细根对降水变化响应的meta分析

细根对土壤水分含量变化十分敏感, 增加和减少降水直接影响土壤水分含量。为探索细根对降水变化的响应, 该文从48篇已发表的国内外研究论文中搜集到202组数据, 通过meta分析的方法揭示细根生物量、生产量、周转率、根长度密度、比根长及细根分解对增加和减少降水的一般响应规律, 用加权响应比评价降水对细根各指标的影响效应, 降水变化对细根分解的影响用土壤微生物生物量碳的响应比衡量。结果表明: 1)不同类型植物的细根对降水变化的响应程度不同, 灌木细根的响应强于乔木。2)细根各指标对降水变化的响应存在土层空间异质性, 并且降水变化量为50%时细根响应最显著。降水增加50%时, 显著增加20-40 cm土层的细根生物量和0-10 cm土层的细根比根长, 降水减少50%时, 显著减少20-40 cm土层的细根生产量和增加0-10 cm土层的细根根长度密度。3)降水变化实验持续时间的长短会影响细根的响应程度, 短期实验中细根通过形态适应对降水变化做出应对, 而长期实验中细根通过重新分配生物量对降水变化做出响应。4)增加降水促进了细根养分归还, 致使土壤微生物得到了充足的底物资源, 提高了自身活性, 使细根分解加快。     

Effects of short-term nitrogen addition on fine root biomass,lifespan and morphology of Castanopsis platyacantha in a subtropical secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest

Aims Fine roots are the principal parts for plant nutrients acquisition and play an important role in the underground ecosystem. Increased nitrogen (N) deposition has changed the soil environment and thus has a potential influence on fine roots. The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of N deposition on biomass, lifespan and morphology of fine root.Methods A field N addition experiment was conducted in a secondary broad-leaved forest in subtropical China from May 2013 to September 2015. Three levels of N treatments: CK (no N added), LN (5 g·m^-2·a^-1), and HN (15 g·m^-2·a^-1) were applied monthly. Responses of fine root biomass, lifespan, and morphology of Castanopsis platyacantha to N addition were analyzed by using a minirhizotron image system from April 2014 to September 2015. Surface soil sample (0-10 cm) was collected in November 2014 and soil pH value, and concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N were measured.Important findings The biomass and average lifespan of the fine roots of C. platyacantha were 128.30 g·m^-3 and 113-186 days, respectively, in 0-45 cm soil layer. Nitrogen addition had no significant effect on either fine root biomass or lifespan in 0-45 cm soil layer. However, LN treatment significantly decreased C. platyacantha root superficial area in 0-15 cm soil layer. HN treatment significantly decreased soil pH value. Our study indicated that short-term N addition influences soil inorganic N concentration and thus decreased pH value in surface soil, and thereafter affect fine root morphology. Short-term N addition, however, did not affect the fine root biomass, lifespan and morphology in subsoil.     

Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass,root length density,specific root length,and soil resource availability in a Larix gmelinii plantation

Fine root tumover is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is most likely sensitive to many global change factors.Despite the importance of fine root turnover in plant C allocation and nutrient cycling dynamics and the tremendous research efforts in the past,our understanding of it remains limited.This is because the dynamics processes associated with soil resources availability are still poorly understood.Soil moisture,temperature,and available nitrogen are the most important soil characteristics that impact fine root growth and mortality at both the individual root branch and at the ecosystem level.In temperate forest ecosystems,seasonal changes of soil resource availability will alter the pattern of carbon allocation to belowground.Therefore,fine root biomass,root length density(RLD)and specific root length(SRL)vary during the growing season.Studying seasonal changes of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL associated with soil resource availability will help us understand the mechanistic controls of carbon to fine root longevity and turnover.The objective of this study was to understand whether seasonal variations of fine root biomass,RLD and SRL were associated with soil resource availability,such as moisture,temperature,and nitrogen,and to understand how these soil components impact fine root dynamics in Larix gmelinii plantation.We used a soil coring method to obtain fine root samples(≤2 mm in diameter)every month from Mav to October in 2002 from a 17-year-old L.gmelinii plantation in Maoershan Experiment Station,Northeast Forestry University,China.Seventy-two soil cores(inside diameter 60 mm;depth intervals:0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm)were sampled randomly from three replicates 25 m×30 m plots to estimate fine root biomass(live and dead),and calculate RLD and SRL.Soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen(ammonia and nitrates)at three depth intervals were also analyzed in these plots.Results showed that the average standing fine root biomass(live (32.2 g.m-2.a-1)in the middle(10-20 cm)and deep layer (20-30cm),respectively.Live and dead fine root biomass was the highest from May to July and in September,but lower in August and October.The live fine root biomass decreased and dead biomass increased during the growing soil layer.RLD and SRL in May were the highestthe other months,and RLD was the lowest in Septemberdynamics of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL showed a close relationship with changes in soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen availability.To a lesser extent,the temperature could be determined by regression analysis.Fine roots in the upper soil layer have a function of absorbing moisture and nutrients,while the main function of deeper soil may be moisture uptake rather than nutrient acquisition.Therefore,carbon allocation to roots in the upper soil layer and deeper soil layer was different.Multiple regression analysis showed that variation in soil resource availability could explain 71-73% of the seasonal variation of RLD and SRL and 58% of the variation in fine root biomass.These results suggested a greater metabolic activity of fine roots living in soil with higher resource availability,which resulted in an increased allocation of carbohydrate to these roots,but a lower allocation of carbohydrate to those in soil with lower resource availability.     

Interactive effects of phenolic acid and nitrogen on morphological traits of poplar (Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’) fine roots

Aims The relationship between rhizosphere process and fine root growth is very close but still obscure. In poplar plantation, phenolic acid rhizodeposition and soil nutrient availability were considered as two dominant factors of forest productivity decline. It is very hard to separate them in the field and they might show an interactive effect on fine root growth. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of phenolic acids and nitrogen on branch orders of poplar fine roots and to give a deeper insight into how the ecological process on root-soil interface affected fine root growth as well as plantation productivity. Methods The cuttings of health annual poplar seedlings (I-107, Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’) serve as experiment materials, and were cultivated under nine conditions, including three concentration of phenolic acids at 0X, 0.5X, 1.0X (here, X represented the contents of phenolic acids in the soil of poplar plantation) and three concentration of nitrogen at 0 mmol·L^-1, 10 mmol·L^-1, 20 mmol·L^-1, based on Hoagland solution. The roots were all separated from poplar seedlings after 35 days, and 30 percent of total fine roots of every treatment were taken as fine root samples. These fine roots were grouped according to 1 to 5 branch orders, and then the morphological traits of each group of fine roots were scanned via root analyzer system (WinRHIZO, Regent Instruments Company, Quebec, Canada) including total length, surface area, volume and average diameter. Meanwhile, the dry mass of fine root samples of every order was measured to calculate specific root length (SRL), root tissue density (RTD). All data were analyzed via SPSS 17.0 software, and interactive effect of phenolic acids and nitrogen on roots was analyzed through univariate process module. Principal component analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) were conducted via Canoco 4.5 software. Important findings Under the conditions without phenolic acids application, the fine roots growth was significantly inhibited in deficiency and higher nitrogen treatments, especially for 1-3 order roots. Only specific root length appeared decreased with nitrogen level, and other traits of fine roots did not demonstrate linear relationship with nitrogen concentrations. Compared to 0.5X phenolic acids treatment, 1.0X phenolic acids significantly promoted the diameter and volume of 1-2 order roots (p < 0.05). Both phenolic acids and nitrogen demonstrated influence on poplar fine root traits. However, the diameter and volume of 1-2 order roots were significantly affected by phenolic acids, while the total length and surface area of 4-5 order roots was affected by nitrogen. Two way ANOVA showed that phenolic acids and nitrogen made a synergistic or antagonistic effect on morphological building of fine roots. Furthermore, PCA and RDA indicated that the interactive effects of phenolic acids and nitrogen led to significant differences among 1-3 order, 4th order and 5th order of poplar fine roots. The PC1 explained about 60.9 percent of root morphological variance, which was related to foraging traits of roots. The PC2 explained 25.3 percent of variance, which was related to root building properties. The response of poplar roots to phenolic acids and nitrogen was closely related to root order, and nitrogen played more influence on poplar roots than phenolic acids. Thus, phenolic acids and nitrogen level would affect many properties of root morphology and foraging in rhizosphere soil of poplar plantation. But nitrogen availability would serve as a dominant factor influencing root growth, and soil nutrient management should be critical to productivity maintenance of poplar plantation.     

隔离降水对杉木幼苗细根生物量和功能特征的影响

在福建三明陈大国有采育场杉木幼苗小区,采用土钻法和内生长环法,以非隔离降水为对照,对隔离降水50%处理一年的杉木幼苗细根生物量和形态、化学计量学、比根呼吸、非结构性碳水化合物等功能特征进行研究.结果表明: 与对照相比,隔离降水处理0～1 mm细根生物量显著降低,1～2 mm细根生物量差异不显著;隔离降水导致细根在形态上发生了适应性变化,0～1 mm和1～2 mm细根比根长分别增加21.1%和30.5%,0～1 mm细根组织密度显著降低,而比表面积显著增加.隔离降水导致细根氮的富集,但限制了对磷的吸收,氮磷比升高,导致营养失衡;隔离降水没有显著改变细根比根呼吸和非结构性碳水化合物含量,但导致1～2 mm细根可溶性糖、糖淀比显著降低,淀粉含量增加33.3%,表明其通过增加非结构性碳水化合物贮存比例以应对降水减少.     

Interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root production of Chinese fir seedlings

Aims There have been a large number of studies on the independent separate responses of fine roots to warming and nitrogen deposition, but with contradictory reporting. Fine root production plays a critical role in ecosystem carbon, nutrient and water cycling, yet how it responds to the interactive warming and nitrogen addition is not well understood. In the present study, we aimed to examine the interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root growth of 1-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) seedlings in subtropical China.
Methods A mesocosm experiment, with a factorial design of soil warming (ambient, +5 °C) and nitrogen addition (ambient, ambient + 40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, ambient + 80 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), was carried out in the Chenda State-owned Forest Farm in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. Fine root production (indexed by the number of fine roots emerged per tube of one year) was measured biweekly using minirhizotrons from March of 2014 to February of 2015.
Important findings (1) The two-way ANOVA showed that soil warming had a significant effect on fine root production, while nitrogen addition and soil warming × nitrogen addition had no effect. (2) The three-way ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and diameter class) showed that soil warming, diameter class and soil warming × diameter class had significant effects on fine root production, especially for the number of fine roots in 0-1 mm diameter class that had been significantly increased by soil warming. Compared with the 1-2 mm roots, the 0-1 mm roots seemed more flexible. (3) Repeated measures of ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and season) showed that soil warming, season, soil warming × season, and soil warming × nitrogen addition × season had significant effects on fine root production. In spring, the number of fine roots was significantly increased both by soil warming and soil warming × season, while soil warming, nitrogen addition, soil warming × nitrogen addition significantly decreased fine root production in the summer. (4) Soil warming, soil layer, soil warming × soil layer had significant effects on fine root production. The number of in-growth fine roots was significantly increased by soil warming at the 20-30 cm depth only. It seemed that warming forced fine roots to grow deeper in the soil. In conclusion, soil warming significantly increased fine root production, but they had different responses and were dependent of different diameter classes, seasons and soil layers. Nitrogen addition had no effect on fine root production. Only in spring and summer, soil warming and nitrogen addition had significant interactive effects.     

Effects of water supply on root traits and biological yield of Durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and Khorasan (Triticum turanicum Jakubz) wheat

The ability of a plant to change its root characteristics to increase the acquisition of soil water is an important adaptation mechanism to water limitation. In this regard, a field study was carried out in the Pannonian region of eastern Austria with two tetraploid wheat genotypes, i.e. Durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and Khorasan (Triticum turanicum Jakubz), during a comparatively wetter and drier year, i.e. 2008 and 2009, respectively. The genotypes showed significant differences in average root diameter and fine root length. All root traits varied with soil depth. The highest root length density and root biomass were observed with Khorasan wheat in 0–10 cm soil depth. Durum wheat showed a stronger response in fine roots to water availability and produced more fine roots in the moist year. Electric root capacitance was higher with Khorasan wheat. Durum showed higher biological yield stability across years with different precipitation with respect to above- and belowground biomass. It produced more leaf area under humid conditions. Khorasan allocated more assimilates to belowground organs in dry conditions, but without positive effect on aboveground biomass.     

幼龄柠条细根现存量与环境因子的关系

以晋西北黄土高原区柠条(Caragana korshinskii)幼龄人工林为研究对象, 应用微根管技术(Minirhizotron technique)对林地100 cm土层范围的柠条细根生长动态进行了观测。以2007年生长季(5~9月)的根长密度(RLD, mm·cm^-3)数据为基础, 对柠条细根现存量(RLDst, mm·cm^-3)及其与环境因子(≥10 ℃积温、同期土壤积温、积降雨量和土壤水分等)的关系作了研究。结果表明, 40~90 cm土层是柠条细根的主要分布区和生长活跃区, 其细根占细根总量的59.7%。柠条细根现存量的季节变化特征为: 5月至9月上旬RLDst持续增加, 9月下旬RLDst略有降低。柠条细根现存量季节变化与≥10 ℃积温、同期土壤积温和积降雨量均存在极显著正相关关系。     

Applications of functional classification methods for tree fine root biomass estimation: Advancements and synthesis

The morphology of fine root branching of woody plants is highly variable in their forms and functions. In the past two decades, researchers have increasingly recognized that the root-diameter-based method, using an arbitrary size of root diameter, failed to precisely characterize the physiological and ecological processes involved in finest roots. The number of publications using root-order-based approaches has increased regardless the fact that root trait-measurements based on root order are time-consuming and labor-intensive. A new approach—root functional classification method—was proposed and had been applied in the literature. The functional classification of fine roots separates roots of < 2 mm to absorptive and transport pools, making it more feasible for studies on root biomass and turnover. This new concept redefines fine root guild and has great potentials for future studies. Our literature review of the topic indicates that less is known about the inter-specific differences in estimates of biomass of absorptive and/or transport roots, with a large variation of absorptive roots on global scale. In addition, our review emphasizes the importance in: a) precision estimating of the absorptive biomass of fine roots, and b) proper definition of the range of the transport roots within and among forest ecosystems. Finally, after compare the strengths and weaknesses of the functional classification method, we propose several specific suggestions to improve the applications of this approach.     

细根对竹林-阔叶林界面两侧土壤养分异质性形成的贡献

土壤养分异质性是竹林-阔叶林界面(bamboo and broad-leaved forest interface, 以下简称竹阔界面)的重要特征, 细根生长、周转和分解影响土壤养分供应能力, 但其在竹阔界面养分异质性形成中的贡献尚不清楚。该文选取竹阔界面两侧的毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象, 开展土壤养分(C、N、P)含量、细根生物量及周转、细根分解及养分回归等指标的对比研究。结果表明: (1)竹阔界面两侧毛竹林和常绿阔叶林土壤养分差异明显, 毛竹林0-60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤总氮(STN)含量分别为20.51和0.53 g·kg^-1, 常绿阔叶林0-60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤总氮(STN)含量分别为13.42和0.26 g·kg^-1, 前者比后者分别高出34.53%和50.35%, 但毛竹林土壤全磷(STP)含量低于常绿阔叶林25.54%; (2)竹阔界面两侧细根生物量、养分密度及养分回归量差异明显, 毛竹林细根生物量高达1201.60 g·m^-2, 是常绿阔叶林的5.86倍; 养分密度分别为591.42 g C·m^-2、5.44 g N·m^-2、0.25 g P·m^-2, 分别是常绿阔叶林的6.12倍、3.77倍和3.11倍; 年均养分回归量分别为278.54 g C·m^-2·a^-1、2.36 g N·m^-2·a^-1、0.11 g P·m^-2·a^-1, 是常绿阔叶林的6.93倍、4.29倍和3.67倍; (3)细根对界面两侧土壤SOC、STN异质性形成的年均潜在贡献分别为76.79%和28.33%, 但对STP异质性形成起减缓作用, 贡献率为6.17%。这些结果说明毛竹扩张可以改变常绿阔叶林土壤的养分状况, 且细根对不同养分的异质性形成贡献不一致, 是土壤SOC、STN异质性形成的重要原因。     

Effects of fine root decomposition on bacterial community structure of four dominated tree species in Mount Taishan,China

为了理解细菌群落结构和多样性对森林生态系统细根凋落物分解的影响, 该研究以泰山4种主要优势造林树种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和赤松(Pinus densiflora)为研究对象, 采用凋落物分解袋法及Illumina Miseq测序平台对细菌16S rDNA V4-V5区扩增产物进行双端测序, 分析了4种树种细根分解对细菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明: (1) 4种植物细根分解速率差异显著, 阔叶树种分解速率显著高于针叶树种, 表现为刺槐>麻栎>油松>赤松。(2) 4个树种细菌序列操作分类单元(OTU)、观测到的物种数、Ace指数和系统发育多样性之间差异显著, 且阔叶树种刺槐和麻栎显著低于针叶树种赤松和油松。4种细根分解的细菌群落结构存在极显著差异。细根初始碳(C)含量、木质素:氮(N)和C:N对细菌群落结构的影响较大。(3)细菌群落相对丰度在5%以上的优势类群是变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门, 且变形菌门、酸杆菌门在4个树种之间差异显著, 特别是阔叶树种变形菌门显著高于针叶树种。在纲水平上, α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、不明放线菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲为主要的优势纲, 其中α-变形菌纲、不明放线菌纲在4个树种之间差异显著。(4) Pearson相关性分析表明, 细菌优势门和纲相对丰度受到凋落物初始化学性质的影响, 特别是变形菌门和α-变形菌纲; 变形菌门和α-变形菌纲相对丰度与细根分解速率显著正相关。冗余分析结果也显示, 细根初始N、磷(P)含量和木质素含量对细菌群落结构的影响较大。研究结果有助于理解细菌群落结构和多样性对森林生态系统细根凋落物分解的影响。     

柠条细根的分布和动态及其与土壤资源有效性的关系

受土壤资源有效性时空异质性的影响,植物细根会表现出明显的垂直分布和季节变化特征。揭示这些特征对认识细根的养分和水分吸收规律,预测C在地下的分配特点具有重要意义。本研究运用Minirhizotron技术对晋西黄土丘陵区30年生柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom.）人工林0-100cm土层深度范围内细根的密度( FRD, N cm-2)、根长密度( FRLD, mm cm-2)、平均直径(FRDi, mm)和根表面积(FRSA, mm2 cm-2)的垂直分布特征和季节动态进行了一个生长季的观测,并分析了这些参数与土壤温度、水分和有效氮之间的关系。结果表明：(1)FRD、FRLD和FRSA均表现出随土层深度增加而先增大后减小的趋势,以40-60cm土层之值最大(分别占总数的34.3%、35.5%和37.3%);而FRDi随土层深度增加而减小,其最大值为0.31970.0231mm,最小值为0.28840.0109 mm;(2)受土壤资源有效性季节变化的影响,FRD、FRLD和FRSA在不同土层(除0-20cm外)表现出相似的季节动态,即随季节变化而先增大后减小,春季小(分别为0.2204 N cm-2,1.8482 mm cm-2,2.2647 mm2 cm-2)而秋季大(分别为0.5316 N cm-2,4.4046mm cm-2,4.3007mm2 cm-2);FRDi则表现由粗逐渐变细的过程,春季最粗(0.3659mm)而秋季最细(0.2712mm);(3) 各细根参数与土壤温度、水分和有效氮在各土层存在不同程度的相关性。从简单相关分析来看,细根的季节性变化主要受土壤温度和水分的影响,有效氮的影响不明显。FRD、FRLD和FRSA在0-20cm土层主要受土壤水分影响(r=-0.729--0.914, p<0.05),而在20-100cm土层则主要受土壤温度的影响,且显著性随土层加深而增加(r=-0.028-0.832, p<0.05)。各土层细根与土壤有效资源间的相关性反映了细根功能的季节性差异。综合分析表明,各细根参数季节变化的54.0%-98.6%是由土壤温度和水分的交互作用而引起。     

Responses of soil moisture to precipitation pattern change in semiarid grasslands in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Under global climate change, precipitation patterns were predicted to change with larger seasonal and annual variations and more extreme events in the semiarid regions of northern China. Water availability is one of the key limited factors in semiarid grasslands. Changes in precipitation patterns will inevitably affect ecosystem structure and function through soil water condition. Our objective was to investigate the response of soil water content to changes of precipitation pattern, especially its pulse response to precipitation events.
Methods Two semiarid steppe sites (Duolun and Xilinhot) in Nei Mongol were chosen and meteorological stations were installed to monitor precipitation and soil volumetric water content (VWC) at five soil depths (0-10 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm) from 2006 to 2013. The pulse response of VWC at 0-10 cm to an individual precipitation event was simulated by an exponential equation.
Important findings Significant seasonal and inter-annual variations of VWC were observed at the Duolun and Xilinhot sites. VWC at 50 cm soil layer in Xilinhot showed an obvious increase during the early spring due to the influences of snow melting. Mean surface (0-10 cm soil layer) VWC was significantly correlated with annual precipitation across eight years, but VWC in the deeper soil layers (10-50 cm) were not impacted by precipitation. We also found that the precipitation event larger than 2 mm could induce a significant increase in surface (0-10 cm soil layer) VWC, and could be regarded as an effective precipitation in this region. The maximum increment of surface VWC after the events and lasting time (T_lasting) were determined by the event size, while showed negatively linear correlations with the initial soil water content before the events. Vegetation development (leaf area index) did not show significant impacts on the responses of surface soil moisture to precipitation pulses. The infiltration depth of rain water was also determined by rain size and pre-event soil moisture. In average, soil water can infiltrate 1.06 cm and 0.79 cm deeper in Duolun and Xilinhot with 1 mm more precipitation, respectively. Therefore, our results suggest that the event size and pre-event soil moisture were the most important factors affecting response patterns of soil moisture to rain events in semiarid ecosystems.     

Fine root production of Pinus massoniana plantation and Castanopsis carlesii plantation at different successional stages in subtropical China

AimsOur objectives were to determine differences in fine root production, its relationships with environmental factors, and its diameter- and depth-related distribution patterns between plantations of two subtropical tree species differing in successional stages. MethodsPlantation forests of an early-successional species, Pinus massoniana, and a late-successional species, Castanopsis carlesii, in Sanming, Fujian Province, were selected. Fine root production was monitored for two years using minirhizotrons methods. At the same time, environmental factors including monthly air temperature, monthly precipitation, soil temperature, and soil water content were determined.Important findings 1) During the two years, there was significant difference in annual fine root length production between these two forests, with annual production of P. massoniana plantation nearly four times that of C. carlesii plantation. Fine root length production under both forests showed significant monthly dynamics and maximized in summer, a season when most of fine roots were born. 2) Roots of 0-0.3 mm in diameter accounted for the largest proportion of total fine root length production. Fine roots were concentrated mostly at the 0-10 cm soil depth in P. massoniana plantation, but happened mostly at the 30-40 cm soil depth in the C. carlesii plantation. 3) Partial correlation analysis suggested that, monthly fine root production of both forests was significantly correlated with both air temperature and soil temperature, while it had no significant correlation with either rainfall or soil water content. Linear regression analysis illustrated that monthly fine root production was more correlated with air temperature and soil temperature in the P. massoniana plantation than in the C. carlesii plantation. It was concluded that fine root production in the early-successional P. massoniana plantation was not only much higher in amount, but also more sensitive to temperature, than that in the late-successional C. carlesii plantation.     

杨树人工林细根数量和形态特征的季节动态及代际差异

采集欧美杨107Ⅰ代和Ⅱ代人工林细根样品,分析杨树不同根序细根数量特征(根长度、表面积和生物量)和形态特征(比根长、根长密度、根组织密度)对季节波动的响应及其代际差异.结果表明： 杨树各根序细根数量特征(根长度、表面积和生物量)均呈明显的季节变化,且具有明显的根序差异性.低级根序细根数量特征季节差异显著,细根生物量在生长季显著增加而生长季后显著下降.高级根序细根比根长季节波动显著,而根长密度和根组织密度等形态特征波动较小.连作导致人工林杨树1～2级细根长度、生物量、比根长和根长密度在生长季显著增大.1级细根数量特征与土壤温湿度呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质和速效氮含量呈显著负相关;而2级细根数量特征仅与土壤养分显著相关.杨树人工林细根特征的季节动态及代际差异体现了杨树对细根的碳投入变化,因连作引发的土壤养分匮乏可能引发植株对根系的碳投入增加,这种碳分配格局与人工林地上部分生产力形成密切相关.     

Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass, root length density, specific root length, and soil resource availability in a Larix gmelinii plantation

Fine root turnover is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is most likely sensitive to many global change factors. Despite the importance of fine root turnover in plant C allocation and nutrient cycling dynamics and the tremendous research efforts in the past, our understanding of it remains limited. This is because the dynamics processes associated with soil resources availability are still poorly understood. Soil moisture, temperature, and available nitrogen are the most important soil characteristics that impact fine root growth and mortality at both the individual root branch and at the ecosystem level. In temperate forest ecosystems, seasonal changes of soil resource availability will alter the pattern of carbon allocation to belowground. Therefore, fine root biomass, root length density (RLD) and specific root length (SRL) vary during the growing season. Studying seasonal changes of fine root biomass, RLD, and SRL associated with soil resource availability will help us understand the mechanistic controls of carbon to fine root longevity and turnover. The objective of this study was to understand whether seasonal variations of fine root biomass, RLD and SRL were associated with soil resource availability, such as moisture, temperature, and nitrogen, and to understand how these soil components impact fine root dynamics in Larix gmelinii plantation. We used a soil coring method to obtain fine root samples (⩽2 mm in diameter) every month from May to October in 2002 from a 17-year-old L. gmelinii plantation in Maoershan Experiment Station, Northeast Forestry University, China. Seventy-two soil cores (inside diameter 60 mm; depth intervals: 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm) were sampled randomly from three replicates 25 m × 30 m plots to estimate fine root biomass (live and dead), and calculate RLD and SRL. Soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen (ammonia and nitrates) at three depth intervals were also analyzed in these plots. Results showed that the average standing fine root biomass (live and dead) was 189.1 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹, 50% (95.4 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹) in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm), 33% (61.5 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹), 17% (32.2 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹) in the middle (10–20 cm) and deep layer (20–30cm), respectively. Live and dead fine root biomass was the highest from May to July and in September, but lower in August and October. The live fine root biomass decreased and dead biomass increased during the growing season. Mean RLD (7,411.56 m·m⁻³·a⁻¹) and SRL (10.83 m·g⁻¹·a⁻¹) in the surface layer were higher than RLD (1 474.68 m·m⁻³·a⁻¹) and SRL (8.56 m·g⁻¹·a⁻¹) in the deep soil layer. RLD and SRL in May were the highest (10 621.45 m·m⁻³ and 14.83m·g⁻¹) compared with those in the other months, and RLD was the lowest in September (2 198.20 m·m⁻³) and SRL in October (3.77 m·g⁻¹). Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass, RLD, and SRL showed a close relationship with changes in soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen availability. To a lesser extent, the temperature could be determined by regression analysis. Fine roots in the upper soil layer have a function of absorbing moisture and nutrients, while the main function of deeper soil may be moisture uptake rather than nutrient acquisition. Therefore, carbon allocation to roots in the upper soil layer and deeper soil layer was different. Multiple regression analysis showed that variation in soil resource availability could explain 71–73% of the seasonal variation of RLD and SRL and 58% of the variation in fine root biomass. These results suggested a greater metabolic activity of fine roots living in soil with higher resource availability, which resulted in an increased allocation of carbohydrate to these roots, but a lower allocation of carbohydrate to those in soil with lower resource availability. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(3): 403–410 [译自: 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(3): 403–410]     

落叶松人工林细根动态与土壤资源有效性关系研究

树木细根在森林生态系统C和养分循环中具有重要的作用。由于温带土壤资源有效性具有明显的季节变化, 导致细根生物量、根长密度 (Rootlengthdensity, RLD) 和比根长 (Specificrootlength, SRL) 的季节性变化。以 17年生落叶松 (Larixgmelini) 人工林为研究对象, 采用根钻法从 5月到 10月连续取样, 研究了不同土层细根 (直径≤ 2mm) 生物量、RLD和SRL的季节动态, 以及这些根系指标动态与土壤水分、温度和N有效性的关系。结果表明 :1) 落叶松细根年平均生物量 (活根 +死根 ) 为 189.1g·m-2 ·a-1, 其中 5 0 %分布在表层 (0~ 10cm), 33%分布在亚表层 (11~ 2 0cm), 17%分布在底层 (2 1~ 30cm) 。活根和死根生物量在 5~ 7月以及 9月较高, 8月和 10月较低。从春季 (5月 ) 到秋季 (10月 ), 随着活细根生物量的减少, 死细根生物量增加 ;2 ) 土壤表层 (0~ 10cm) 具有较高的RLD和SRL, 而底层 (2 1~ 30cm) 最低。春季 (5月 ) 总RLD和SRL最高, 分别为 10 6 2 1.4 5m·m-3 和 14.83m·g-1, 到秋季 (9月 ) 树木生长结束后达到最低值, 分别为 2 198.2 0m·m-3 和 3.77m·g-1;3) 细根生物量、RLD和SRL与土壤水分、温度和有效N存在不同程度的相关性。从单因子分析来看, 土壤水分和有效N对细根的影响明显大于温度, 对活根的影响大于死根。由于土壤资源有效性的季节变化, 使得C的地下分配格局发生改变。各土层细根与有效性资源之间的相关性反映了细根功能季节性差异。细根 (生物量、RLD和SRL) 的季节动态 (5 8%~ 73%的变异 ) 主要由土壤资源有效性的季节变化引起。     

基于森林调查数据的长白山天然林森林生物量相容性模型

森林生物量估算是进行陆地生态系统碳循环和碳动态分析的基础,但现有估测模型存在着总量与分量不相容的问题.本文以吉林省汪清天然林区为例,提出了基于森林调查的相容性森林生物量模型设计思想,并采用联立方程组为不同森林群落构造了一系列引入林分蓄积因子的相容性生物量模型,得到的预估精度较高.其中,针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林群落的森林生物量模型预估精度均在95%以上,基本上解决了森林生物量模型的相容性问题.     

柠条细根的空间分布特征及其季节动态

以晋西北黄土区30年生柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)人工林为研究对象,2007年应用Minirhizotron技术,分别在距茎干水平距离0、50、100 cm处设点,对林地0-100 cm土层深度范围内的柠条细根空间分布及其生长季的动态进行了研究。结果表明:(1)生长季柠条细根根长密度(RLD)总平均值为1.3423 mm/cm²。在水平方向上,距茎干水平距离50 cm处分布最多(1.5369 mm/cm²),其次为0 cm处(1.3855 mm/cm²), 100cm处分布最少(1.1044 mm/cm²)。在垂直深度上,各土层RLD平均值大小顺序为40-60 cm>60-80 cm>20-40 cm>0-20 cm>80-100 cm;(2)在0-100 cm土层范围内,月平均RLD在生长季的波动范围为0.4405 2.1040 mm/cm²,其中9月份最多,4月份最少;RLD在5个土层深度3个水平距离处随季节变化均表现先增加后减少的趋势,且不同空间位置RLD峰值变化均在秋季(8 10月份)波动。细根的这种时空分布差异,可能主要受林下土壤资源空间异质性及其季节性变化的影响,但也不排除其它因素的影响(如真菌,植食性昆虫)。     

地表臭氧浓度升高与干旱交互作用对杨树非结构性碳水化合物积累和叶根分配的短期影响

人类活动加剧和全球变化导致植物在生长季同时受到高浓度地表臭氧(O₃)和干旱的双重胁迫。为了探究两者对植物非结构性碳水化合物(TNC)积累和分配的影响, 该实验采用开顶式气室研究了2种O₃浓度(CF, 过滤空气; NF40, NF (未过滤空气) + 40 nmol·mol ^-1 O₃)和2个水分处理(对照, 充分灌溉; 干旱, 非充分灌溉)及其交互作用对杨树基因型‘546’ (Populus deltoides cv. ‘55/56’ × P. deltoides cv. ‘Imperial’)叶片和细根中TNC及其组分(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、多糖、总可溶性糖和淀粉)含量的影响。结果表明: O₃浓度升高显著降低杨树叶片中淀粉和TNC的含量, 增加葡萄糖、果糖和总可溶性糖含量, 但对细根中淀粉和总可溶性糖含量的影响不显著。干旱胁迫显著增加细根中果糖和多糖含量, 降低蔗糖含量, 但对叶片中淀粉和总可溶性糖含量的影响不显著。充分灌溉下O₃浓度升高显著增加了杨树叶片多糖和总可溶性糖含量, 而干旱下O₃浓度升高显著增加了TNC含量的根叶比。该研究结果发现O₃主要影响叶片中TNC及各组分的含量, 而干旱主要影响细根中TNC及各组分的含量。从杨树叶片TNC的响应来看, 适度的水分限制有助于减缓O₃的负面伤害。