红厚壳挥发油化学成分

红厚壳（Calophyllum inophyllum Linn．）,又名海棠果、胡桐等,为藤黄科（Guttiferae）红厚壳属（Calophyllum Linn．）植物,主要分布于中国海南岛。其果实和种子富含油脂,可制香料;植株根系发达,耐盐碱、抗风性强,可以在贫瘠干旱的海滨、山地中生长,具有良好的开发应用前景。在中国民间,红厚壳被用作治疗眼病、外伤出血、风湿骨痛、跌打损伤等。红厚壳属于半红树植物,可生长于海岸潮间带,     

海南红厚壳果实精油的化学成分分析

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取海南红厚壳果实挥发油,利用GC-MS技术对其进行化学成分分析鉴定。从红厚壳果实精油中检测到37个化学成分,鉴定了其中的33个化合物,占总含量的99．26％．主要成分为：邻苯二甲酸二丁酯28．80％、棕榈酸7．07％、硬酯酸8．05％、油酸乙酯18．53％、9,12-十八二烯酸甲酯17．45％。     

海棠果的开发应用价值分析

结合海南岛海棠果资源分布的调查结果,分析介绍了海棠果的形态学与生物学特性及适应范围广、生态功能强的特点,详细叙述了其药用价值和油用、材用、观赏、饲用、植保、香料等多方面经济价值,揭示了海棠果的巨大开发应用潜力。     

Phytostabilization of iron ore tailings through Calophyllum inophyllum L

The phytostabilization of waste material generated during mining and processing of iron ore through Calophyllum inophyllum L. have been investigated. Iron ore tailings and its varying composition with garden soil were taken to study plant growth, chlorophyll content and metal uptake pattern of Calophyllum inophyllum L. These studies indicate that 100% survival of plant species was noted in all the treatments without any toxicity symptoms. The increase in growth parameters and chlorophyll content along with the high metal accumulation in plant tissues suggests that Calophyllum inophyllum L. may be a potential tool for phytoremediation. The accumulation of Pb (1662 microgm/gm) and Fe (2313 microgm/gm) was observed to be maximum in the plant tissues followed by Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni. The TF values for most of the heavy metals was observed to be > 1 which indicates that the plant can efficiently translocate these toxic metals to its above ground parts. Removal of more than 30% of the most of the heavy metal like Fe, Pb, and Cu & Zn has been observed in all the treatments during one year of observation. The overall study clearly suggests that the plant can be used as an efficient tool for restoration of mining wastes and other similarly contaminated sites.     

红厚壳茎段丛生芽诱导与植株再生

红厚壳(Calophyllum inophyllum)为藤黄科红厚壳属多年生木本植物,有很高的药用价值。该研究以红厚壳带节茎段为外植体,探讨生长调节剂对腋芽萌发及丛生芽诱导、伸长和试管苗生根的影响。研究结果表明,外植体腋芽萌发和丛生芽诱导效果最好的培养基是MS+NAA1.0+TDZ0.5,在此条件下培养21天后,转入添加0.5 g·L–1活性炭且无生长调节剂的MS培养基,可有效促进不定芽的伸长。将带不定芽的外植体先在附加1.0 mg·L–1NAA的1/2MS培养基上进行生根诱导4周,之后转入附加1.0 g·L–1活性炭的无激素培养基进行根的伸长培养,这样的两步生根法能有效促进红厚壳生根。     

胡桐悬浮培养细胞中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性与红厚壳素产量的关系

胡桐CR2细胞悬浮培养过程中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性上升后红厚壳素产量即增加.加入真菌诱导子后,PAL活性与红厚壳素产量呈一定的正相关.以PAL抑制物降低PAL活性后,红厚壳素产量也降低;诱导物与抑制物同时加入,PAL活性与红厚壳素产量均界于诱导物处理与未处理之间.     

Correlation between the nicotine content of tobacco plants and callus cultures

Callus cultures of two low-alkaloid lines of Nicotiana tabacum L. had considerably lower nicotine contents than cultures from the respective highalkaloid cultivars which were isogenic except for the two loci for alkaloid accumulation. Thus, there was a strong correlation between the nicotine content of callus cultures and the plants from which they were derived.     

Variation in nicotine content of tobacco callus cultures

Plants ofNicotiana tabacum L. cv. Burley 21 which showed no difference in nicotine content were used to establish callus cultures. Cultures were initiated from different plants and from different leaves within each plant. The nicotine content of the calli was determined, and the results subjected to an analysis of variance. Differences between plants and differences within plants significantly affected the nicotine content of the cultures. The differences between plants were transmitted sexually and asexually, providing evidence that they are genetically determined. No such differences in nicotine content were found between the plants from which the cultures were established, indicating that nicotine production in vitro involves additional genes to those which are needed for nicotine production in the plant. The differences within plants were further investigated by establishing callus cultures from pith explants taken from different parts of the stem. Explants from apical pith tissue gave calli having far more nicotine and more roots than cultures derived from basal pith explants. This results may reflect the proximity of the apical pith explants to the site of auxin synthesis in the stem apex. Callus cultures derived from pith explants showed greater growth and nicotine production than those derived from leaf explants when the calli were induced on Murashige-Skoog medium containing -naphthalene acetic acid. This result is in conflict with the widely held belief that explants from different parts of the plant give cultures with similar yields of species-specific compounds.Abbreviations HN High nicotine - LN low nicotine     

Plant regeneration from callus cultures of Psoralea corylifolia Linn

Plantlet regeneration via organogenesis was achieved in callus cultures derived form mature leaves, stems and leaves, petioles and roots of young seedling of Psoralea corylifolia on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.5–3.0 mg L^-1 BA, 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 3% (w/v) sucrose. The rate of shoot bud regeneration was positively correlated with the concentration of hormones in the nutrient media. Shoot buds regenerated more readily from juvenile explants (seedling source) as compared to the mature explants. Addition of adenine sulphate (5 mg L^-1) to the culture medium increased the growth of shoot buds. Optimum responses were obtained in hypocotyl and leaf explants using NAA in combination with BA, the highest rate of shoot bud regeneration being in hypocotyl explants. Rooting was readily achieved on the differentiated shoots on MS basal media without growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets were successfully established in the greenhouse.     

Production of rhoifolin and tiliroside from callus cultures of Chorisia chodatii and Chorisia speciosa

The current work aims to stimulate the production of rhoifolin and tiliroside as two valuable phytochemicals from Chorisia chodatii Hassl. and Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil. callus cultures. A comparison between three explants from the in vitro germinated seedlings of both species for callus induction and accumulation of both flavonoids was carried out. Highly efficient calluses were induced from the leaves, stems and roots of C. chodatii seedlings on Gamborg’s B5 (B5) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 2.0 mg/l β-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyladenin (BA) or kinetin (Kn), while those of C. speciosa seedlings efficiently produced calluses on both media supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA. Besides, the highest contents of rhoifolin (1.927 mg/g DW) and tiliroside (1.776 mg/g DW) from C. speciosa cultures were obtained from the calluses of seedlings’ roots and stems maintained on B5 medium containing 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum rhoifolin content (0.555 mg/g DW) from C. chodatii cultures was obtained from the calluses of seedlings’ stems grown on B5 medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA, whereas the highest tiliroside content (0.547 mg/g DW) was provided by the root explants on B5 medium containing 2.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kn. Both flavonoids were bioaccumulated in greater amounts than the wild and cultivated intact plants, which provides a promising tool for their future commercial production under a controlled environment, independent of climate and soil conditions.     

Camptothecine from callus cultures of Nothapodytes foetida

Callus cultures were established from excised embryos of Nothapodytes foetida on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with picloram (2 mg l^–1) and 3% (w/v) sucrose. The embryos developed into callus after 4 weeks of incubation at 25 ± 2°C in dark. The cultures produced camptothecine and 9-methoxy-camptothecine as determined by TLC, UV, HPLC, electron spray mass spectral analysis.     

Successful plant regeneration from callus cultures of Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban

A successful procedure was established for in vitro plant regeneration from callus derived from stem and leaf explants of Centella asiatica on semisolid modified Murashige and Skoog's [7] medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L³ kinetin and 4.0 mg L³ a-naphthaleneacetic acid. The rate of shoot-bud regeneration was the highest (42.8 and 54.3 shoots/culture in stem and leaf derived callus respectively) after 4 weeks of subculture on 4.0 mg L³ 6-benzyladenine, 2.0 mg L³ Kn, 0.25 mg L³ a-naphthaleneacetic acid and 20 mg L³ adenine sulfate. Differentiated shoots rooted within 11 days in 1/2 strength MS basal salts supplemented with 0.5 mg L³ indole-3-acetic acid and 2% (w/v) sucrose. About 85% of rooted plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse.     

Two NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.1.1.1) in callus cultures of wheat,rye and triticale

Summary Two NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases ADH-1 and ADH-2, under independent genetic control of genes designated as Adh-1 and Adh-2 located on chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, have been reported in aestivum wheat (Hart 1980). Only ADH-1 is expressed in developing seeds, dry seeds, pollen and germinating seedlings. ADH-2 can be induced in seedling roots or shoots under conditions of partial anaerobiosis or by certain chemicals. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 isoenzymes was investigated in undifferentiated calli from aestivum and durum wheats, rye, triticale and also in in vitro regenerated roots and leaves from aestivum cultures. Wheat callus cultures originating from seed, mature and immature embryos, mesocotyl and root, as well as cultures grown on media containing different supplements did not show any variation in the overall expression of ADH-1 or ADH-2, although differences in the band intensities were observed. The callus isoenzyme pattern was similar to that observed in roots under anaerobic conditions. Both ADH-1 and ADH-2 were expressed in in vitro regenerated roots but were absent in regenerated leaves. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 in wheat calli seems to be related to the type of differentiation.     

Influence of hormones and medium components on expression of dipyranocoumarins in cell suspension cultures of Calophyllum inophyllum L.

Cell suspension cultures were initiated separately from leaf and nodal/internodal calluses for the study of influence of hormones and medium components on biomass growth and expression of dipyranocoumarins. Highest 6.2 times biomass was enhanced in suspension cultures of nodal/internodal callus supplemented with threefold total sulphate. Picloram 8.28 μM along with BAP 8.88 μM enhanced 295.05 times inophyllum A in suspension cultures of leaf callus whereas IBA 14.70 μM along with BAP 4.44 μM in suspension cultures of leaf callus enhanced 1065 times inophyllum B. IBA 4.90 μM alone in suspension cultures of nodal/internodal callus enhanced maximum 616 times inophyllum C. Only IBA 9.80 μM in suspension cultures of leaf callus enhanced 23.22 times inophyllum P. Variation in nitrate and sulphate had maximum positive influence on expression of inophyllums A and C and vitamins had maximum positive influence on expression of inophyllums A, C and B.     

Anthraquinones in callus cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana

From callus cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana seven known anthraquinones, purpurin, anthragallol-1,2-dimethylether, anthragallol-1,3-dimethylether, rubiadin, 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone, 1-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone and morindone-5-methylether (or 1,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methylanthraquinone), and eight new anthraquinones, 5,6-dimethoxy-1-(or -4-)hydroxy-2-(or -3-)hydroxymethylanthraquinone, 5-methoxy-2-(or -3-)methyl-1,4,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone, 2-hydroxy-1,3,4-trimethoxyanthraquinone, 4-methoxy-1,3,5-trihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,4-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyanthraquinone, 1,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyanthraquinone, 1,3-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyanthraquinone and 2,5-(or 3,5-)dihydroxy-1,3,4-(or -1,2,4-)trimethoxyanthraquinone have been isolated.     

Transformation of callus cultures of nine plant species mediated by agrobacterium

A simple method for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of callus cultures of nine plant species, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, Petunia hybrida Vilm, Pimpinella anisum L., Solanum melongena L., S. tuberosum L., Nicotiana glauca Graham, N. glutinosa L., N. plumbaginifolia Viviani and N. tabacum L., is described. Plant calli were resuspended in liquid media, co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens, and plated on restrictive media. The combination of a gene for kanamycin resistance and a gene for firefly luciferase was convenient in the selection and confirmation of hundreds of transformants. Four strains of A. tumefaciens, A208, A348, A281, and PC2760, were employed. All of the callus cultures were successfully transformed with at least one strain of A. tumefaciens, and A281 was the most effective of the four strains. N. glutinosa, N. plumbaginifolia, N. tabacum, P. hybrida and L. esculentum were transformed more efficiently than the other species tested.     

Evolution of endogenous hormone concentration in embryogenic cultures of carrot during early expression of somatic embryogenesis

Embryogenic callus and suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantaise), growing on/in medium including 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), were transferred to medium with or without this plant growth regulator, to impair or induce, respectively, further development of somatic embryos. The endogenous hormone levels of the cultures were determined over 7 days by means of radio-immunoassay, to characterize their evolution in the initial stages of embryo development. In general, levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) showed only short-lived differences among treatments during this time in both types of tissue analyzed (i.e., a peak of IAA in callus cultures in the absence of 2,4-D, 48 h after medium change, and higher ABA contents 144 h after subculture of suspension cultures in the presence of 2,4-D). Gibberellins (1, 3 and 20) were detected only in suspension cultures devoid of 2,4-D, starting 24 h after subculture. Concerning the evaluated cytokinins—zeatin/zeatin riboside and N⁶(²-isopentenyl) adenine/N⁶(²-isopentenyl) adenosine—the most remarkable observation is that high levels of the former generally coincided with low concentrations of the latter, indicating a shift from precursor to the active form, and vice versa.     

Comparison of fatty acid patterns in plant parts and respective callus cultures of Cucumis melo

Root, hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem and leaf of Cucumis melo var. utilissimus seedlings were used for callus induction. Comparison was made between these parts, between callus tissues originating from all the parts and between each part and its callus, with respect to the fatty acid composition of total lipids. In all the parts there was a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, the predominant fatty acid in root, stem and leaf being linolenic acid whilst in the cotyledon linoleic predominated. In the hypocotyl these two acids were present in equal amounts. In callus cultures the proportion of saturated acids was greater and the predominant fatty acid was palmitic. The major unsaturated fatty acid in callus cultures was linolenic. The analysis showed that callus tissue and its respective plant part had different fatty acid patterns and that all the callus cultures had very similar patterns irrespective of their origin.     

Glutamate dehydrogenase regulation in callus cultures of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: effect of glucose feeding and carbon source starvation on the isoenzymatic pattern

Abstract. In callus cultures of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia , the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was repressed by glucose, whereas, on the contrary, carbon and energy source deprivation induced a remarkable increase in specific activity. Definition of these two opposite types of response was made possible by the use of glycerol as a non-repressing carbon source: in this condition, glutamate dehydrogenase activity reached an intermediate level, which was similar to the derepressed values of activity obtainable when cultures were allowed to exhaust the glucose supply in the medium. Isoelectric focusing analysis revealed the existence of three different isoenzymatic patterns which could be correlated to the three different levels of specific activity: repressed (glucose), induced (carbon starvation) and intermediate (glycerol). Repression affected mainly the four more cathodic bands which were predominant in non-repressed conditions. The possible catabolic role of these isoenzymes is discussed.