河北小五台山青杨种群中雌雄群体的空间分布及其成因

为揭示雌雄异株植物种群的空间分异现象的内在原因, 以河北小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 采用平均最近邻指数、核密度、方差分析等方法分析了青杨雌雄群体的聚集程度、群体密度和分布格局以及其与到河岸的距离(河距)、海拔和土壤理化性质间的内在关系。结果显示: 1)青杨种群总体上沿金河沟呈狭长带状集聚分布, 中海拔区域个体数量最多, 密度最大; 2)随海拔增加, 雌雄个体数与密度均表现“先增后减”的特点, 而平均胸径的变化正好相反; 3)海拔对性比具有显著影响: 低海拔区域(1 300-1 400 m)偏雌, 中低海拔区域(1 400-1 500 m)偏雄, 其他海拔段的性比接近1:1; 4)随河距增加, 雌雄个体数、密度和平均胸径均表现出逐渐减少或减小的特点, 并且雌株优势分布区内的土壤有机质和全氮含量显著高于雄株优势分布区; 5)局部区域由于海拔和河距改变了土壤理化性质和生长环境, 导致了该区域内的性比发生偏倚。上述结果表明, 青杨雌雄群体的空间分布、动态变化以及性比受海拔、河距以及所在区域的土壤理化性质的综合影响, 雌雄植株在资源需求和环境适应力方面存在的差异会导致局部区域内的性比发生偏倚。     

Gender-specific characteristics of tree-ring growth and differential responses to climate change in the dioecious tree Populus cathayana in Xiaowutai Mountains,China

近年来逆境导致植物雌雄幼苗的生长出现差异被许多控制实验所证实, 而有关气候变化对雌雄异株植物成树生长的潜在影响尚未引起人们广泛的关注。为进一步揭示气候变化对雌雄植株树木径向和密度生长的不同影响, 该文通过树轮生态学的研究方法, 选择小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 对青杨雌雄植株近30年(1982-2011)的树轮生长特性及其与气候的相关性进行了分析。结果显示: 1)在近30年当地气温不断升高的气候条件下, 雌株的年轮最大密度和晚材平均密度均高于雄株(p < 0.05), 但雌雄植株的径向生长无显著差异; 2)雌雄植株年轮最大密度和宽度差值年表的变化趋势具有一致性, 但在年轮最大密度差值年表的变化上雄株波动幅度大于雌株; 3)青杨雌雄植株年轮密度差值年表对温度响应的月份明显不同。雌株年轮最大密度与当年8月的月平均最高气温显著正相关, 而雄株年轮最大密度与当年1月和4月的气温负相关; 4)生长季前的气候变化对青杨雌雄植株的径向生长均有明显的限制作用。此外, 当年6月的高温对于早材生长的限制作用特别明显。上述结果表明, 雌雄异株植物在树木年轮生长方面对全球气候变暖可能具有不同的响应机制, 雌株比雄株更侧重于密度生长。     

Chemical composition of volatiles from the syconia of Ficus microcarpa and host recognition behavior of pollinating fig wasps

Aims Chemical communication plays a key role in host plant recognition of pollinators. There are two recognized types of chemical communication between syconia and their pollinating fig wasps: one is “generalization”, of which the wasps respond to the relative ratio of multiple compounds, and the other is “specialization”, of which the key signal is a single uncommon, possibly unique, compound. The aims of this study were to identify the chemical composition of volatiles from the syconia of Ficus microcarpa at different developmental phases, and to determine if the signaling between F. microcarpa and its pollinating fig wasp, Eupristina verticillata, is of generalized type, or of specialized type.Methods The volatiles from syconia of F. microcarpa were extracted using solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) at different developmental phases (pre-female, female (before and after pollination), interfloral, male and postfloral phases) and the chemical compounds were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We then tested the behavioral responses of E. verticillata to fresh syconia at different developmental phases using two-choice olfactometers.Important findings There were 21 volatile compounds identified from the syconia at different developmental phases, which were mainly fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids and aromatic compounds. The components of the volatiles apparently differed among the developmental stages. The contents of terpenoids declined, but the contents of fatty acid derivatives increased, from before the pollination to after the pollination. Especially, the characteristic compounds of 2-heptanone and 3-octanone before the pollination disappeared, D-limonene decreased after the pollination, but copanene, cyclohexane and 2-hexenal increased. The results of the two-choice olfactometer experiment showed that the pollinating fig wasps had higher selection ratio to chemicals found in the female phase syconia than those in other phases; whereas the volatile compounds from the male phase syconia had the function pushing the pollinating fig wasps to leave the natal syconia so that there existed the “push-pull” responses by fig wasps to volatiles released by their host syconia. We conclude that there are multiple chemical compounds playing the roles in host recognition of pollinating fig wasp E. verticillata. The mutualistic relationship between F. microcarpa and E. verticillata is maintained by the chemical communication of “generalization” strategy.     

丛枝菌根真菌对不同性别组合模式下青杨雌雄植株根系生长的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对雌雄异株植物根系生长, 尤其是对邻近生长的不同雌雄个体的影响还鲜有研究。该研究以泥土:河沙:蛭石体积比为1:1:1的混合物为培养基质, 分别在雄-雄、雌-雌和雄-雌3种组合栽培模式下对青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗进行接种和不接种摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)处理, 通过比较接种AMF与否雌雄植株根系在侵染率、生物量、形态、碳、氮含量等方面的差异来分析AMF对青杨雌雄幼苗根系生长发育的影响。结果发现: 与对照组相比, 接种AMF对3种栽培模式下青杨雌雄植株的侵染率、根干质量、根系形态(除分枝强度、比表面积)和碳、氮含量影响显著。此外, 不同性别组合模式对青杨雌雄植株的根干质量、根系形态和碳、氮含量影响显著。接种AMF后, 与雌-雌合栽模式下的雌株相比, 雄-雌合栽模式下雌株的根干质量、氮含量都有不同程度的提高, 根系形态发生改变; 而与雄-雄合栽模式下的雄株相比, 雄-雌合栽模式下雄株的相应指标出现降低或轻微增加。该研究表明AMF对不同性别组合模式下青杨植株根系生长具有显著促进作用, 尤其是雄-雌合栽模式下AMF接种最有利于雌株根系的生长发育。     

Community characteristics and population structure of Ferrocalamus strictus,a rare species in Mojiang,Yunnan, China

铁竹(Ferrocalamus strictus)分布在云南南部局部区域, 其数量少, 分布范围狭窄, 为云南省极小种群物种。对铁竹野生种群结构及其所在群落特征进行研究可以为了解其濒危机制提供科学依据, 也可为其保护提供前期研究基础。该研究通过对墨江铁竹野生资源的调查, 从物种组成、种群密度、种群存活曲线和死亡因素等方面, 分析铁竹的种群结构及其所在群落特征。结果表明: (1)墨江铁竹种群所在群落的外貌、物种组成均具有山地雨林的特征; (2)墨江铁竹种群密度为2.04株·m ^-2; 铁竹种群的存活曲线介于Deevey-I型和Deevey-II型之间; 铁竹种群的净增殖率(R₀)为1.10, 表明铁竹种群处于增长阶段; (3)导致铁竹死亡的原因有人为砍伐、自然枯立、退笋及昆虫啃食, 其中人为砍伐所占比例最大; (4)铁竹为南亚热带森林竹种, 属中型竹类, 节间长度从基部3-4节起突然伸长, 最长超过1 m, 在竹类植物中居于前列, 这与其适应热带山地雨林环境密切相关。     

Association of cone and seed traits of Pinus yunnanensis var. tenuifolia with geo-meteorological factors

细叶云南松(Pinus yunnanensis var. tenuifolia)是分布于滇、黔、桂交界处的一个云南松变种, 其自然生境独特, 属典型的干热河谷气候, 具有重要的生态、经济价值。该研究以分布于南盘江-红水河流域沿线的8个细叶云南松天然种群为材料, 采用描述性统计及巢式方差分析比较种群间及种群内种实性状差异, 运用Pearson相关及典型相关分析探究种实性状与地理气象因子间的相关性, 最后对种群进行主成分聚类和Mantel检验, 揭示其种实性状地理变异模式。结果显示: 细叶云南松11个种实性状在种群间和种群内都存在极显著差异(p < 0.001), 变异丰富。种实性状以种群内变异为主(平均表型分化系数V_ST = 18.65%), 球果性状种群间分化(24.22%-39.88%)高于种子及种翅性状(4.14%-13.80%), 表明球果性状受到更强的环境选择。尽管部分相关系数未达显著水平, 但整体上种实性状与经纬度、年平均气温呈正相关关系, 与相对湿度、年降水量呈负相关关系, 表明细叶云南松种实性状受到地理隔离、湿度和温度的协同选择作用, 使其能较好适应干热环境。主成分聚类将参试种群划分为3类, 位于东部的罗甸伍家坟(WJ)、罗甸大亭(DT)种群聚为一类, 其种实形态较大, 位于西南部的兴义坝汪(BW)种群单独一类, 其种实形态较小, 其他种群聚为一类, 种实形态介于前两类之间。总体上, 种实性状值有自西向东递增的趋势。Mantel检验表明, 参试种群存在明显的空间结构, 主要体现为渐变群模式。     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of Myrica nana in Yunnan,China

Aims Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) play important roles in plant growth and physiological functions. We aimed at exploring the intrinsic relationships of C, N and P in Myrica nana—a common shrub in Yunnan Province—as well as their relationships with pant biomass and soil nutrients.
Methods We measured the concentration of C, N and P of M. nana from 29 sites for their magnitudes and correlations with soil nutrients.
Important findings 1) The arithmetic mean value of C, N and P concentration in the roots, stems and leaves of M. nana was 45.94%, 0.54%, 0.03%, and 46.32%, 0.58%, 0.03%, and 49.05%, 1.70%, 0.06%, respectively. C, N and P concentrations in the leaves were significantly higher than those in the roots and the stems. The C:N:P in roots, stems and leaves was 1531:18:1, 1544:19:1, and 818:10:1, respectively. 2) The C concentration and N:P in leaves of M. nana decreased with the increase of biomass of M. nana; the leaf C concentration was significantly correlated with biomass (p < 0.01), while the correlation between N:P and biomass was not significant (p > 0.05). The leaf N increased with the increase of plant biomass, the P was significantly correlated with biomass (p < 0.05), but the correlation between N concentration and biomass was not significant (p > 0.05). N:P in leaves was 34.2, suggesting that plant growth was limited by P. 3) C, N and P concentration in the roots were significantly correlated with soil P (p < 0.05), with N, P concentrations correlated with soil P positively (p < 0.01) and C negatively (p < 0.05). C concentration in the stems was significantly and negatively correlated with soil C, N, with significant correlation with C, N, and P concentration (p < 0.01). P concentration in the stems was significantly and positively correlated with soil P concentration (p < 0.01), while leaf P significantly and positively correlated with soil C, N and P (p < 0.01); leaf C concentration was significantly and negatively correlated with soil P (p < 0.01).     

鄂西南亚高山湿地泥炭藓的生长与分解

泥炭藓(Sphagnum)是湿地土壤碳的重要来源, 在土壤碳累积过程中发挥着关键作用, 但有关亚热带湿地泥炭藓生长与分解的研究鲜有报道。该研究选择鄂西南亚高山泥炭藓湿地为研究区域, 原位开展不同微生境泥炭藓的生长及其凋落物的分解实验, 室内测试凋落物的化学成分, 探讨亚热带亚高山湿地泥炭藓的生长与分解规律。结果表明: 泥炭藓在自然状态生长12个月后, 丘上和丘间两种微生境下泥炭藓的平均高度增长量分别为2.9和2.7 cm, 对应的净生产量分别为270.94和370.88 g·m ^-2, 生长时间与微生境对泥炭藓的高度增长量及净生产量均有显著影响, 且两者之间存在交互作用, 但是两种微生境下泥炭藓的生长变化过程不同; 两种微生境下泥炭藓的平均生长速率(2017年7-10月)为0.33 mm·d ^-1, 其生长速率高于寒温带地区。另外, 分解时间对泥炭藓的分解量有显著影响, 其残留率随时间增加表现为先减少后增加的趋势。12个月后, 丘间、丘上和水坑3种微生境下最终残留率分别为100.67%、90.54%和85.63%。凋落物中碳含量、碳氮比和多酚含量相比初始值均有所下降, 氮含量则为增加。同时, 微生境对凋落物分解的影响取决于分解时间。分解3个月时, 微生境之间凋落物的分解量差异显著, 其他时间段差异不明显。     

Spatial genetic structure of Lycium ruthenicum in the Qaidam Basin

基于cpDNA序列, 研究柴达木野生黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)的遗传多样性、遗传结构和单倍型进化关系, 可为其种群的遗传保护提供理论依据。该研究基于3个筛选的叶绿体多态引物: psbA-trnH、psbK-psbI和trnV, 利用群体遗传分析方法研究柴达木盆地野生黑果枸杞的遗传变异格局: 利用软件DnaSP 6.0和Permut 2.0计算分子多样性指标, 利用分子方差分析研究组间和种群间的遗传变异来源, 利用单倍型网络分析和主坐标分析研究单倍型的聚类关系; 利用最大似然树和贝叶斯系统树分析单倍型的谱系进化关系。结果显示: 叶绿体序列psbA-trnH、psbK-psbI和trnV拼接后的总长度为1 454 bp, 鉴别出14个核苷酸变异位点, 共定义了7个单倍型。种群间总的遗传多样(h_T)和种群内遗传多样性(h_S)分别为0.916和0.512。AMOVA分析结果表明, 80%以上的遗传变异来源于组间和种群间。叶绿体单倍型的贝叶斯系统树和最大似然树均表明柴达木盆地黑果枸杞种群聚为2支: 德令哈和格尔木为一支, 诺木洪为另一支。单倍型网络和主坐标分析结果揭示的拓扑结构和聚类关系与系统树一致。Mantel检验结果表明柴达木黑果枸杞种群间的遗传距离与地理距离存在显著的弱相关关系(r = 0.591 1, p = 0.000 9)。柴达木盆地黑果枸杞种群具有较高的遗传多样性, 种群间遗传分化显著。从遗传多样性保护的角度而言, 具有较高遗传多样性的诺木洪林业站和格尔木新乐村种群可划分为保护管理单元。     

Phenotypic variations in seed and fruit traits of Liquidambar formosana populations

为了明确我国枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)种子与果实表型变异程度和变异规律, 采用方差分析、相关分析和回归分析等方法对36个天然种群枫香树的10个种子与果实的表型性状在种群间和种群内表型变异和地理变异模式进行探讨。研究结果表明, 枫香树平均表型分化系数为57.55%, 种群间的变异是其表型变异的主要来源; 种子和果实表型性状的变异丰富, 变异幅度为10.05%-24.31%, 平均变异系数为15.83%; 不同种群间变异差别明显, 安福种群平均变异系数最大(16.73%), 建阳种群平均变异系数最小(11.48%)。枫香树多数种子与果实表型性状在地理变化上是随机的, 地理相近种群在表型上没有显著相关性。地理气候因子中1月平均气温、海拔和纬度对种子与果实性状起主要的影响。种子与果实性状与海拔相关分析表明, 枫香树种子长宽比随海拔的升高而减小, 种子长宽比可以推测种群所在的海拔高度。探讨枫香树种群表型多样性, 可为野生优异种质的收集、多目标品种选育等工作提供依据。     

High-level phenotypic variations in populations of Armeniaca sibirica in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Our objectives were to determine the variations in phenotypic traits of Armeniaca sibirica populations and their spatial patterns. Methods We used nested variation, coefficient of variation, multi-comparison, correlation analysis and principal component analysis to analyze the 23 phenotypic traits for 130 individuals in 13 populations of A. sibirica. Important findings The results showed that there were significant differences in phenotypic variations among and within populations. The variation was greater among populations (47.15%) than within population (16.43%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 73.03% among populations, indicating the variance among populations being the main source of the phenotypic variation. The average variation coefficient of 23 traits ranged from 7.01% to 27.23%, with an average of 14.28%. The variation coefficient of nutlet was highest (15.67%), and the variation coefficient of fruit was smallest (12.11%). The phenotypic diversity is highest in Wanjiagou Tumotezuoqi and smallest in Horqin, Right Front Banner Chaersen. Longitude, mean annual precipitation and sunshine duration were significantly correlated with major traits of phenotypic. The 13 populations could be divided into four groups according to the principal component analysis. Leaf traits of Wula Mountain and nutlet traits of Archorchin Banner were significantly correlated with ecological and geographic factors.     

氮磷添加及林分密度对大叶相思林土壤化学性质的影响

大气氮(N)沉降随着人类的活动而日趋严重, 加上中国热带亚热带红壤普遍缺磷(P), 许多森林生态系统由于广泛使用磷肥而产生P富集, 直接影响了森林土壤化学特性。林分密度改变林地的光照、温度、湿度和凋落物持水量, 从而影响土壤特性。为了解外源性N和P添加与林分密度对大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林地土壤化学性质的影响, 为大叶相思人工林的种植密度和土壤养分管理提供科学依据, 该研究于2013到2015年, 以4种不同密度(1 667、2 500、4 444和10 000 trees·hm ^-2)的10年生大叶相思人工林为研究对象, 分别进行添加N、P和N+P处理, 在试验结束时采集0-10 cm土壤, 对其pH、有机质含量、N含量、P含量和钾(K)含量进行了测定分析。结果表明: 施N和N+P均显著降低了土壤的pH和速效K含量, 显著提高了林地土壤的碱解N含量。施N还显著提高了林分土壤的全N含量, 施P显著提高了土壤pH, 降低了林分土壤的全N含量。施P和N+P显著提高了土壤有机质、全P和有效P含量。随着林分密度的增加, 各处理的土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P和速效K含量显著提高。N、P添加处理和密度处理对大叶相思林的土壤pH、有机质和N、P、K含量有显著的交互作用。总体来看, N添加、P添加、林分密度及其交互作用对大叶相思的土壤化学性质有显著影响。     

Leaf phenotypic variation in natural populations of Cerasus dielsiana

为揭示中国特有植物尾叶樱桃(Cerasus dielsiana)在现代核心分布区天然种群的叶表型地理变异规律及其生态适应性特征, 该研究通过多重比较、巢氏方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析(PCA)、主坐标分析(PCoA)、非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析等数理方法, 对来自四川、湖北、湖南、江西、台湾5省8个尾叶樱桃天然种群的11个叶表型性状进行了比较分析, 研究其不同地理单元间叶表型多样性和地理变异规律及对地理气候的响应。结果显示: 1)尾叶樱桃主要叶表型性状变异在种群内和种群间均存在显著差异, 平均变异系数为22.44%, 其中变异系数最大和最小的分别为叶面积(50.83%)与一级侧脉数(7.96%); 平均叶表型性状的分化系数为30.78%, 种群内的变异(51.55%)大于种群间的变异(22.55%)。2) PCA表明对尾叶樱桃叶表型性状变异起主要贡献作用的前三大主成分累计贡献率达到92.400%, 可以综合概括和排序为“大小性状” (73.242%)与“形状性状” (19.158%)。3)叶宽(r = -0.641)、叶面积(r = -0.658)和一级侧脉数(r = 0.659)性状均与经度呈显著负相关或正相关关系, 气温季节变化和最湿季降水量对叶表型性状变异影响较大。4)基于PCoA和UPGMA聚类分析可将8个天然种群划分为4类。尾叶樱桃天然种群叶表型性状变异丰富, 在数量上表现出一定的连续性, “大小性状”是性状间变异的主要来源, 平均表型分化处于中等程度水平, 种群内是叶表型性状变异的主要来源; 各种群间表型分化划分结果与地理位置基本一致, 在地理空间上呈现以经度为主的梯度变异模式, “气候变异性”与“展叶期降水量”是驱动叶表型性状变异的主要气候因子, 推测这是尾叶樱桃在长期进化中与亚热带季风气候环境相适应的结果。     

Phenotypic variations in cones and seeds of natural Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis populations in Yunnan Province,China

以云南省思茅松(Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis)天然分布区的11个种群的16个种实性状为研究对象, 采用巢式方差分析、变异系数、相关分析和非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)等多种分析方法, 探讨思茅松种群间和种群内的表型变异。结果表明: 思茅松种实表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在着较丰富的差异, 种群内的变异(54.76%)大于种群间的变异(10.44%), 种群间平均分化系数为11.95%, 分化程度相对较小。球果总种子数的平均变异系数最高(35.51%), 其次是球果质量(35.1%), 种子大小的平均变异系数最小(8.86%), 成为最稳定的种实性状; 景谷县的表型多样性最丰富, 景洪市则最小。球果和种子大部分表型性状之间存在显著或极显著相关, 其中球果长和球果质量越大, 种鳞长、种子长、种翅长、千粒重、球果总种鳞数和球果总种子数就越大。生态因子中, 年平均气温对表型性状影响最大, 其次是1月平均气温和>5 ℃积温。利用种群间聚类分析可以把思茅松的11个种群分为2类4个亚类, 表型性状依据地理距离进行聚类, 聚类结果与年降水量和>5 ℃积温相关性显著。     

Phenotypic variations in natural populations of Amygdalus pedunculata

Aims Our objectives were to determine the phenotypic variations, adaption and distribution patterns in seven natural Amygdalus pedunculata populations.Methods We analyzed 14 phenotypic traits from 120 individuals in seven populations of A. pedunculata by variance analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis.Important findings Results showed that there were plentiful phenotypic variation within and among populations. In particular, the phenotypic variation within population was 40.91%, higher than that among populations (35.29%), which indicated that the phenotypic variation within population was the main source of the phenotypic variation in A. pedunculata. Mean differentiation coefficient was 45.90%, and mean coefficient of variation of 14 traits was 15.59%, ranged from 9.39% to 31.98%. Mean annual temperature, latitude, length of frost-free period, longitude and altitude appear to be prominent ecological factors influencing phenotypic traits. Mean annual temperature and length of frost-free period were key indicators to phenotypic of A. pedunculata in different site conditions. According to principal component analysis and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) cluster analysis, the seven populations of A. pedunculata could be divided into two groups. In mountainous region, A. pedunculata’s leaf blade was usually rotund to oblong, fruit nearly spherical shape with shorter fruit stem, stone was usually ovoid to spherical shape. In contrast, in sandy region, leaf blade was long oval to ovate-lanceolate, fruit and stone was usually flat ovoid with longer fruit stem. Our results provide critical information for the resource collection and breeding of this ecologically important species.     

Response and correlation of above- and below-ground functional traits of Leymus chinensis to nitrogen and phosphorus additions

AimsLeymus chinensis is a constructive and dominant species in typical steppe of northern China. The structure and functions of L. chinensis grassland ecosystem has been degenerated seriously due to long-term overgrazing in recent decades. As an effective measure to restore the degraded grasslands, the effects of nutrient addition on plant growth and ecosystem structure and functioning have been paid more attention in manipulation experimental research. The effects of nutrient addition, especially P addition on the above- and below-ground functional traits of L. chinensis have rarely been studied; particularly the underpinning mechanisms remain unclear. Our objective is to examine the responses and adaptive mechanisms of L. chinensis to different levels of N and P additions. MethodsWe conducted a culture experiment in the greenhouse, with three levels of N (50, 100 and 250 mg N·kg^-1) and P (5, 10 and 25 mg P·kg^-1) addition treatments. The above- and below-ground biomass, leaf traits (e.g., specific leaf area, leaf N and P contents) and root traits (e.g., specific root length, root N and P contents) of L. chinensis were determined in this study.Important findings Our results showed that: 1) the aboveground biomass and total biomass of L. chinensis were mostly affected by N addition, while the belowground biomass was mainly affected by P addition. N addition greatly enhanced the aboveground biomass of L. chinensis, while P addition reduced the belowground biomass at the moderate and high N levels. The root-shoot ratio of L. chinensis was influenced by both N and P additions, and root-shoot ratio decreased with increasing N and P levels. N and P additions promoted more biomass and N and P allocations to aboveground and leaf biomass. 2) Leymus chinensis showed different responses and adaptive mechanisms to P addition at low and high N levels. At low N level, L. chinensis exhibited high photosynthetic rate and specific root length (SRL) to improve photosynthetic capacity and root N acquisition, which promoted aboveground biomass. High root P content was favorable for belowground biomass. At high N level, P addition did not significantly affect plant growth of L. chinensis, even reduced its belowground biomass. Leymus chinensis showed high specific leaf area (SLA) and SRL to improve light interception and N acquisition in order to maintain stable aboveground biomass. 3) P addition greatly impacted below-ground than above-ground functional traits. SLA exhibited a weakly positive correlation with SRL, indicating L. chinensis exhibited relatively independence of resource acquirement and utilization between leaf and root functional traits.     

Spatial distribution patterns and association of Picea crassifolia population in Dayekou Basin of Qilian Mountains,northwestern China

研究青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局及其关联性, 能揭示其种群的发展规律, 推断其潜在的生态学过程或影响机制, 进而为该种群的配置、种植和森林的经营与管理等提供指导。该研究基于祁连山大野口流域10.2 hm²青海云杉动态监测样地调查资料, 分析了青海云杉群落的物种组成和径级结构, 并采用点格局方法, 通过单变量成对相关函数和双变量成对相关函数对不同年龄阶段青海云杉种群的空间分布格局及其空间关联性进行分析。结果表明: (1)青海云杉种群的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布, 属增长型种群, 种群自然更新状况良好。(2)青海云杉种群4个径级的个体在小尺度上呈聚集分布, 但随着空间尺度的增大, 聚集强度逐渐减弱, 趋向随机分布; 较小径级的个体常呈聚集分布, 而随着径级增大, 也趋向于随机分布。(3)青海云杉大树个体在小尺度(<4 m)范围内与其他径级个体都呈负关联, 随着尺度的增加, 大树与幼树表现出正关联且关联性随尺度的增加而减弱, 而与小树、中树则表现为无关联或者微弱的负关联; 径级相近的个体空间关联性为正关联或无关联, 随着个体径级间差距增大, 空间关联性转变为无关联或负关联。研究表明, 祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群的分布格局及其关联性随空间尺度和发育阶段而变化, 这是由种群自身的生物生态学特性、种内种间关系以及环境条件共同作用的结果。     

华北地区落叶松林的分布、群落结构和物种多样性

华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林、日本落叶松(L. kaempferi)林及太白红杉(L. chinensis)林是华北地区常见的3种落叶松林类型, 其中日本落叶松林为人工林, 华北落叶松林既有天然分布又有人工种植, 太白红杉林则主要是天然林。该研究基于野外调查数据, 对这3种落叶松林的分布、物种组成、群落结构、物种多样性及其与环境间的关系进行了分析。研究发现, 3种落叶松林的分布受年平均气温的影响较大, 随着年平均气温的增加, 落叶松林的天然分布减少而人工种植的分布增加。3种森林中落叶松的林分径级及树高均为右偏分布, 说明3种落叶松林均处于相对稳定的演替阶段。3种落叶松林均拥有较高的物种丰富度且差异显著, 其中太白红杉林的物种丰富度最大(39.3 ± 17.9), 而华北落叶松林的物种丰富度最小(人工林27.2 ± 17.7, 天然林27.5 ± 13.8)。除最大树高与经度的关系不显著以外, 落叶松林的最大胸径和最大树高及物种丰富度均随经纬度的增加而显著降低, 随着年降水量的增加而显著增加。此外, 年平均气温对落叶松林的总物种丰富度影响不大, 但是对其群落结构影响显著。随着年平均气温的升高, 落叶松林的最大胸径显著降低而最大树高却显著增加。落叶松天然林和落叶松人工林物种多样性的地理分布格局及与气候因子间的关系与落叶松林总体的基本一致, 但群落结构的格局不尽相同: 随着经纬度的增加, 落叶松人工林的最大树高增加而天然林的最大树高减小; 落叶松天然林的最大胸径和最大树高分别随年平均气温的升高和年降水量的增加而减小, 而落叶松人工林的最大胸径和最大树高分别随年平均气温的升高和年降水量的增加而增大。     

Difference in spatial distribution patterns and population structures of Rhododendron hainanense between both sides of riparian bends

河岸带是河流与陆地生态系统的交错带, 孕育了丰富的生物多样性。河流的冲刷与地势的作用使得河岸带往往形成弯道, 弯道内外两侧水流速度、泥沙性质与植物繁殖体聚集程度不同, 影响到植物生长与种群动态, 可能导致河岸带弯道凸岸、凹岸两侧植物空间分布格局和种群结构存在较大差异。该研究以中国特有、狭域分布的海南杜鹃(Rhododendron hainanense)为例, 揭示溪流弯道对其两侧海南杜鹃种群空间分布格局与种群动态的影响。在海南岛3个国家级自然保护区内各设置2个河岸弯道样带, 用方差/平均值法对弯道凸岸、凹岸两侧海南杜鹃的空间分布格局和种群动态进行对比研究。结果显示: (1)海南杜鹃弯道凸岸的种群结构呈增长型, 凹岸基本呈衰退型; (2)凸岸一侧上下游的海南杜鹃种群基本呈增长型, 凹岸一侧上下游的海南杜鹃则出现断龄现象; (3)距离弯顶位置或河岸越远, 各龄级海南杜鹃种群个体数量基本呈下降趋势; (4)在2 m × 2 m尺度下, 弯道凸岸及其下游的海南杜鹃主要呈聚集分布, 上游近似随机分布, 凹岸及其上下游则均呈随机分布。海南杜鹃分布的山区河岸带水流较快、坡度较大, 可能是导致弯道凹岸个体较少、种群结构呈衰退型的主要原因。因此, 河岸弯道内外两侧可能存在个体生长与群体差异, 在开展河岸带植物种群动态与物种保育研究中需给予重视。     

不同密度杉木林对林下植被和土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为揭示土壤养分和细菌群落对林下植被调控的响应机制, 调查了浙江开化3种林分密度(高密度(KH)、中密度(KM)和低密度(KL))的17年生杉木人工林林下植被和生物量, 测定土壤理化性质, 并基于16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析细菌群落结构变化。结果表明, 3种密度的杉木林下植被地上部分总生物量为0.10-2.10 t·hm^-2, 且优势植物物种差异显著。理化性质测定分析发现, 高密度与低密度林分的土壤pH、有效磷含量差异显著。相关性分析表明, 土壤pH与林下植被中草本、灌木生物量及总生物量均呈显著正相关关系, 土壤有机质含量与灌木植被生物量及林下植被总生物量呈显著正相关关系, 速效钾含量与灌木植被生物量呈显著正相关关系。土壤微生物群落结构分析可知, 3种密度杉木林地土壤中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门为优势菌群, 总相对丰度占比超过80%。冗余分析(RDA)表明土壤pH、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量是土壤细菌群落结构变化的关键影响因素。酸杆菌门的优势亚群为Gp2、Gp1、Gp3和Gp6, 占酸杆菌群的51.32%-57.38%, 且随林分密度降低, 林下植被增多, Gp1占比增大, Gp2和Gp6占比下降; Gp6相对丰度与pH呈极显著负相关关系。可见, 杉木纯林经营中适度降低林分密度有利于林下植被生长和良好细菌群落结构保持, 有利于维持杉木林地土壤肥力, 实现可持续经营。