显齿蛇葡萄提取物体外抑菌试验的研究

使用药敏纸片法、试管二倍稀释法测定了显齿蛇葡萄对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鸡沙门氏杆菌、粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌等5种细菌的抑菌效果,结果表明:显齿蛇葡萄的根、茎、幼叶提取物对5种细菌均有抑菌作用,以幼叶提取物抑菌效果最强,说明显齿蛇葡萄具有广谱高效的抑菌作用,但不同器官的抑菌作用有较大的差别。     

黄荆叶提取液抑菌作用的研究

用黄荆叶的乙醇提取物对 6种细菌、2种酵母菌、3种霉菌三大类微生物进行抑菌实验 ,得出其最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。由结果推断出黄荆叶提取物不失为一种良好的天然抗菌剂 ,可添加于食品和药物中     

食品包装用箬叶提取物抑菌活性及稳定性研究

目的：以牛津杯法研究箬叶提取物的抑菌活性和稳定性。方法：用水超声法提取箬叶提取物，以枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、痢疾志贺氏菌和伤寒沙门氏菌为指示菌，总抑菌圈为考察指标，进行抑菌试验；用正交试验分析料液比、提取时间和提取次数3个因素不同水平对箬叶提取物抑菌效果的影响，优化提取工艺，测试提取物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和稳定性。结果：研究表明，在工艺参数料液比1∶14、超声4次和每次50 min条件下获得的提取物对4种指示菌的抑菌效果最显著，提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、痢疾志贺氏菌和伤寒沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.025、0.05、0.025、0.05 g/mL，并且在pH=4和100℃条件下抑菌效果稳定。结论：箬叶水提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、痢疾志贺氏菌和伤寒沙门氏菌具有显著的抑菌效果，且热稳定性和酸稳定性良好。     

小羽贯众提取物抗菌活性的初步研究

目的：比较小羽贯众根状茎和叶提取物体外抑菌活性。方法：牛津杯法和96孔板法,通过测定抑菌圈大小、最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,比较小羽贯众根状茎和叶提取物分别对10种常见细菌的抑制作用,以及不同产地抑菌效果的比较。结果：小羽贯众的根状茎和叶的提取物对10种常见的细菌均表现出较强的抑菌活性,肺炎克雷伯氏菌对提取物最敏感。结论：小羽贯众提取物作为一种天然的抗菌物质,具有广谱抗菌效果,有较高的应用潜力和开发前景。     

小羽贯众提取物抗菌活性的初步研究

目的:比较小羽贯众根状茎和叶提取物体外抑菌活性。方法:牛津杯法和96孔板法,通过测定抑菌圈大小、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),比较小羽贯众根状茎和叶提取物分别对10种常见细菌的抑制作用,以及不同产地抑菌效果的比较。结果:小羽贯众的根状茎和叶的提取物对10种常见的细菌均表现出较强的抑菌活性,肺炎克雷伯氏菌对提取物最敏感。结论:小羽贯众提取物作为一种天然的抗菌物质,具有广谱抗菌效果,有较高的应用潜力和开发前景。     

华南十大功劳提取物抑菌活性初步研究

以超声提取和索氏提取方法,比较华南十大功劳叶和茎提取物经不同溶剂和不同极性萃取物萃取的抑菌活性大小。结果表明,叶和茎均含有抑菌活性物质,而叶的抑菌效果更强;索氏提取物与超声提取抑菌效果差异不大;华南十大功劳提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、藤黄球菌、白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.6 g/mL、1.0 g/mL、0.8 g/mL、1.0 g/mL、2.0 g/mL;其最小杀菌浓度均为2.0 g/mL,但其对黑曲霉没有抑制作用;不同溶剂提取物中,无水甲醇溶液提取物具有最佳抑菌效果。提取物易溶解于极性萃取物。5种敏感菌对华南十大功劳提取物的敏感性由强到弱依次为：金黄色葡萄球菌菌＞枯草杆菌＞藤黄球菌＞大肠杆菌＞白色念珠菌。     

三种芦荟汁的抑菌活性及其影响因素研究

目的：探索美国库拉索芦荟、日本木立芦荟和中华芦荟汁液的抑菌作用。方法：测定三种芦荟叶片提取物对一系列供试细菌和真菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）、最低杀菌浓度（MBC）,对比121℃热处理30min前后提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用。结果：三种芦荟提取物对供试细菌的金黄色葡萄球菌最低抑菌浓度均为0.4%;对供试菌真菌的黑曲霉都有不同程度的抑制作用,其最低抑菌浓度为0.2%。热处理后抑菌效应没有明显的下降。结论：芦荟叶提取物的抑菌作用随浓度的增加和抑菌时间的延长而增强,热处理不会影响其抑菌效果。     

侧柏乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)叶、小枝、球果和种子4个不同部位乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果显示:(1)在供试浓度为50g/L(相当于干样)时,侧柏各部位乙醇提取物对4种供试植物病原真菌均具有较好抑制作用,其中侧柏叶提取物的抑菌效果最好,对供试葡萄白腐病菌(Conio-thyrium diplodiella)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Elsinoe ampelina)、番茄绵腐病菌(Phytophthora melongenae)和青霉病菌(Penicilliu mexpansum)的EC50分别为:5.424、3.186、8.913和19.000g/L。(2)侧柏叶乙醇提取物的石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性均较好,在供试浓度为0.5g/L时,石油醚萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)和葡萄黑痘病菌(E.ampelina)的抑菌率分别为80.35%和60.23%;乙酸乙酯萃取物对以上2种植物病原菌的抑菌率分别为81.88%和64.06%。结果表明:侧柏叶、小枝、球果和种子乙醇提取物均具有一定抑菌活性,叶乙醇提取物的活性最好,活性成分主要集中在石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

黑刺菝葜根提取物的抑菌活性研究

以常见6种细菌和5种真菌为供试菌。采用滤纸片水平扩散法。对黑刺菝葜根的4种溶剂提取物和剩余水相大孔吸附树脂5种乙醇梯度洗脱物共9种提取物进行了室内抗菌生物活性测试,并对其主要的化学成分-常规的抗菌活性物质黄酮和甾体皂苷类化合物进行了定量测定。结果表明：黑刺菝葜根剩余水相大孔吸附树脂100％乙醇的洗脱物表现出极强的广谱性抗菌活性,80％乙醇的洗脱物对绿木霉、大肠杆菌显示出极强抑菌力;黑刺菝葜根的石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物均对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌显示较强的抗性;根的石油醚提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌和巨大芽孢杆菌等有较强的抑制作用;根中所含的常规抑菌活性成分黄酮的含量为2．83％;甾体皂苷元的含量为4．55％。     

贯叶连翘总提取物对致病细菌的抗菌作用

用平板抑菌法检测了贯叶连翘总提取物对细菌的抗菌谱范围,用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测法、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)检测法检测了其抗菌作用的强弱。结果表明提取物对供试革兰氏阳性菌菌株均有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用,对极少数革兰氏阴性菌菌株有较弱的抑菌作用,无杀菌作用。该结果提示提取物抗菌作用可能与细菌细胞壁的结构与组成相关。     

Numerical assessment affects aggression and competitive ability: a team-fighting strategy for the ant Formica xerophila

The relationship between numerical advantage and competitive ability is a fundamental component in contests between groups of social animals. An individual's ability to correctly assess the numerical state of its group is of vital importance. In addition to numerical dominance, the group's fighting ability also plays an important role in competitive interactions. By staging experimental fights between two Formica ant species, I show that Formica xerophila are able to assess their own group's strength prior to any competitive encounter. Ants that perceive themselves as part of a large group act more aggressively toward a competitor than ants that perceive themselves as isolated individuals. This increase in aggression improves F. xerophila's competitive ability. Furthermore, the number of individuals in a contest was found to affect competitive ability. In contests with equal number of competitors, groups of F. xerophila were more successful than individual F. xerophila. Contrary to previous predictions using Lanchester's laws of fighting, F. xerophila's ability to kill competitors increased nonlinearly with group size. This nonlinearity was due to the collective fighting strategy of an F. xerophila group isolating and engaging a single Formica integroides competitors.     

In Vitro Screening of Anti-lice Activity of Pongamia pinnata Leaves

Growing patterns of pediculocidal drug resistance towards head louse laid the foundation for research in exploring novel anti-lice agents from medicinal plants. In the present study, various extracts of Pongamia pinnata leaves were tested against the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis. A filter paper diffusion method was conducted for determining the potential pediculocidal and ovicidal activity of chloroform, petroleum ether, methanol, and water extracts of P. pinnata leaves. The findings revealed that petroleum ether extracts possess excellent anti-lice activity with values ranging between 50.3% and 100% where as chloroform and methanol extracts showed moderate pediculocidal effects. The chloroform and methanol extracts were also successful in inhibiting nymph emergence and the petroleum ether extract was the most effective with a complete inhibition of emergence. Water extract was devoid of both pediculocidal and ovicidal activities. All the results were well comparable with benzoyl benzoate (25% w/v). These results showed the prospect of using P. pinnata leave extracts against P. humanus capitis in difficult situations of emergence of resistance to synthetic anti-lice agents.     

Profiling the Lipophilic Fractions of Pithecellobium dulce Bark and Leaves Using GC/MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant,Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

Pithecellobium dulce has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments owing to its restorative properties. The biological activities and chemical profiles of the lipophilic fraction of P. dulce bark and leaves were assessed herein. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and unsaponifiable matter (USM) were prepared and analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 40 compounds were identified in the bark saponifiable fraction, whereas 9 compounds were annotated in the leaves. Palmitic acid methyl ester was the major compound identified accounting for 41.48 % of the bark and 19.03 % of the leaves composition. Besides, linolenic acid methyl ester (22.40 %) and linoleic acid (12.69 %) were annotated in the leaves saponifiable fraction. A total of 63 compounds were detected in the bark USM and 4 compounds were identified in the leaves. Phytol represented the major component in the leaves (52.57 %) followed by lupeol (20.68 %) and lupenone (8.60 %). Meanwhile, n‐dodecane dominated in the bark USM accounting for 24.69 % of the total composition. The leaves and bark lipophilic fractions revealed moderate antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Both extracts showed no antifungal activity. No cytotoxicity was observed for both lipophilic fractions. P. dulce offers a good source of antioxidant compounds that can be introduced to food and pharmaceutical industry.     

Assessment of Phytochemical Analysis,Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of<i> Moringa oleifera</i>

Moringa oleifera is a miracle plant rich in nutrients, antioxidants, and antibiotic properties. Present study was designed to evaluate various biochemical attributes of leaves and flowers of M. oleifera. Plant parts (leaves, flowers) of M. oleifera, collected from different roadsides of Multan district, Punjab, Pakistan, were used as experimental material. Result indicates that alkaloids, saponin, carbohydrates, fats, and protein had a high value in the aqueous extract of both leaves and flowers of M. oleifera. Whereas phenol content was high in methanolic leaves extract and the phenol contents were high in aqueous extract of flowers. The extract yield of M. oleifera leaves and flowers both showed a higher percentage in aqueous extract (57.5%), followed by methanol extract and lowest in ethyl acetate extract. Flavonoids contents were higher in ethyl acetate extract of leaves (33.67%) and aqueous extract of flowers (53.71%). While crude fiber was high in methanolic extract of leaves (12.40%) and in flowers crude fiber was high in ethyl acetate extract (15.86%). The moisture contents were higher in leaves (8.87%) than flowers (7.3%) and similarly, ash percentage in flowers (52.60%) than leaves (41.84%). Ethyl acetate extracts of M. oleifera leaves show antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while methanolic extract of M. oleifera flowers shows antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas sp. Maximum growth inhibits show in all extracts of leaves against Aspergillus flavus, F. oxysporum, and P. glabrum except for the concentrated aqueous extract of leaves. While in flowers maximum growth inhibits all extracts against P. glabrum, A. niger, and A. flavus except the diluted ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemicals present in different parts of moringa have significant edible and commercial potential. Moringa extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, therefore have applications in pharmaceuticals.     

侧柏不同器官水提取物对油松种子萌发和幼苗生长的他感效应

研究了侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）根、枝、叶、果实不同浓度水提取物及枝叶挥发油对油松种子萌发和幼苗生长的他感效应。结果表明：侧柏各器官及挥发油都含有化感物质,均对油松种子萌发及幼苗生长表现出“高抑低促”效应,而且低浓度时的促进作用明显强于高浓度时的抑制作用。与对照相比,在浓度为2 mg·mL^-1时,侧柏根水提取物对油松幼苗根长和鲜重的促进能力最强,其根长和鲜重分别比对照提高了79.78%和376.60%;侧柏叶水提取物对油松幼苗苗高促进能力最强,比对照提高了102.41%;侧柏枝水提取物对油松种子发芽的促进能力最强,发芽率比对照提高了65.63%。而在浓度为30 mg·mL^-1时,除了侧柏根和枝水提取物对油松种子萌发（87.50%）和鲜重（85.11%）表现出明显的抑制作用外,其它提取物对油松幼苗根长和苗高生长的抑制作用均不明显。侧柏枝叶挥发油对油松种子萌发,幼苗生长均表现为促进作用,特别对油松种子萌发具有显著的促进作用,其促进率达70.37%。说明侧柏和油松混交,可能有利于油松树木生长及生产力的提高。     

Determination of the light pathlength elongation in leaves by measuring P700 quantitatively

P700 absorption change signals were measured at 800 nm for plant leaves and plant leaf extracts by illuminating with far-red light. The ratio of the signal amplitudes for the two sample types shows the degree of optical signal intensification. The intensification is due to optical path-length elongation, itself caused by scattering. The intensification was found to be between 6 and 15 for different leaves. For spinach leaves, the intensification varied less than 10% among samples. By replacing the air in the spongy layer of a leaf with an isotonic solution it was shown that nearly half of the intensification is due to the scattering at air-tissue interfaces. The comparison of the P700 signals of a leaf with its extract would seem to be a new technique for determining the optical scattering effects of leaves.     

The toxicity and biological effect of Pedalium murex L. extracts on the tobacco cutworm,Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) larvae

Petroleum ether, acetone, water and aqueous extract of Pedalium murex L. (Pedalaceae) leaves, root and fruit were tested against fourth instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) under laboratory conditions using leaf dip method. Larval mortality; larval, pupal and adult periods; pupal weight, pupation and adult emergence; larval and pupal deformities of S. litura were recorded. All the tested solvent extracts of P. murex were effective against S. litura life stages by causing mortality in a dose dependent manner. However, the efficacy was more significant with respect to acetone (leaf and root) and petroleum ether (root) at higher concentrations (0.8%) which leads to 100% larval mortality. The water and aqueous extracts of root caused 86.6 and 88.0% larval mortality respectively at 4% concentration. Among the plant parts tested, root had more importance followed by leaf and fruit. Plant extracts extended the larval, pupal and adult periods; reduced the pupal weight, pupal and adult emergence and caused larval–pupal deformities. Total life time was highly prolonged in acetone extracts of P. murex root. Though all the extracts were found to have insecticide activity, acetone and petroleum ether extracts of P. murex root can be used as an effective alternative to modern synthetic insecticides. Bioactive principles from these extracts can be isolated, identified and integrated in S. litura management.     

Interaction of folk medicinal plant extracts with human alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes

Forty-two extracts of folk medicinal plant organs from Pakistan were tested in competition binding assays for their interaction with the specific ligand recognition sites on the human alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes alpha2A, alpha2B and alpha2C Strong binding of the extracts (40 mg/ml) from Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile leaves (88-98% displacement of radiolabel) and Peganum harmala seeds (89-96% displacement) on three subtypes prompted us to extract these plant materials with 40% and 80% methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The extraction results indicated an absence of alpha2-adrenoceptor binding activity in the stalk of A. nilotica and A. tortils, whereas the leaves of both plants contained activity. The extracts of A. nilotica leaves showed a slight, but consistent, preference for the alpha2C-adrenoceptor, whereas the leaves of A. tortils were slightly more active on the alpha2B subtype. The extract of P. harmala stalks was less active than that of its seeds. The binding activities of A. nilotica leaves and P. harmala seeds were mainly concentrated in the water and 30% methanol fractions and further sub-fractions. In a functional activity assay, the active fractions inhibited epinephrine-stimulated 35S-GTPyS binding, thus indicating a predominantly antagonistic nature of the compounds with alpha2-adrenoceptor affinity in these fractions. Among the known major alkaloids of P. harmala (demissidine, harmaline, harmine, 6-methoxyharmalan, and norharmane), only 6-methoxyharmalan showed moderate affinity (dissociation constant (Ki) of 530 +/- 40 nm for alpha2A subtype). This study is a first systematic attempt towards the discovery of potential drug candidates from these plant materials for treating alpha2-adrenoceptor related diseases.     

Immunomodulating properties of Argentine plants with ethnomedicinal use

Five Argentine medicinal plants selected according to folk traditional or ethnomedical use, references and primary pharmacological screening; were chosen to elucidate their immunomodulating properties. Dichloromethane, methanolic and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of Achyrocline flaccida (A. flaccida), Eupatorium arnottianum (E. arnottianum) and Eupatorioum buniifolium (E. buniifolium), leaves of Lithraea molleoides (L. molleoides) and leaves and stems of Phyllanthus sellowianus (P. sellowianus) were analyzed to disclose their effects on murine normal and tumor cell growth as well as on complement hemolytic activity. Modulation of cell growth was evaluated by tritiated thymidine incorporation while inhibition of complement activity was measured on both classical and alternative complement pathways (CP and AP respectively). The results obtained show that most of the extracts exerted inhibitory effect on tumor as well as on mitogen activated normal spleen cell growth. On tumor cells, IC50 ranged between 1-75 microg/ml for most of the extracts with the exception of dichloromethane of L. molleoides and P. sellowianus which required concentrations higher than 100 microg/ml to produce the effect. On mitogenic activated splenocytes, IC50 ranged between < 1 to 85 microg/ml with the exception of methanolic extract of E. buniifolium or P. sellowianus which were not effective on ConA or LPS stimulated splenocytes respectively. Only E. buniifolium was active on murine normal splenocytes proliferation (IC50 0.5-1.5 microg/ml). Finally, one (7%) of 15 extracts showed inhibition of complement activity on CP and 6 extracts (40%) presented moderate activity on CP. The dichloromethane extract of E. arnottianum was the most active (IC50 5 microg/ml), although remarkable effect was also obtained with dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of P. sellowianus (IC50 11.2 and 17.3 microg/ml respectively). Besides, 2 extracts (13%), dichloromethane extract of E. arnottianum and aqueous extract of P. sellowianus, showed moderate inhibition on AP.