ATP生物发光测定试剂研究进展

萤火虫荧光素酶是ATP生物发光试剂的关键组成部分,可通过萤火虫尾提取纯化或基因工程技术制备,酶的活力和纯度决定了ATP生物发光试剂的性能。迄今许多先进技术在ATP生物发光试剂的制备中均有应用,包括酶基因工程改造技术、ATP循环的酶法放大技术、荧光素酶蛋白的活力及发光稳定技术,特异的细胞ATP提取技术等。ATP生物发光试剂的研究焦点主要集中在提高发光试剂的检测灵敏度和性能、增加产品的适应性等方面。     

利用ATP扩增反应与生物发光法结合检测微量微生物

摘要:【目的】腺苷酸激酶（adenylate kinase, ADK）和多聚磷酸盐激酶（polyphosphate kinase, PPK）偶联催化的ATP扩增反应结合生物发光检测法能够对微量微生物进行检测。但是PPK当中结合的内源性的ADP会产生背景干扰,影响测定。本文旨在融合表达ADK和PPK,并建立一种方便有效的内源性ADP的去除方法,降低背景,使之与传统生物发光法结合,实现高灵敏生物发光法检测微量ATP及微生物。【方法】PCR扩增得到PPK、ADK基因,插入表达载体pET28a (+)中构建重组表达质粒pET28a (+)-PPKADK,表达PPK-ADK融合蛋白。利用表面包裹聚胺醇（Polyurethane）的磁珠（magnetic beads）,通过化学反应将腺苷酸双磷酸酶（apyrase）固定于磁珠表面,制备固相腺苷酸双磷酸酶（Beads-apyrase）,用于除去与融合蛋白结合的内源性ADP,降低ATP扩增反应的背景,从而使之与生物发光反应相结合,测定微量外源ATP及细菌菌落数。【结果】表达的融合蛋白具有PPK和ADK的活性,利用Beads-apyrase可以方便而有效的去除内源性ADP,显著地降低反应背景,从而实现了利用ATP扩增反应与传统生物发光反应结合,测定了小于1 fmol的外源微量ATP,使生物发光法检测ATP及微生物的灵敏度提高至少100倍。【结论】利用Beads-apyrase能够方便、有效地降低PPK-ADK中的ADP背景,从而使PPK-ADK催化的ATP扩增反应能够与传统生物发光法相结合,极大地提高了生物发光法的灵敏度。     

一种利用Profile-1生物发光仪快速测定土壤中微生物量的改良方法

开发了一种利用Profile-1生物发光仪测定土壤中微生物量的改良方法,并以此方法分别测定了标准大肠杆菌茵液以及3种不同类型的土壤(九段沙湿地土壤,崇明东滩大田土壤和崇明实验地改良土壤)的微生物量,并将结果与Profile-1生物发光仪自带的标准分析方法以及传统的菌落计数法进行比较。结果显示,改良的ATP提取方法(BAB改良分析法)和Profile-1生物发光仪自带的标准分析方法都可用于液体样品中微生物量的测定,其灵敏度和准确度无显著差异(P0.05)。但在测定土壤样品时,菌落计数法测定结果大约占BAB改良分析法测定结果的1%～5%,占Profile-1生物发光仪自带的标准分析方法的测定结果的22%～99%。这表明在分析土壤样品时,BAB改良分析法较Profile-1生物发光仪自带的标准分析方法的ATP提取效率更高,可显著提高仪器检测土壤样品的灵敏度和可靠性,因此可有效应用于各类土壤的微生物量的监测,为土壤环境监控提供微生物量的可靠数据。     

三氯乙酸(TCA)提取法与微波提取法检测活性污泥中三磷酸腺苷(ATP)

【目的】针对活性污泥法中的重要参数ATP进行研究分析,通过在不同条件下检测污泥的活性,得出以ATP为指标的污泥活性状态,为准确判定活性污泥的活性提供依据。【方法】分别运用三氯乙酸(TCA)提取法及微波提取法检测活性污泥中的ATP,并对检测ATP的影响因素(TCA浓度、冰浴时间、p H、微波频率及时间等)进行探讨与优化。【结果】运用TCA提取法检测ATP时,在1.0%-7.0%的TCA体积百分数内,活性污泥中TCA最佳体积百分数为2.5%;在2-60 min的冰浴时间内,最佳冰浴时间为10 min;三羟甲基丙烷-乙二胺四乙酸(Tris-EDTA)缓冲液的最佳p H 7.5;运用微波提取法检测ATP适宜的微波辐射条件为:功率800 W,辐射时间15 s。【结论】TCA提取法和微波提取法均可以检测活性污泥中的ATP,但与微波提取法相比,TCA提取法更能保证从细胞内释放出来的ATP的完整性,因此TCA提取法更适合用于检测活性污泥中的ATP。     

ATP生物发光法检测喷气燃料中真菌的污染程度

目的:以ATP生物发光法为基础,建立一套可以快速检测喷气燃料中真菌污染程度的方法。方法:筛选喷气燃料中的枝孢霉菌、曲霉菌及青霉菌这3种主要污染真菌的ATP释放条件,比较3种ATP荧光素-萤光素酶体系的标准荧光曲线,考察ATP生物发光法与传统平板计数法计量主要污染真菌数量的相关性。结果:以表面活性剂苯扎氯铵(BAC)作为裂解液提取ATP效果最佳,最佳作用浓度与作用时间分别为0.15%和30 s,筛选得到的荧光素-萤光素酶反应体系有良好的荧光效率,其检测限可达10~(-15)mol ATP,用ATP生物发光法与传统平板计数法计量主要污染真菌的数量,两者相关系数均在0.96以上,具有良好的相关性。结论:ATP生物发光法可以用于检测喷气燃料中真菌污染程度,且能将检测时间缩短至10 min内,适用于现场快速检测,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于重组溶葡球菌酶和ATP生物发光技术特异定量检测金黄色葡萄球菌

基于重组溶葡球菌酶和ATP生物发光法建立特异定量检测金黄色葡萄球菌的方法。优化设计合成溶葡球菌酶序列,构建重组表达载体pQE30-Lys,转化至大肠杆菌M15并诱导表达,镍柱纯化得到目的蛋白。利用重组溶葡球菌酶和ATP生物发光法特异定量检测金黄色葡萄球菌并与平板计数对比。成功表达了重组溶葡球菌酶,并建立了特异定量检测金黄色葡萄球菌的方法,与平板计数具有显著线性关系。本研究建立的将重组溶葡球菌酶和ATP生物发光法相结合的检测方法操作快捷简单,具有良好的应用前景。     

微生物细胞ATP释放条件研究*

在ATP生物发光法微生物细胞ATP释放剂的筛选研究中,发现采用环糊精等环状化合物可以解除表面活性剂类细胞ATP释放剂对发光反应系统的抑制作用,其中,7·5g/L环糊精CD(a)能中和1·5g/L的表面活性剂Ec和Es、Et,可以完全排除Ec、Es、Et对发光反应的抑制作用。通过比较各种细胞ATP释放剂释放ATP效果,筛选、组合出以表面活性剂Ec为代表的微生物细胞ATP释放剂;通过优化实验,发现用0·25~0·50g/L的Ec处理菌液1~2min时,细胞ATP的释放效果最好,从而建立了室温条件下简便、快速的     

微生物细胞ATP释放条件研究

在ATP生物发光法微生物细胞ATP释放剂的筛选研究中,发现采用环糊精等环状化合物可以解除表面活性剂类细胞ATP释放剂对发光反应系统的抑制作用,其中,7．5g／L环糊精CD（a）能中和1．5g／L的表面活性剂Ec和Es、Et,可以完全排除Ec、Es、Et对发光反应的抑制作用。通过比较各种细胞ATP释放剂释放ATP效果,筛选、组合出以表面活性剂Ec为代表的微生物细胞ATP释放剂;通过优化实验,发现用0．25～0．50g／L的Ec处理菌液1～2min时,细胞ATP的释放效果最好,从而建立了室温条件下简便、快速的微生物细胞ATP释放方法和ATP释放剂对发光反应系统抑制的消除方法。     

基于ATP的微菌含量样品快速检测方法的研究

本实验分别采用ATP生物发光法和营养琼脂平板培养法对血透用水中微量细菌总数进行检测,针对ATP检测方法在微菌含量样品检测中的应用限制,设计并实现了新的集菌方式和进样方式。首先将被测样品中的微量细菌浓缩到集菌膜上,再原位使其充分裂解,然后取微量液体进行测试,这样解决了现有ATP生物发光监测仪微量进样测试要求的弊端。通过这种改进,成功实现了利用ATP发光法快速检测微量浓度菌液。利用该检测装置和测试方法,我们尝试了检测0-100CFU/mL的被测样品,并用平板培养法进行定标,实验结果表明:在2—100CFU/mL被测范围内,其线性度和灵敏度较好,相关系数达到0.99887。这就为微菌含量样品快检领域提供了新的可尝试的实验方法和机遇。     

三磷酸腺苷发光法快速检测结核分枝杆菌药敏技术的研究

目的 建立一种利用三磷酸腺苷( ATP) 与荧光素酶反应测定结核分枝杆菌( 简称结核杆菌) 释放的ATP 来判断结核杆菌药敏的技术。方法 ATP 生物发光法( 简称ATP 法) 通过裂解液体培养基中的结核杆菌, 释放活菌中的ATP, 加入荧光素酶使之发光以检测结核杆菌的活性。共采用H37Rv 标准株和10 株临床分离菌株, 用ATP 法与BACTEC 3D 法同步平行进行利福平药敏检测, 连续7 d 检测结核杆菌释放的ATP, 观察其生长曲线, 并以此判断对药物的敏感性。结果 在生长5 ～7 d的培养基中ATP法可以检测到敏感菌释放的ATP, 并且显著高于耐药菌所释放的ATP, 通过与BACTEC 3D 法相比确定其判断药敏的临界值, 检测结果与L-J 法及同步平行的BACTEC 3D 法对照组符合率达100% 。结论 ATP法可用于结核杆菌对抗结核药物敏感性的检测, 且因其价格较低, 无放射性元素的存在, 作为一种新型的结核杆菌药敏检测技术具有巨大的临床应用潜力。     

Disposable bioluminescence-based biosensor for detection of bacterial count in food

A biosensor for rapid detection of bacterial count based on adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence has been developed. The biosensor is composed of a key sensitive element and a photomultiplier tube used as a detector element. The disposable sensitive element consists of a sampler, a cartridge where intracellular ATP is chemically extracted from bacteria, and a microtube where the extracted ATP reacts with the luciferin–luciferase reagent to produce bioluminescence. The bioluminescence signal is transformed into relevant electrical signal by the detector and further measured with a homemade luminometer. Parameters affecting the amount of the extracted ATP, including the types of ATP extractants, the concentrations of ATP extractant, and the relevant neutralizing reagent, were optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the biosensor showed a linear response to standard bacteria in a concentration range from 10³ to 10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter with a correlation coefficient of 0.925 (n = 22) within 5 min. Moreover, the bacterial count of real food samples obtained by the biosensor correlated well with those by the conventional plate count method. The proposed biosensor, with characteristics of low cost, easy operation, and fast response, provides potential application to rapid evaluation of bacterial contamination in the food industry, environment monitoring, and other fields.     

Enhanced firefly bioluminescence assay of ATP in the presence of ATP extractants by using diethylaminoethyl-dextran

A highly sensitive ATP bioluminescence assay with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-Dx) in the presence of ATP extractants such as trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and Triton X-100 is described. These ATP extractants inhibited the activity of firefly luciferase, resulting in a remarkable decrease in the intensity of light emission. However, DEAE-Dx enhanced the intensity of light emission as long as firefly luciferase was active in the presence of the ATP extractants. When DEAE-Dx was used for the assay, the detection limits for ATP in the presence of TCA and Triton X-100 were 0.3 and 0.5 pM, respectively, in aqueous ATP standard solution. The detection limit in the presence of DEAE-Dx was improved 13- to 20-fold compared to that in the absence of DEAE-Dx. The method was applied to the determination of ATP in Escherichia coli extracts. When a 5% solution of TCA was used for the extraction of ATP from E. coli cells, the detection limit corresponded to 250 cells ml(-1) of E. coli.     

ATP bioluminescence rapid detection of total viable count in soy sauce

The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence rapid determination method may be useful for enumerating the total viable count (TVC) in soy sauce, as it has been previously used in food and beverages for sanitation with good precision. However, many factors interfere with the correlation between total aerobic plate counts and ATP bioluminescence. This study investigated these interfering factors, including ingredients of soy sauce and bacteria at different physiological stages. Using the ATP bioluminescence method, TVC was obtained within 4 h, compared to 48 h required for the conventional aerobic plate count (APC) method. Our results also indicated a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.90) between total aerobic plate counts and ATP bioluminescence after filtration and resuscitation with special medium. The limit of quantification of the novel detection method is 100 CFU/mL; there is a good linear correlation between the bioluminescence intensity and TVC in soy sauce in the range 1 × 10²–3 × 10⁴ CFU/mL and even wider. The method employed a luminescence recorder (Tristar LB‐941) and 96‐well plates and could analyse 50–100 samples simultaneously at low cost. In this study, we evaluated and eliminated the interfering factors and made the ATP bioluminescence rapid method available for enumerating TVC in soy sauce. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物发光及化学发光在生物医学领域中应用的进展

生物发光和化学发光在生物医学领域内的应用主要包括细胞学检测,分子生物学、卫生学检测,生物传感器、脂质过氧化检测和药物筛选等六个方面,其中细胞学检测主要是利用细胞内ＡＴＰ导致的虫荧光素酶发光进行活细胞计数,目前已实现快速、动态、单细胞分析;同时发现了一些新的与生物或化学发光有关的细胞学指标。分子生物学领域内的应用主要为报告基因和分子杂交,近年来又有人推出了生物发光实时ＤＮＡ测序技术。卫生学检测则主要     

不同方法检测鸡蛋表面菌落总数的相关性研究

研究了ATP生物荧光检测法与国标法《GB4789.2-2010食品卫生微生物学检验菌落总数测定》检测鸡蛋壳表面细菌总数的相关性。采用ATP生物荧光检测法和国标法对40个混合样品表面细菌总数进行检测,以log CFU/个蛋壳为横坐标(x),以logRLU/个蛋壳为纵坐标(y),分别进行线性、对数、乘幂、指数拟合。结果表明,ATP荧光检测法与国标法检测结果 Pearson相关系数为0.912,线性模型y=0.7306x-1.0041(R2=0.8322)拟合度较高。该试验结果为ATP荧光检测法在鸡蛋壳表面细菌总数快速检测中应用的可行性提供了依据。     

Enumeration of bacterial cell numbers by amplified firefly bioluminescence without cultivation

We recently developed a novel bioluminescent enzymatic cycling assay for ATP and AMP with the concomitant use of firefly luciferase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), where AMP and pyrophosphate produced from ATP by firefly luciferase were converted back into ATP by PPDK. Background luminescence derived from contaminating ATP and AMP in the reagent was reduced using adenosine phosphate deaminase which degrades ATP, ADP, and AMP, resulting in constant and highly amplified bioluminescence with low background luminescence. To detect bacterial cells without cultivation, we applied the above bioluminescent enzymatic cycling reagent to rapid microbe detection system. ATP spots (0.31-5.0 amol/spot) at the level of a single bacterial cell were detected with 5 min signal integration, signifying that integrated luminescence was amplified 43 times in comparison to traditional ATP bioluminescence. Consequently, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Lactobacillus brevis in beer were detected without cultivation. Significant correlation was observed between the number of signal spots obtained using this novel system and the colony-forming units observed with the conventional colony-counting method (R(2)=0.973).     

Determination of sterilization effectiveness by measuring bacterial growth in a biological indicator through firefly luciferase determination of ATP

A bioluminescence procedure for measurement of microbial ATP allows a rapid determination of the effectiveness of autoclave sterilization. This determination is achieved faster than detection of acid production in a biological indicator via a pH indicator. Bacterial outgrowth from spores on test strips of the biological indicator was detected by measurement of ATP using the firefly luciferase reaction. A measureable increase in ATP was found after 5 hours of incubation of a biological indicator that had been treated under sterilizing conditions that produced 75% sterility of the biological indicator as measured by acid production. This is a marked improvement over the 24-48 hours of incubation currently required.     

A review of bioluminescent ATP techniques in rapid microbiology

Use of firefly luciferase to assay adenosine triphosphate (ATP) extracted from microorganisms provides an easy means to enumerate microbes within minutes. The small amount of light produced is proportional to ATP and thus microbial number. The average bacterium contains around 10^?15 g ATP per cell. Present reagents permit detection of 10³ cells per tube. Luminometers currently on the market detect about 10^?12 g ATP. Proper extraction of ATP from the microbes is an essential part of any protocol, as is the removal of non-microbial ATP from, for example, somatic cells also present in samples. The technique may be applied to a wide range of samples, for example food and beverages and clinical samples such as urine. The ATP assay gives a global measure of microbial numbers, i.e. it is not species specific unless a species separation step is included in the protocol.     

Caged ATP - an internal calibration method for ATP bioluminescence assays

ATP bioluminescence, based on the firefly luciferase system, is used for the rapid determination of hygienic practices in the food industry. This study has demonstrated the use of caged ATP as an internal ATP standard and quantified the effects of industrial cleansing solutions, alcoholic beverages and pH on firefly luciferase activity. The light signal was quenched 6-47% by five cleansing solutions at standard working concentrations. Ethanol at 1% (v/v) inhibited bioluminescence by 15% (w/v) whereas concentrations above 4% enhanced the light output. The light signal was quenched by 20-25% at pH values below pH 4 and above pH 10.