饮用啤酒与运动对糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂代谢影响的研究

目的：探讨饮用啤酒与运动对糖尿病（DM）大鼠血糖和血脂代谢的影响。方法：将造模成功的DM大鼠分成饮用啤酒组、运动组、饮用啤酒加运动组和单纯DM组（n=10）,8周后进行相关指标的测定。结果：DM运动组血糖、甘油三酯（TC）、总胆固醇（TG）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）含量显著低于DM组（P〈0．05）,胰岛素、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）含量明显高于DM组（P〈0．05）;DM饮啤酒组血糖含量非常显著高于DM组（P〈O．01）,1℃和TG含量显著低于DM组（P〈0．05）;DM饮啤酒加运动组TG含量非常显著低于DM组（P〈O．01）,LDL-C含量显著低于DM组（P〈O．05）,HDL-C含量非常显著高于DM组（P〈0．01）。结论：运动可有效降低DM大鼠血糖和血脂含量,增强胰岛素和HDL-C的合成;饮用啤酒可使DM大鼠血糖极显著升高,但可促进DM大鼠血脂的代谢;运动对降低饮用啤酒导致的DM大鼠血糖升高具有良好作用,并可显著升高HDL-C含量,降低TG和LDL-C含量。改善DM大鼠的血脂代谢。     

有氧运动和褪黑素对2型糖尿病大鼠抗氧化运动功能的影响

目的：探讨有氧运动和褪黑素对糖尿病大鼠抗氧化功能的影响。方法：成年sD大鼠50只随机分为5组（n=10）：正常对照组（N）、糖尿病组（D）、糖尿病运动组（D＋E）、糖尿病褪黑素组（D＋M）、糖尿病运动和褪黑素组（D＋E＋M）,观察大鼠血清丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH．Px）、血糖和血脂的变化。结果：与N组相比,D组大鼠血清SOD、cSH-PX水平、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）含量下降,MDA水平、血糖、胆固醇（TC）、血清甘油三酯（TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量明显上升（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。D＋E组和D＋M组大鼠与D组比较血清中SOD、GSH-Px活性、HDL-C含量显著升高,MDA水平、血糖、TC、TG和LDL-C含量显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,有氧运动和褪黑素同时干预可使糖尿病大鼠血清中SOD、GSH-Px活性、HDL-C含量进一步升高,MDA水平、血糖、TC、TG和LDL-C含量进一步降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：有氧运动扣褪黑素均能对糖尿病大鼠氧化应激有明显的抑制作用,且两者联合干预的效果更加显著,其可能机制与糖尿病大鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱状态改善有关。     

寒冷刺激对孕鼠子代生长发育的影响

目的：探讨寒冷刺激对孕鼠子代生长发育的影响。方法：将孕鼠分为正常妊娠组和冷激妊娠组,正常妊娠组25℃饲养,冷激妊娠组每日8：00—12：00置于（4±2）℃环境下寒冷刺激。18d后测量孕鼠血压,剖宫记录胎鼠、胎盘、羊水重量,测量初生仔鼠、内脏器官重及内脏器官与体重比值,绘制1—44d的生长曲线、每日增重率曲线,测量出生8周后子代的血压。结果：冷激妊娠组孕鼠血压高于正常妊娠组（P〈0．05）,胎鼠、胎盘、羊水重量显著低于正常妊娠组（P〈0．01）,冷激妊娠组仔鼠内脏器官重显著低于正常妊娠组（P〈0．05）,两组内脏器官与体重比值比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。1～44d的生长曲线表明直到性成熟冷激妊娠组子代的体重仍没有追上正常妊娠组,但两组每日增重率曲线基本吻合。冷激妊娠组子代的血压显著高于正常妊娠组（P〈0．05）。结论：寒冷刺激严重影响子代的生长和发育。     

霞水母糖蛋白抗疲劳作用的实验研究

本文对霞水母糖蛋白的抗疲劳作用进行了研究。试验中分别以50、100、200mg／kg剂量的霞水母糖蛋白经口给予小鼠连续灌胃30d,然后分别进行小鼠负重游泳试验、血清尿素氮、肝糖原及血乳酸测定。结果显示,霞水母糖蛋白各剂量组小鼠的游泳时间明显长于对照组（P〈0．01）;各剂量组小鼠运动后血清尿素氮含量低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;中、高剂量组小鼠肝糖原含量均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;各剂量组小鼠运动后的血乳酸含量均小于对照组（P〈0．01）。从而表明,霞水母糖蛋白具有抗疲劳作用。     

黄芪注射液对2型糖尿病动物模型KKAy小鼠脑微血管病变的影响

目的：观察黄芪注射液对2型糖尿病动物模型KKAy小鼠脑微血管病变的影响,探讨黄芪注射液对糖尿病脑血管病变的保护作用。方法：饲养至14周龄的雄性KKAy小鼠随机分成模型组和黄芪注射液治疗组（每日腹腔给药,剂量为3mL／kg）,同龄雄性C57BL／6J小鼠作为对照组。血糖仪测量20、24、28周龄时各组小鼠的空腹血糖水平。28周龄时处死各组小鼠,放射免疫法检测血清6-酮-前列腺素-F1α（6-Keto-PGF1α）和血栓素B2（TXB2）的含量。透射电子显微镜观察脑组织超微结构变化。结果：模型组KKAy小鼠从20周龄开始血糖水平明显高于正常组小鼠（P〈0．01）;黄芪治疗组小鼠从20周龄开始血糖水平明显高于正常组小鼠（P〈0．01）,但低于模型组小鼠（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。模型组小鼠血清6-Keto—PGF1α水平较正常组降低（P〈0．01）,TXB2含量增高（P〈0．01）;与模型组相比,黄芪注射液治疗组小鼠6-Keto—PGF1α水平升高（P〈O．01）,TXB：含量下降（P〈0．01）。透射电镜显示模型组小鼠神经细胞胞核染色质疏松,线粒体肿胀,粗面内质网缩小,核糖体减少;治疗组小鼠以上病变明显改善。结论：黄芪注射液可以有效改善2型糖尿病动物模型KKAv小鼠脑微血管病变,保护神经细胞结构。     

Nrf2及其相关因子在非酒精性脂肪肝炎形成过程中的作用

目的：通过观察大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝炎（NASH）形成过程中脂质代谢、肝组织病理学改变、核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）及相关键因子的转录和蛋白水平的变化,探讨Nrf2及其相关因子在NASH形成过程中的作用。方法：sD大鼠分为正常组和模型组,以饲喂高脂饲料建立非酒精性脂肪肝炎模型,分别于4、12周末处死,检测血清和肝组织中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量;油红O染色法检测肝组织内脂肪沉积变化,常规HE染色观察肝组织病理学改变,计算NAFLD活动度积分（NAS）,免疫组化检测肝组织Nrf2表达;Real-time PCR和Westernblot技术检测肝组织Nrf2及其相关因子mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果：①4周模型组大鼠血清ALT、AST、TC和肝组织TC、TG、LDL-C等指标较同期正常组均显著增高（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,12周模型组大鼠血清、肝组织脂质含量持续增高（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,肝组织HDL-C较正常组显著降低（P〈0．05）,比4周变化明显。②4周和12周模型组大鼠肝细胞内沉积大量脂肪滴,肝细胞脂肪变严重,伴有肝细胞气球样变;且随着高脂饮食喂养时间的延长,肝组织内脂肪沉积以及肝细胞脂肪变程度明显加重,NAFLD评分、Nrf2表达强度均显著增高（P〈0．01）。③4周、12周模型组大鼠Nrf2、H01、NQOt、rGCS、GST的mRNA和蛋白表达均有不同程度的上调或抑制,且12周比4周变化明显（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。结论：Nrf2及相关因子可能参与了非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发生发展过程,在NASH形成过程中起着重要的作用。     

肾血管性高血压大鼠模型中ET1和CGRP的变化

目的探讨降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）及血浆内皮素（ET1）在高血压病中的作用。方法选用正常血压大鼠42只,随机分对照组、手术组、假手术组,分别观察血压值、CGRP及ET1值。结果手术组与正常组比较血压明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,假手术组与正常对照组比较,血压无明显变化（P〉0．05）;手术组与对照组比较CGRP显著升高（P〈0．01）;假手术组与正常对照组比较,CGRP未见升高（P〉0．05）。手术组与对照组比较ET1无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论CGRP在肾血管性高血压的发生发展中具有保护作用。ET1与CGRP是心血管系统中的一对拮抗因子,与CGRP的作用相反,ET1有较强的缩血管作用,从而导致血压升高。     

转化生长因子β1和snail1参与糖尿病大鼠肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变

本文旨在观察转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1）和锌指转录因子Snail1在糖尿病（diabetes mellitus,DM）大鼠肾组织中的表达,并初步探讨它们与肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变的关系。链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）诱发大鼠DM,按病程分为2、4、8、12、16、20、24周、16周胰岛素治疗（16wA）、20,周胰岛素治疗（20wA）和24周胰岛素治疗（24wA）组（n=6）。其中胰岛素治疗组动物从第13周起用胰岛素控制血糖至正常水平,每一时点均设鼠龄匹配的正常对照组。测定各组血糖、24h尿蛋白、血肌酐（serum creatinine,Scr）、肾脏指数。PAS染色光镜观察肾脏病理学改变。免疫组织化学检测肾脏Snail1、TGF-β1、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）、E-钙黏素和纤连蛋白（fibronectin,FN）的表达;Western blot检测肾皮质Snail1、TGF-β1和E-钙黏素蛋白表达。RT-PCR检测肾皮质Snail1和E-钙黏素mRNA表达。结果显示：（1）DM各组大鼠的血糖、24h尿蛋白、Scr、肾脏指数均较正常对照组明显升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,胰岛素治疗组大鼠上述指标均较DM组显著降低（P〈0．01）。（2）TGF-β1和Snail1免疫组织化学阳性染色见于DM各组大鼠肾小管,正常对照组未见阳性表达,胰岛素治疗组大鼠弱阳性表达,并随治疗时间延长而减少。从16周开始在DM大鼠肾小管上皮细胞可见α-SMA蛋白阳性表达,胰岛素治疗组大鼠未见α-SMA蛋白表达;DM组大鼠E-钙黏素蛋白阳性染色明显少于正常对照组。（3）DM组大鼠肾皮质TGF-β1和Snail1蛋白以及Snail1 mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高（P〈0．01）,胰岛素治疗组大鼠则显著低于DM组（P〈0．01）;DM组E-钙黏素mRNA和蛋白表达与TGF-β1和Snail1呈相反变化。结果提示,TGF-β1和Snail1可能参与DM大鼠肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变,胰岛素治疗可抑制两者表达并阻断肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变。     

寒冷刺激对部分睡眠剥夺小鼠血细胞参数的影响

目的：探讨寒冷刺激,部分睡眠剥夺,以及部分睡眠剥夺的基础上再给予寒冷刺激等处理对小鼠血细胞参数的影响。方法：昆明小鼠24只,随机均分为4组（n=6）：对照组、寒冷组、不完全睡眠剥夺组和不完全睡眠剥夺加寒冷组。寒冷组每天给予（10±2）℃的低温处理4h,不完全睡眠剥夺组每天18：00至次日9：00剥夺睡眠,不完全睡眠剥夺加寒冷组在每天睡眠剥夺的基础上再给予4h寒冷刺激。连续处理4d后采血检测血常规和血沉率。结果：与对照组相比,寒冷刺激可使小鼠血液中淋巴细胞含量（P〈0．05）以及百分比（P〈0．01）显著增加;部分睡眠剥夺可使小鼠血液白细胞和淋巴细胞含量（P〈0．05）及百分比（P〈0．01）明显降低。不完全睡眠剥夺加寒冷刺激处理后与其它三组相比小鼠血液白细胞和淋巴细胞含量显著降低（P〈0．01）,而血沉率则显著升高（P〈0．01）。结论：部分睡眠剥夺会抑制机体免疫能力,在部分剥夺睡眠的基础上再给予寒冷刺激则将进一步抑制机体免疫能力并使血沉率加快,降低机体对外界环境变化的适应能力。     

甲亢患者β2-微球蛋白与血脂水平相关性研究

目的：探讨甲亢患者β2-微球蛋白含量与血脂水平的相关性。方法：以甲状腺功能亢进症患者40例作为观察组,另选择同期在我院进行体检的健康人群40例为对照组,分别于治疗前和治疗后检测患者血清和尿β2-微球蛋白、血外周血载脂蛋白、血脂,并进行血清和尿β2-微球蛋白与血脂的相关性分析。结果：治疗前甲亢组血清和尿β2-微球蛋白均高于对照组（P〈0．01）;TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C和APOB均低于对照组（P〈0．01）;治疗后,血清和尿β2-微球蛋白与治疗前相比均有所下降（P〈0．01）,TC、TG、HDL—C、LDL-C和APOB与脂类前相比均有所升高（P〈0．01）;血清和尿β2-微球蛋白与TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C和APOB均呈负相关。结论：甲亢患者血清和尿β2-微球蛋白与血脂关系密切,可作为评价患者脂质代谢状态和病情变化的重要指标。     

KCTDIO is critical for heart and blood vessel development of zebrafish

KCTD10 is a member of the PDIP1 family, which is highly conserved during evolution, sharing a lot of similarities among human, mouse, and zebrafish. Recently, zebrafish KCTD13 has been identified to play an important role in the early development of brain and autism. However, the specific function of KCTD10 remains to be elucidated. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the expression pattern of zebrafish KCTD10 mRNA during em- bryonic development. It was found that KCTD10 is a ma- ternal gene and KCTD10 is of great importance in the shaping of heart and blood vessels. Our data provide direct clues that knockdown of KCTDIO resulted in severe pericardial edema and loss of heart formation indicated by morphological observation and crucial heart markers like amhc, vmhc, and cmlc2. The heart defect caused by KCTD10 is linked to RhoA and PCNA. Flk-1 staining revealed that intersomitic vessels were lost in the trunk, although angioblasts could migrate to the midline. These findings could be helpful to better understand the determinants responsible for the heart and blood vessel defects.     

板党多糖对小鼠实验性糖尿病的改善作用

目的：探讨板党多糖对小鼠糖尿痛的改善作用及其机制。方法：采用四氧嘧啶（Alloxan）建立糖尿病小鼠模型,观察板党多糖对糖尿病小鼠血糖（FBG）、胰岛素（INS）水平,血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响以及脾脏、胸腺系数的变化。结果：板党多糖能明显降低糖尿病小鼠的FBG和INS水平（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,增强SOD及GSH—Px的活性,减少MDA的含量（P〈0．01）,升高脾脏、胸腺系数（P〈0．05）。结论：板党多糖具有降血糖,改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

去窦弓神经对大鼠脑细胞线粒体氧化磷酸化功能的影响

目的:探讨去窦弓神经对脑细胞线粒体氧化磷酸化功能的影响。方法:用氧电极法及华氏减压法测定线粒体的耗氧量、呼吸控制率(RCR)和二磷酸腺苷/氧比值(ADP/O)。结果:线粒体结构完整性和氧化磷酸化效率明显降低(P0.01),且随时间延长逐渐降低(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:去窦弓神经使脑细胞线粒体的结构和功能遭到一定程度的破坏,且随时间延长日益严重。     

Cell Wall,Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.     

Redox Regulation of Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase

Citrate synthase has a key role in the tricarboxylic （TCA） cycle of mitochondria of all organisms, as it cata- lyzes the first committed step which is the fusion of a carbon-carbon bond between oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. The regulation of TCA cycle function is especially important in plants, since mitochondrial activities have to be coordinated with photosynthesis. The posttranslational regulation of TCA cycle activity in plants is thus far almost entirely unexplored. Although several TCA cycle enzymes have been identified as thioredoxin targets in vitro, the existence of any thioredoxin-dependent regulation as known for the Calvin cycle, yet remains to be demonstrated. Here we have investigated the redox regulation of the Arabidopsis citrate synthase enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis of its six cysteine residues. Our results indicate that oxidation inhibits the enzyme activity by the formation of mixed disulfides, as the partially oxidized citrate synthase enzyme forms large redox-dependent aggregates. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that thioredoxin can cleave diverse intraas well as intermolecular disulfide bridges, which strongly enhances the activity of the enzyme. Activity measurements with the cysteine variants of the enzyme revealed important cysteine residues affecting total enzyme activity as well as the redox sensitivity of the enzyme.     

Dissecting the Heat Stress Response in Chlamydomonas by Pharmaceutical and RNAi Approaches Reveals Conserved and Novel Aspects

To study how conserved fundamental concepts of the heat stress response （HSR） are in photosynthetic eukaryotes, we applied pharmaceutical and antisense/amiRNA approaches to the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Chlamydomonas HSR appears to be triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, as it was induced at ambient temperatures by feeding cells with the arginine analog canavanine. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine strongly retarded the HSR, demonstrating the importance of phosphorylation during activation of the HSR also in Chlamydomonas. While the removal of extracellular calcium by the application of EGTA and BAPTA inhibited the HSR in moss and higher plants, only the addition of BAPTA, but not of EGTA, retarded the HSR and impaired thermotoler- ance in Chlamydomonas. The addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytosolic protein synthesis, abolished the attenu- ation of the HSR, indicating that protein synthesis is necessary to restore proteostasis. HSP90 inhibitors induced a stress response when added at ambient conditions and retarded attenuation of the HSR at elevated temperatures. In addition, we detected a direct physical interaction between cytosolic HSP90A/HSP70A and heat shock factor 1, but surprisingly this interaction persisted after the onset of stress. Finally, the expression of antisense constructs targeting chloroplast HSP70B resulted in a delay of the cell＇s entire HSR, thus suggesting the existence of a retrograde stress signaling cascade that is desensitized in HSP7OB-antisense strains.     

Organelle pH in the Arabidopsis Endomembrane System

The pH of intracellular compartments is essential for the viability of cells. Despite its relevance, little is known about the pH of these compartments. To measure pH in vivo, we have first generated two pH sensors by combining the improved-solubility feature of solubility-modified green fluorescent protein （GFP） （smGFP） with the pH-sensing capabil- ity of the pHluorins and codon optimized for expression in Arabidopsis. PEpHluorin （plant-solubility-modified ecliptic pHluorin） gradually loses fluorescence as pH is lowered with fluorescence vanishing at pH 6.2 and PRpHluorin （plant- solubility-modified ratiomatric pHluorin）, a dual-excitation sensor, allowing for precise measurements. Compartment- specific sensors were generated by further fusing specific sorting signals to PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin. Our results show that the pH of cytosol and nucleus is similar （pH 7.3 and 7.2）, while peroxisomes, mitochondrial matrix, and plastidial stroma have alkaline pH. Compartments of the secretory pathway reveal a gradual acidification, spanning from pH 7.1 in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） to pH 5.2 in the vacuole. Surprisingly, pH in the trans-Golgi network （TGN） and mul- tivesicular body （MVB） is, with pH 6.3 and 6.2, quite similar. The inhibition of vacuolar-type H＋-ATPase （V-ATPase） with concanamycin A （ConcA） caused drastic increase in pH in TGN and vacuole. Overall, the PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin are excellent pH sensors for visualization and quantification of pH in vivo, respectively.     

失血性休克大鼠淋巴管及血管压力对去甲肾上腺素反应的相关性研究

目的:观察失血性休克(HS)大鼠淋巴管与血管对去甲肾上腺素(NE)反应性的变化,探讨淋巴管与血管反应性的关系。方法:大鼠行左侧腹部手术,分离胸导管,测量淋巴管压力(LP);股部手术,经股动脉测量平均动脉血压(MAP)。休克组经股动脉放血复制HS模型(维持MAP40mmHg左右,3h),假手术(sham)组仅手术。在休克不同时间点(或相当),股静脉注射NE(5μg/kg.bw),观察给予NE前后两组大鼠LP以及MAP的变化。结果:休克即刻淋巴管对NE的反应性与sham组无明显差异,到休克0.5h时淋巴管对NE的升压反应开始减弱,至休克3h依然维持低反应性;与sham组相比,休克组血管对NE反应性呈双相表现,休克即刻血管高反应性,休克1h后对NE的升压作用开始减弱,表现为血管低反应性;休克后二者的反应性相关。结论:大鼠HS后淋巴管出现低反应性,且出现在血管低反应性之前;休克发展进程中淋巴管与血管对NE的低反应性呈正相关。