0.05) in North America, namely Alberta, eastern Ontario, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Labrador, western Newfoundland, and the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. The average population heterozygosity was approximately 33% (range from 22 to 41%). UPGMA analysis of Nei's genetic distances produced phenograms similar to what would be expected when geographical location and population history are considered. The loss of heterozygosity due to a single founder event (n = 3; two introductions and a natural colonization) ranged from 14 to 30%, and the cumulative loss of heterozygosity due to two successive founder events (an introduction followed by a natural colonization) was 46%. In these examples loss of genetic variability has not been associated with any known phenotypic deviances, suggesting that populations may be established from a small number of founders. However, the viability of these founded populations over evolutionary timescales cannot be determined and is highly dependent upon chance. 相似文献
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Jacob Debow Joshua Blouin Elias Rosenblatt Cedric Alexander Katherina Gieder Walter Cottrell James Murdoch Therese Donovan 《The Journal of wildlife management》2021,85(7):1423-1439
Moose (Alces alces) have experienced considerable declines along the periphery of their range in the northeastern United States. In Vermont, the population declined 45% from 2010 to 2017 despite minimal hunter harvest and adequate habitat. Similarly, nearby populations recently experienced epizootics characterized by >50% mortality. Declines have largely been associated with the effects of winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus), but uncertainty exists about the effects of environmental and other parasite-related conditions on moose survival. We examined patterns of moose survival among a radio-collared population (n = 127) in Vermont from 2017 to 2019. Our objectives were to estimate causes of mortality and model survival probability as a function of individual and landscape variables for calves (<1 yr) and adults (≥1 yr). Observed adult survival was 90% in 2017, 84% in 2018, and 86% in 2019, and winter calf survival was 60% in 2017, 50% in 2018, and 37% in 2019. Winter tick infestation was the primary cause of mortality (91% of calves, 25% of adults), and 32% of all mortalities had evidence of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Other sources of mortality such as vehicles, harvest, predation, deep snow, and other parasitic infections were negligible. The best supported calf model included sex differences and negative effects of tick engorgement (%/week) and parasite level (roundworm and lungworm). The best supported adult model included the effect of cumulative tick engorgement (cumulative %/week), which negatively affected survival. Our results indicate that winter tick engorgement strongly affects survival, and is probably compounded by the presence of meningeal worm and other parasites. Reduced tick effects may be achieved by decreasing moose density through harvest and managing late winter habitat to minimize tick density. Management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density may also affect the transmission of meningeal worm. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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T. PAAKKONEN P. NIEMINEN H. ROININEN A.‐M. MUSTONEN 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2014,28(3):307-313
The deer ked, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), is a common ectoparasite of the moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Salt licks are widely used to manipulate moose movements to prevent damage to saplings and traffic accidents. They may cause moose to gather in small areas, which could create aggregates of deer ked pupae as the parasite is a short‐distance flyer and its dispersion depends on its hosts. We investigated whether the population density of flying deer keds could be influenced by manipulating salt licks and how environmental variables affect parasite density. Densities were estimated in 40 experimental sites with four treatments (no salt licks, introduced salt licks, removed salt licks, permanent salt licks) in September during 2007–2010. Forest edges, mixed forests on mineral soil and coniferous forests on peat soil were the habitats with high numbers of parasites. The manipulation of salt licks seemed to be ineffective in reducing the density of deer keds as the only factor to show statistical significance with parasite numbers in the mixed‐model analysis was year of determination. Annual deer ked densities correlated with the abundance of moose in the region. Moreover, high spring and summer temperatures seemed to increase the numbers of flying imagos. 相似文献
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Bridgett M. Benedict;Daniel P. Thompson;John A. Crouse;Gabriel L. Hamer;Perry S. Barboza; 《Ecology and evolution》2024,14(6):e11625
Moose (Alces alces) in the boreal forest habitats of Alaska are unlike other northern ungulates because they tolerate high densities of flies (Diptera) even though flies cause wounds and infections during the warm summer months. Moose move to find food and to find relief from overheating (hyperthermia) but do they avoid flies? We used GPS collars to measure the rate of movement (m⋅h−1) and the time spent (min⋅day−1) by enclosed moose in four habitats: wetlands, black spruce, early seral boreal forest, and late seral boreal forest. Fly traps were used in each habitat to quantify spatio-temporal abundance. Average daily air temperatures increased into July when peak biomass of forage for moose was greatest in early seral boreal forest habitats (424.46 vs. 25.15 kg⋅ha−1 on average in the other habitats). Average daily air temperatures were 1.7°C cooler in black spruce than other habitats, but fly abundance was greatest in black spruce (approximately 4-fold greater on average than the other habitats). Moose increased their movement rate with counts of biting flies (mosquitoes, black flies, horse and deer flies), but not non-biting flies (coprophagous flies). However, as air temperature increased (above 14.7°C) moose spent more time in fly-abundant black spruce, than early seral boreal forest, showing great tolerance for mosquitoes. Warm summer temperatures appear to cause moose to trade-off foraging in fly-sparse habitats for resting and dissipating heat in shady, wet habitats with abundant flies that adversely affect the fitness of moose. 相似文献
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Ky B. Koitzsch Colby B. Anton Lisa O. Koitzsch Tessa L. Tjepkes Abby C. Schumann Jared L. Strasburg 《The Journal of wildlife management》2022,86(4):e22200
Acquiring demographic data for moose (Alces alces) can be difficult because they are solitary in nature, they prefer densely vegetated and mountainous habitats, and they often occur at low density. Such data, however, are essential for long-term population monitoring, evaluating management practices, and effective conservation. Winter aerial surveys are the standard method for estimating moose population parameters, but they can be logistically challenging, expensive, and subject to sightability correction, which necessitates the capture of study animals for initial model development. Herein, we demonstrate a noninvasive alternative approach for estimating population parameters of moose in northern Yellowstone National Park, where aerial surveys were attempted but proved ineffective. We determined individual moose genotype and sex using microsatellite polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA extracted from fecal pellets, integrated ancillary pellet sample data (i.e., metadata) in genotype analysis to aid in the identification of matching genotypes, and used spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) modeling to estimate sex-specific density and abundance. We collected 616 samples over 3 consecutive winters (Dec 2013–Apr 2016) and within 2 sampling occasions each winter. We recorded 514 captures of 142 individual moose (69 males, 73 females). Overall density ranged between 0.062 moose/km2 and 0.076 moose/km2 and averaged 0.034/km2 for females and 0.033/km2 for males. Abundance estimates were 150 moose in 2013 (female = 76, 95% CI = 55–105; male = 74, 95% CI = 54–103), 186 in 2014 (female = 95, 95% CI = 63–142; male = 91, 95% CI = 60–138), and 160 in 2015 (female = 79, 95% CI = 58–108; male = 81, 95% CI = 59–110). Average population sex ratio was 0.99 males/female. We demonstrate that SECR analysis of fecal DNA genotypes, using metadata in genotype analysis to help identify matching moose genotypes, is a promising alternative method for estimating sex-specific density and abundance of a low-density moose population in a mountainous and forested landscape. 相似文献
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小兴安岭黑河胜山林区冬季驼鹿的生境选择 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2002年、2003年和2004年的12月至3月,在小兴安岭黑河胜山林场开展了驼鹿生境选择的研究。研究中选择了9类与驼鹿生境选择相关的生态因子：植被型、离公路距离、离采伐点距离、平均雪深、隐蔽程度、坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔,运用SPSS软件进行交叉汇总定量分析。结果表明,胜山驼鹿冬季以落叶阔叶林、灌丛为主要生境,影响驼鹿分布的主要生态因子为隐蔽程度、坡位,其次为雪深、坡向、离采伐点距离、离公路距离,坡度、海拔对驼鹿分布的影响不明显。 相似文献
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Tyler R. Obermoller Glenn D. Delgiudice William J. Severud 《The Journal of wildlife management》2019,83(4):790-800
Continuing research on cause-specific mortality and annual survival of moose (Alces alces) calves in northeastern Minnesota, USA, is important to understanding the long-term trajectory of the population. In 2013 and 2014, we observed global positioning system (GPS)-collared, female moose exhibit a specific behavior (i.e., mortality movement) associated with the death of their GPS-collared neonate. The females made a rapid, long-distance movement (flee), followed by a return to the calf mortality site. We used characteristics of this movement in 2013–2014 (n = 46) to develop models for assessing calf survival, and then evaluated these models using female movement rates (n = 49) in 2015−2016. Using this behavior as an indicator of calf mortality in 2016, we conducted field investigations, leading to evidence of 15 mortalities at a mean age of 30.6 ± 15.5 (SE) days (range = 3–243 days). We launched 21 investigations in response to a mortality movement and they resulted in confirmation of 11 of the 15 calf mortalities. Specific causes of mortality included 9 wolf (Canis lupus)-kills, 3 black bear (Ursus americanus)-kills, 1 unknown predator-kill, and 2 deaths following vehicle collisions. The mean distance females fled after a mortality was 1,873 ± 412 m (range = 126–5,805 m, n = 14). Females that made return visits returned a mean 2.8 ± 0.5 times (range = 1–5, n = 8) to within a mean 106 ± 22 m (range = 34–230 m, n = 8) of the mortality site. Calf survival to 30 days of age was 67 ± 8% (95% CI = 53–84%, n = 36) but declined to 53 ± 8% (95% CI = 39–72%, n = 36) by 3 months of age. We developed 2 population-level movement models to improve the efficacy of using the mortality movement to identify and locate calf mortalities in real time via field investigations. The first approach, a temporal-based model, used a 3-day average movement velocity threshold (118 m/hr) for all females to indicate calf mortality and accurately predicted survival status in 51% (n = 105) of the cases. The second approach, an age-specific model using different thresholds (28–135 m/hr) for females relative to calf age, was 80% (n = 231) accurate. Using movement behavior of females to assess calf mortality yielded important insights into mechanisms influencing the population decline that will inform future management decisions. © 2019 The Wildlife Society 相似文献
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GUANGSHUN JIANG JIANZHANG MA MINGHAI ZHANG PHILIP STOTT 《The Journal of wildlife management》2010,74(4):678-689
Abstract: Moose (Alces alces) and roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) are sympatric in the forest region of northeastern China. Using univariate analyses of feeding sign data, we found the 2 species were positively associated, but there were distinctions between their use of forage resources across landscape, patch, and microhabitat scales. We used resource selection function models to predict the influence of environmental covariates on moose and roe deer foraging; we detected covariate effects at the landscape and microhabitat scales but not at the patch scale. Forage resources used by the 2 species were similar, but moose used wetter areas and more low-visibility habitats than did roe deer, which strongly avoided areas with sparse vegetation. Both species were influenced by forage abundance and distribution at the microhabitat scale but exhibited differences in intensity of use of plant species and microhabitats. Moose used areas with deeper snow and avoided hiding cover; roe deer avoided areas with higher total basal areas of tree stems and preferred areas with high plant species richness. For moose, there was a trade-off in the use of concealment cover between the landscape and microhabitat scales. We detected avoidance by moose of roads where roe deer occurred. Roe deer exhibited more capacity for coping with human disturbance and interspecific interaction. In areas similar to our study area, road closures and suppression of roe deer near roads within 3–5 years postlogging may benefit moose. Furthermore, a mosaic of areas with different logging intervals may contribute to spatial separation of moose and roe deer and promote their coexistence. 相似文献
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Meirav Meiri Adrian Lister Pavel Kosintsev Grant Zazula Ian Barnes 《Journal of Biogeography》2020,47(10):2223-2234
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MARK S. LENARZ JOHN FIEBERG MICHAEL W. SCHRAGE ANDREW J. EDWARDS 《The Journal of wildlife management》2010,74(5):1013-1023
ABSTRACT North temperate species on the southern edge of their distribution are especially at risk to climate-induced changes. One such species is the moose (Alces alces), whose continental United States distribution is restricted to northern states or northern portions of the Rocky Mountain cordillera. We used a series of matrix models to evaluate the demographic implications of estimated survival and reproduction schedules for a moose population in northeastern Minnesota, USA, between 2002 and 2008. We used data from a telemetry study to calculate adult survival rates and estimated calf survival and fertility of adult females by using results of helicopter surveys. Estimated age- and year-specific survival rates showed a sinusoidal temporal pattern during our study and were lower for younger and old-aged animals. Estimates of annual adult survival (when assumed to be constant for ages >1.7 yr old) ranged from 0.74 to 0.85. Annual calf survival averaged 0.40, and the annual ratio of calves born to radiocollared females averaged 0.78. Point estimates for the finite rate of increase (λ) from yearly matrices ranged from 0.67 to 0.98 during our 6-year study, indicative of a long-term declining population. Assuming each matrix to be equally likely to occur in the future, we estimated a long-term stochastic growth rate of 0.85. Even if heat stress is not responsible for current levels of survival, continuation of this growth rate will ultimately result in a northward shift of the southern edge of moose distribution. Population growth rate, and its uncertainty, was most sensitive to changes in estimated adult survival rates. The relative importance of adult survival to population viability has important implications for harvest of large herbivores and the collection of information on wildlife fertility. 相似文献
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Daniel P. Thompson John A. Crouse Thomas J. McDonough Perry S. Barboza Scott Jaques 《The Journal of wildlife management》2020,84(6):1051-1062
Management and research of moose (Alces alces) in Alaska, USA, often require chemical immobilization; however, moose may be prone to capture-induced hyperthermia while immobilized. We chemically immobilized moose with carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to measure rump fat depth, collect blood and fecal samples, and to deploy modified vaginal implant transmitters and global positioning system (GPS)-collars for recording body temperature and movement during and after the chemical immobilization. We predicted wild moose pursued and captured from a helicopter would have elevated body temperature at time of capture, whereas body temperature would remain stable in hand-raised captive moose not pursued and only hand-injected for immobilization. Additionally, we expected post-capture body temperature would be a function of activity, time immobilized, and ambient temperature. As predicted, body temperature of wild moose was elevated 1 hour after capture (38.9°C, 95% CI = 38.7–39.1°C) but returned to baseline levels within 3 hours (38.0°C, 95% CI = 37.9–38.1°C); however, body temperatures then rose above baseline levels and remained elevated 12–48 hours post-capture when movement rates were also elevated. Body temperatures in captive moose were not elevated 1-hour post-immobilization (37.9°C, 95% CI = 37.8–38.0°C). Body temperatures of wild moose were positively related to cortisol levels at time of capture. Two moose that died after immobilization had initial body temperatures similar to other immobilized moose; however, their body temperature began to rise at 17 hours and 40 hours post-immobilization. Our study provides evidence that chemical immobilization affects body temperature and movement of wild moose up to 48 hours after capture, possibly as a result of renarcotization from carfentanil citrate. With advancements in technology, we recommend fine-scale GPS data (<1-hr fix rates) and continuous body temperature be evaluated to detect evidence of renarcotization during and after opioid-based captures of northern ungulates. © 2020 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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Summer diet, summer temperature, length of the growth season and animal density appeared to best explain annual and regional
differences in calf and yearling body mass in moose from southeastern Norway. In general animals inhabiting steep, alpine
landscapes had less body mass than animals using flat, low-altitude habitats. Autumn body mass of calves and yearlings decreased
with increasing snow depth during the preceding winter and spring. However, calf body mass was more influenced by the summer
range and less by the winter range than was body mass of yearlings. There was no indication that the effect of snow depth
on autumn body mass was greater in moose living on poor than on good summer ranges. Body mass decreased with increasing competition
for summer forage, while the winter range mainly had an density-independent effect. Habitat quality, expressed as regression
lines between calf and yearling body mass and animal density (hunting yield), differed between regions. On ranges of medium
and high altitude where birch (Betula spp.) rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) dominated moose summer diet, body mass decreased at a rapid rate with increasing animal density. Body mass decreased at
a slower rate at low-altitude ranges and at high-altitude ranges where willow (Salix spp.) and forbs dominated the diet. Body mass of lactating cows decreased with increasing animal density, but animal density
did not affect body mass of non-lactating cows. There was no indication that the decrease in autumn body mass with increasing
moose density over the last 25 years has caused a decrease in animal condition (ability to survive the winter). The results
are discussed in relation to the effect of summer and winter range on population regulation in moose. It is concluded that
a density-dependent effect is apparent on the summer range even at low and intermediate population densities. On the winter
range, on the other hand, density-dependence is likely to occur only at high levels of population density.
Received: 4 February 1997 / Accepted: 1 February 1999 相似文献
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Selective foraging by large mammals can change ecosystem properties such as plant species composition, nutrient cycling rates, and soil fertility. These changes, in turn, alter the availability of forage and could affect the relative efficiencies of foraging strategies used by these animals. We used a simulation model to predict how alternate foraging strategies affected the net annual energy balance of moose (Alces alces), moose density, and distribution of browse across the landscape. The model simulates the spatial distribution of vegetation in an 8-ha landscape of 1-m2 cells with seasonal changes in the energetic needs of free-ranging moose and plant phenology. The energetics model was integrated with a moose population model and a plant-growth model for long-term simulations. Changes in bite density in each feeding station are predicted with height and biomass logistic curves modified by a quadratic response to browsing. We tested foraging strategies using random, fractional, and marginal value theorem (MVT) algorithms on landscapes with a range of bite densities and differing spatial distributions. Small-scale disturbances (that is, tree-fall gaps) were required to maintain browse supply and prevent moose population extinction under all foraging strategies. Populations using a fractional stopping rule survived the 100-year simulations because moose browsed across much of the landscape and did not overbrowse patches with high bite density. Populations using random and MVT stopping rules became extinct in about 25 and about 50 years, respectively. Moose using a random stopping rule were in negative energy balance because travel time was high and the net energy intake rate was low on an annual basis. Moose using the MVT stopping rule were initially in positive energy balance, but as the high-density browse patches were overbrowsed and low-density unbrowsed patches grew out of reach, bite density decreased, and energy balance became negative in subsequent years. Thus, the foraging strategy used by individual moose resulted in creation of landscapes that strongly affected browse density, browse distribution, moose population density, and moose survival. Received 30 April 1997; accepted 5 August 1997. 相似文献