Film Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Were Ni! He is a Madman . Filmed in 1962 by F rancis S peed with R aymond P rince as consultant. 16 mm., color, optical sound, running time 32 minutes. Purchase price £40., from Francis Speed, University of Ibadan.
Benin Kingship Rituals . Filmed in 1959–1961 by F rancis S peed with R. E. B radbury as consultant. 16 mm., color, optical sound, running time 25 minutes. Purchase price £40., from Francis Speed, University of Ibadan.     

Film Reviews

The Chemistry of the Cell. Produced by Technical and Scientific Films Ltd., for E.F.V.A. and Educational Films of Scotland. Part 1 : The Structure of Protein and Nucleic Acids Sound, colour, 22 min

The Birth of the Red Kangaroo. 16 mm, sound, colour, 21 min. Produced by Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation Film Unit, Australia

Embryonic Development of the Light Brown Apple Moth. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 18 min. Produced by Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation Film Unit, Australia

Biology by Enquiry. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 17 min. Produced by the Nuffield Foundation

Animals Breathe in Many Ways. 16 mm, sound, colour, 10 min. Produced by Film Associates of California, U.S.A.

Life Story of a Moth. 16 mm, sound, colour, 11 min. Produced by Encyclopaedia Britannica     

Film Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Emu Ritual at Ruguri. Filmed in 1966 and 1967 by R oger S andall , for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies with N icholas P eterson as consultant.
Walbiri Ritual at Ngama. Filmed in 1966 by R oger S andall , for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies with N icholas P eterson as consultant.     

Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
La Symbiose Mycorhizienne. Ed. by J. A. FORTIN, C. CHAREST and Y. PICHÉ.
Lichen Biology. Ed. by T homas H. NASH III.
The Natural History of Pollination. By MICHAEL PROCTOR, PETER YEO and ANDREW LACK.
Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, vol. 2, Pteridophytes, Spermatophytes: Acanthaceae-Araceae. Ed. by JULIAN A. STEYERMARK, PAUL E. BERRY and BRUCE K. HOLST.     

Tape-recorded Lectures with Slide Synchronization A Description of the Method

DNA: Blueprint of Life. 1969 (16 mm, colour, sound, 17 minutes). Film Library, John Wiley &; Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, Sussex.

About Abortion 16 mm, sound, colour, 22 minutes. Produced by the Northern Sound Services (Films) Ltd for the Abortion Law Reform Association.

Mikrops Colour Slides

Latest Catalogues     

The Ecstatic Journey

Photo Wallahs Photo Wallahs, an encounter with photography in Mussoorie, a north Indian hill station. Directed by David and Judith MacDougall; camera: David MacDougall; sound: Judith MacDougall; editor: Dai Vaughan. Distributed by Fieldwork Films, 12 Meehan Gardens, Griffith, Canberra, A.C.T. 2603, Australia. 1991, 58 minutes, color, 16 mm. and PAL.     

In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing

Jerome Mintz Retrospective: 1968–1986 The Shoemaker. 1978, black‐and‐white, 34 minutes. Pepe's Family. 1978, black‐and‐white, 41 minutes. Perico the Bowlmaker. 1978, black‐and‐white, 45 minutes. The Shepherd's Family. 1978, black‐and‐white, 22 minutes. All produced, directed, and edited by Jerome Mintz; Camera and Sound: Jerome Mintz; Narration: Russ Salmon and Charles Vitaliano. All in Spanish with English voice‐over. 16mm and ½″ VHS video. Distributor: Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02172, USA, (617–926–9519).

Carnaval de Pueblo. 1987, color, 58 minutes. Produced, directed, and edited by Jerome Mintz; Camera: Jerome Mintz; Assistant Camera and Sound: Ron Hess; Assistant Editors: Michael Frisino, Carla Mintz, Maria Sendra, and Susan Schwibs; Subtitles: Elaina Frabaschi. 16 mm and ½” VHS video. Distributor: Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02172, USA, (617–926–9519).

Romeria: Day of the Virgin. 1986, color, 54 minutes. Produced, directed, and edited by Jerome Mintz; Camera: Jerome Mintz; Sound: Aaron Mintz; Assistant editors: Carla Mintz and Michael Frisino. 16 mm and ½″ VHS video.

An Interview with Jerome Mintz Jerome Mintz is a professor of anthropology at Indiana University, the department from which he received his Ph.D. in 1961. His main areas of interest include ethnographic film, myth and folklore, peasant society, folk religion, revitalization movements, anarchism, and Hasidism. He has conducted extensive field work in Spain as well as with Hasidic Jews in New York. While in the field in Spain, Mintz produced a large body of 16mm film footage and taped interviews between 1968 and 1971. These materials were eventually edited to produce four black‐and‐white films focusing on individuals, their families, and social networks. More recently Mintz has produced two films, Romeria: Day of The Virgin, and Carnaval de Pueblo, which have received widespread attention over the past two years. These films are all discussed in the accompanying review.

My Town—Mio Paese Produced and directed by Katherine Gulla; Camera: In Italy, Peter Sturken, in Massachusetts, Brian Dowley and Frank Lane; Sound: In Italy, Vladimir Lozinski, in Massachusetts, Francis X. Coakley, Nancy Cohen, Margo Garrison, and Dan Jones; Editor: Dan McCabe. Original languages English and Italian, English narration, English subtitles. 1986, color, 26 minutes, ½”, ¾” video. Price: Sale: $330; Rental: $35. Distributor: University of California Extension Media Center, 2176 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, (415–642–0460).

Ave Maria: The Story of the Fisherman's Feast Produced and directed by Beth Harrington; Camera: Nancy Moloney, Kathy Campbell, Dave Zeland, and Nick Wakefield, 1986, color, 24 minutes, ½″, ¾” video. Price: Sale: $320; Rental: $33. Distributor: University of California Extension Media Center, 2176 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, (415–642–0460).

Sophia and Her People: Eventful Lives Produced by Peter Loizos with the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation; Directed and edited by Peter Loizos; Camera: Andros Theodora. Original language Cypriot Greek with English subtitles. 1985, color and black‐and‐white, 34 minutes, ½”, ¾” NTSC, PAL video. Distributor: Peter Loizos, Department of Anthropology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, U.K.

Warriors and Maidens: Gender Relations in a Cretan Mountain Village A film by Barry Machin. 1988, color, 51 minutes, ½″ NTSC and PAL video. Sale Price: $310. Original language Greek with English narration and subtitles. Photocopy of monograph is available for $100. Distributor: Meriwa Films, 43 Meriwa Street, Perth 6009, West Australia.

Bride Market of Imilchil Produced and directed by Christian Pierce and Steffen Pierce. Camera: Christian Pierce and Steffen Pierce; Sound: Daniel Hartnett; Editors: Tom Barber, Tom Shaker, Steven Rausch; Production Coordinator: Rebecca Willis; Translator: Mohammed Rdad. 1988, color, 58 minutes, ½” and ¾” video. Distributor: Pierce Productions, 56 Ridgemont Street, Allston, MA 02134, USA, (617–254–0821).

The Kayapó “The Kayapó” (Granada Television's Disappearing World Series). Produced and directed by Michael Beckham. Executive Producer: Rod Caird; Camera: Mike Blakeley; Sound: David Woods; Editor: Paul Griffiths‐Davies; Anthropologist: Terence Turner; Research: Peter Connors; Film Dubbing: John Whitworth; Graphic Design: Valerie Pye. 1987, color, 52 minutes, 35mm. Distributor: Granada Television of England, 36 Golden Square, London W1R 4AH, UK and 1221 Avenue of the Americas, Suite 3468, New York, NY 10020, USA. “The Golden Curse of the Kayapó.” National Geographic Explorer Series. 1988. “Without Borders”. Segment on the Kayapó Indians of Brazil. Turner Broadcasting Systems. 1988. “Os Kayapós Descobrem as Barragens”. Produced and directed by Centro Ecumenico de Documentação (CEDI) and the Kayapó of Gorotire. Camera: Paiakan Kayapó. 1988, color, 120 minutes, ½″ video. Portuguese and Kayapó. Distributor: CEDI, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil.

Consider Anything, Only Don't Cry Produced, directed, and edited by Helen De Michiel; Sound: Vernon E. Norwood. 1987, 22:05 minutes, color, ½” video. Distributor: Intermedia Arts, 425 Ontario Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA, (612–627–4444).

A Song of Air Written, directed, and edited by Merilee Bennett; Production assistance: Australian Film Commission. 1987, 28 minutes, color, black‐and‐white, ½″ NTSC video, narration in English. Distributor: Australian Film Commission, 9229 W. Sunset Boulevard, #6515, Beverly Hills, CA, USA, (213–275–7074).

Marriage, migration and money: Mira Nair's cinema of displacement

So Far from India Produced and Directed by Mira Nair. Camera: Mitch Epstein. Sound: Alexander Griswold. Editor: Ann Schaetzel. 16mm, ½″ video. English subtitles. Distributed by Filmmaker's Library, 124 E. 40th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA, (212–808–4980). Film Price: Sale $750; Rental $75. Video Price: Sale $400.

India Cabaret Produced and Directed by Mira Nair. Camera: Mitch Epstein. Sound: Alexander Griswold. Editing: Barry Alexander Brown. 1985.16mm, ½” video, color, 60 minutes. English subtitles. Distributed by Filmmaker's Library, 124 E. 40th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA, (212–808–4980). Film Price: Sale $850; rental $85. Video Price: Sale $500.

Salaam Bombay! Produced and Directed by Mira Nair. Camera: S. Sissel. Editing: Barry Alexander Brown. Story: Mira Nair and Soom Taraporevala. Screenplay: Soom Taraporevala. 1988, 16mm, 35mm, color, 90 minutes. Distributed by Cinecom, Inc., New York.     

Differences in the iliolumbar ligament and the transverse process of the L5 vertebra in young white and black people

The anatomy of the iliolumbar ligament (ILL) and the spatial orientation of the transverse process of the L5 vertebra were studied in 62 young black (n = 29) and white (n = 33) men and women during routine autopsy. The aim of the study was to determine possible racial differences in the structure and attachments of the iliolumbar ligament. The present study also investigated the spatial orientation of the transverse process of the L5 vertebra since the ILL has been reported to attach to the transverse process. The measurements of the iliolumbar ligament were carried out with a digital vernier caliper while the transverse process angles were measured with an adjustable protractor. The ligament in black people was made up of a single, markedly longer band compared to white people, where the ligament was made up of two shorter bands. The ILL measured 61.8 +/- 1.3 mm in black and 33.2 +/- 1.5 mm white men, and in black women 61.3 +/- 0.9 mm versus 32.2 +/- 1.2 mm in white women (p <0.01). Further, the ILL was markedly wider in black than white subjects (p <0.01). The horizontal and vertical angle also varied greatly between black and white subjects (p <0.01). These are previously unrecognized observations. Albeit unsubstantiated, these findings may have implications for understanding the etiology of various low back stress problems.     

Film reviews

Frozen tombs of Siberia

The Mystery of the Frozen Tombs of Siberia. Directed by Françoise Lévie; camera, Sacha Wiernik; sound, Sarah Moon Howe; editing, Michèle Maquet; produced by Sofidoc Production. 1994,26 minutes, color and black & white, English narration.

Imbalu, a ritual of manhood

Imbalu: Ritual of Manhood of the Bagisu of Uganda. A film by Richard Hawkins and Suzette Heald; director: Richard Hawkins; camera: David and Judith MacDougall; editor: Suzette Heald and Richard Hawkins; sound: Jack Reed. 1988, 95 minutes, colour, PAL video, Lugisu and English. Rental [UK only]: £9.00 (VHS‐PAL); sale: £40/ US$72 (VHS‐PAL), £80/US$110 (VHS‐NTSC) [plus VAT and postage]. Distributor: Royal Anthropological Institute, 50 Fitzroy Street, London, W1P 5HS, U.K.

The earth is our mother

The Earth is Our Mother and The Journey Back (The Earth is Our Mother, Parts I and II). Directed by Peter Elsass; produced by Casablanca Film Group and the Danish National Film Board; camera: Morten Bruus; editing: Niels Pagh Anderson; sound: Morten Bottzau; research: Guillermo Padilla. Distributed by TV2/Danmark Sales, Sortedam Dossering 55A, DK‐2100 København Ø, Denmark (Tel: +45 35 37 22 00; fax: + 45 35 37 22 27). 1987,55 minutes, color. Narration and subtitles in English.     

Film Reviews

The Island Hills. 16 mm, sound, colour, all parts 8 min each. Photographed and directed by F. G. Hollands. Produced by Rank Educational Films, 1966

La Vie des Euglenes. 16 mm, sound, colour, 14 min, English commentary. Produced by Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises (Faculte des Sciences de Paris)

The Fox. 16 mm, sound, colour, 11 min. (£1. 5s. for hire)

The Weasel. 16 mm, sound, colour, 12 min. (£2 for hire)

Plants and Animals. 16 mm, sound, colour, 9 min. (£1. 5s. for hire). All produced by Yugoslavia Films     

Treating hypertension in black compared with white non-insulin dependent diabetics: a double blind trial of verapamil and metoprolol.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--To compare responses of blood pressure to the calcium antagonist verapamil and the beta blocker metoprolol in black compared with white diabetics with hypertension and to monitor urinary albumin excretion in relation to fall in blood pressure. DESIGN--Double blind, placebo controlled, random order crossover trial with four week placebo run in period and two six week active phases separated by a two week placebo washout period. SETTING--Outpatient department of a general hospital in a multiethnic health department. Patients--Diabetic patients with hypertension. Four dropped out before randomisation; 25 black and 14 white patients completed the trial. INTERVENTIONS--Patients given slow release verapamil 120 mg or 240 mg twice daily with placebo or metoprolol 50 mg or 100 mg twice daily with placebo. Treatment for diabetes (diet alone or with oral hypoglycaemic drugs) remained unchanged. END POINT--Comparison of changes in blood pressure in the two groups taking both drugs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Metoprolol had little effect on blood pressure in black patients (mean fall 4.0 mm Hg systolic (95% confidence interval -2.5 to 10.4 mm Hg), 4.3 mm Hg diastolic (-0.8 to 9.5)) but more effect in white patients (mean falls 13.4 mm Hg (0.1 to 26.7) and 10.6 mm Hg (4.5 to 16.7) respectively). Verapamil was more effective in both groups, with mean falls of 8.8 mm Hg (2.4 to 15.0) and 8.1 mm Hg (5.0 to 11.2) in black patients and 19.1 mm Hg (5.4 to 32.9) and 11.4 mm Hg (0.9 to 22.0) in white patients. Heart fate fell significantly in black patients taking metoprolol, which suggested compliance with treatment. Metabolic variables were unaltered by either treatment. Plasma renin activity was low in both groups after metoprolol treatment, but change in blood pressure could not be predicted from baseline plasma renin activity. Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio was independently related to baseline blood pressure but not significantly changed by treatment. CONCLUSIONS--beta Blockers alone are not effective in treating hypertension in black diabetics. Verapamil is effective but less so than in white patients. As yet no ideal monotherapy exists for hypertension in black patients.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The Cattleyas and their Relatives. Vol. III. Schomburgkia, Sophronitis, and other South American Genera. Carl L. Withner. 136 pp., 85 colour photographs, numerous b/w line drawings.
'Chinese Wilson'. A Life of Ernest H. Wilson 1876–1930. Roy W. Briggs with a foreword by Roy Lancaster.
Gardens of Historic Charleston. James R. Cothran. 177 pp., numerous colour and b/w photographs, illustrations and portraits.
Science in the Pleasure Ground. A History of the Arnold Arboretum. Ida Hay. 349 pp., 20 colour photographs, numerous black and white photographs, maps and plans.     

A possible dominant white gene in Jersey cattle

A white heifer ("Snow") was born in 1991 from coloured registered Jersey parents. She produced six calves sired by coloured Jersey bulls: three white bull calves, two white heifer calves, and one coloured bull calf. One of the white bull calves was mated with 40 Hereford × Friesian yearling heifers (white face, predominantly black body with some white patches). The 38 resulting calves included 16 white and 22 coloured calves. Twelve of the 16 white calves were heifers and four were bulls. Red or black spotting was recorded on some white calves. The results are consistent with an autosomal dominant mutant causing the white phenotype. The mutation appears to have arisen spontaneously in Snow, then passing to her white progeny and white grand-progeny. The white individuals varied from entirely white in a few cases, to most having some residual small areas of red or black pigmentation in patterns not typical of other reported white spotting patterns of cattle.     

Characterization of microsatellite loci in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum): their use for cross-species amplification and differentiation between the two species

As the population sizes of the black and white rhinoceroses continues to decline, more efforts are needed in multiple areas to help with the conservation efforts. One area being explored is the use of genetic diversity information to aid conservation decisions. In this study, we designed 21 microsatellite primers for white and black rhinoceroses, 16 and 17 of which amplified bands in the white and black rhinoceros, respectively. Out of these primers all 16 were polymorphic in the white rhinoceros and 12 of the 17 were polymorphic in the black rhinoceros. The mean number of alleles was 3.31 and 2.12, the expected heterozygosities were 0.420 and 0.372, and the observed heterozygosities were 0.436 and 0.322 for the white and black rhinoceroses, respectively. Seven of the primers produced different allele sizes and variations that distinguished between black and white rhinoceroses. Further genetic analyses with larger wild population sample sizes and markers are recommended to obtain a better understanding of the genetic structure of the black and white rhinoceros populations in order to be useful in the conservation efforts of these critically endangered species. A. Kilbourn—In memoriam.     

Film Reviews

The River Must Live 16 mm, sound, colour, 21 min Produced by Shell, 1966

Water in Biology 16 mm, sound, colour, 22 min Produced by Unilever Ltd, 1965     

FILM REVIEWS

Ethnomusicology in the Alps The Wedding of Susanna and Josef, 16 mm, 27 mins., 1986 Glattalp, 16 mm, 30 mins., 1986 Yootzing and Yodelling, 16 mm, 50 mins., 1987 Head Voice, Chest Voice, 16 mm, 23 mins., 1987 All films by Hugo Zemp, produced by CNRS Audiovisuel and the Ateliers d'Ethnomusicologie, Geneva. Available in English, French and German; also in videotape formats.

The Song of Harmonics, 16 mm, 38 mins., 1990, by Hugo Zemp, produced by CNRS Audiovisuel and the Société Française d'Ethnomusicologie. Available in French and English; also in videotape.

The Way of the Dead Indians A film by Michel Perrin and Jean Arlaud; camera: Jean Arlaud; sound: Philippe Sénéchal; editor: Charlotte Boigeol; consultant anthropologist: Michel Perrin; distributor: CNRS Audio‐Visuel, 1 Place Artistide Briand, 92195 Meudon Principal Cedex, Paris, France, (1)45.34.75.50 (1982?), 90 minutes, color. Original: 16 mm, also available for distribution on PAL and SECAM video. Language: Goajiro, narration: French, subtitles: English.     

The Body in the Archives: A Review of Bontoc Eulogy.

The Body in the Archives:. Review of Bontoc Eulogy. 1996. 60 minutes, black and white. video by Marlon Fuentes. For more information, contact Cinema Guild, 1687 Broadway, Suite 506, New York, NY 10019.     

Reviews

The Family Album. A film by Alan Berliner. 16mm, 55min, b/w. Distributed by Filmmakers Library, Inc.

Beyond Words—Images from America's Concentration Camps. By Deborah Gesensway and Mindy Roseman. 1987, 176 pages, illustrated. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Price: cloth $24.95.

The Lau (Granada Television “Disappearing World” Series). A film by Leslie Woodhead, producer‐director; Jon Woods, camera; Ray French, sound; Kimball Horton, editor; David Wasson, researcher; and Pierre Maranda, anthropological consultant. 1987, video, color, 52 minutes. Dialogues: Lau. Subtitles: English. Narration: English. Distributed by Granada TV International, Suite 3468, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, tele. 212–242–2363. Price: on application.

Men's Lives: The Surfmen and Baymen of the South Fork. By Peter Matthiessen. 1986, New York: Random House. Price: hardcover $29.95; softcover $7.95 (Vintage Press); limited edition $200 (University of Washington Press, Seattle).

In Her Own Time. A film by Lynne Littman with Barbara Myerhoff. 1986, 16mm, color, 60 minutes. Distributed by Direct Cinema, Ltd., P.O. Box 69589, Los Angeles, CA 90060, tele. 213–652–8000. Price: 16mm—purchase $895, rental $100; video—purchase $350, rental $50 (prices quoted are for educational institutions only).

The Miracle of Intervale Avenue. A film by Irving Rappaport, producer; Ken Howard, director; and Jack Kugelmaas, associate producer. 1983, 16mm, color, 65 minutes. Catalog #430. Distributed by Ergo Media, Inc., P.O. Box 2037, Teaneck, NJ 07666, tele. 201–692–0404.

Some Babies Die. A film by Martyn Landon Down. Australia, 16mm, color, 54 minutes. Distributed by The University of California Extension Media Center, 2176 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, tele. 415–642–1340. Price: 16mm—purchase $850, rental $60; video—purchase $450, rental $60.

El Sebou’: The Egyptian Birth Ritual. A film by Fadwa El Guindi; produced by El Nil Research Project; co‐sponsored by the Office of Folklife, Smithsonian Institution. 1986, 16mm, color, 27 minutes. Distributed by El Nil Research Project, 1157 Beverwil Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90035, tele. 213–553–5645. Price: 16mm—purchase $570, rental $70; video—purchase $370. Screenings: Society for Visual Anthropology (1987 Award for Excellence); 1987 Margaret Mead Film Festival; Royal Anthropological Institute (1988 Commendation).

The Making of El Sebou‘

Classified People. Yolande Zauberman, director; produced by OBSESSION/INA/CNC/ FR3‐TOULOUSE; Dewald Aukema, camera; Tony Bensusan, sound; Jean‐François Naudon, editor. 1987, 16mm, color, 53 minutes. Distributed by TELEMONDIS, 15, rue Mesnil, 75016, Paris, tele. 47–27–03–84, telex: 649 078 TELMOND. In U.S., distributed by Filmmaker's Library, 124 E. 40th Street, New York, NY 10016, tele. 212–355–6545. Price: 16mm—rental only $150; video (½″ or ¾″)—purchase $75, rental $75. Screenings: Festival of Women's Films at Créteil (Prix de Jury); Festival of Young Directors at Belfort (Prix de Publique); Bilan du Film Ethnographique 1988 (Prix Nanook/Grand Prix); 1988 Cinéma du Réel; 1987 Margaret Mead Film Festival; U.S. Public Television.

To Cross the Border: An interview with Filmmaker Yolande Zauberman, Paris, May 1988.     

Effect of prey quantity and temperature on nest demography of social wasps

Abstract. 1. To determine the effect of prey quantity and temperature on nest demography of social wasps ( Polistes fuscatus ), field experiments were conducted, in which wasps were provided with a low quantity of caterpillars (approximately nest subsistence level) or high quantity (three times as much). In addition, in the third year, the nest boxes were modified to be relatively cool (white and insulated) or warm (black).
2. In 1997 and 1998, high-food nests had a high proportion of cells containing developing offspring, produced more offspring, and had disproportionately more female offspring compared with low-food nests.
3. In 1999, the cool and warm nest boxes exhibited a daily average difference of 1.3 °C and a maximum difference of 6.9 °C. The warm high-food nests produced more offspring than any other treatment. The cool high-food nests produced similar numbers of offspring as the cool low-food and warm low-food treatments.
4. As indicated by a surplus of uncapped cells, foundresses of low-food nests, which would have had the egg-laying potential to produce many offspring, apparently sacrificed eggs to provide a food supplement for the developing offspring. This pattern plus more time observed foraging suggests considerable expenditure of energy by foundresses, in response to the low supply of food.
5. Importantly, these results indicate that an interactive effect of prey quantity and temperature on offspring production occurred, which may reflect the different effects on developmental rate and growth rate at cool versus warm nest temperatures.