凋落物输入改变对亚热带两种米槠次生林土壤酶活性的影响

酶在土壤有机质分解中起重要作用。为深入了解全球变化背景下森林凋落物产量的改变对森林生态系统过程的影响, 以亚热带米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)人促更新次生林(米槠人促林)和米槠次生林为研究对象, 设置凋落物加倍(DL)、凋落物去除(NL)和对照(CT) 3种处理, 探讨土壤6种胞外酶活性的变化。研究结果表明: 米槠次生林中土壤纤维素水解酶(CBH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酚氧化酶(PhOx)和过氧化酶(PerOx)活性高于米槠人促林, 而酸性磷酸酶(AP)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)活性没有差异; NL和DL处理均降低了两种不同更新方式森林土壤的AP、βG和NAG活性, CBH和PerOx活性均无显著变化, 而PhOx活性仅在DL处理后降低; 除NAG活性外, 米槠人促林的AP、βG、PhOx活性在凋落物处理后下降的幅度均高于次生林; Pearson相关分析和冗余分析表明, 土壤酶活性与土壤含水量、碳(C)、氮(N)含量和微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量显著相关。因此, 凋落物输入的改变(无论增加和减少), 引起了土壤含水量、C、N以及MBC和MBN含量的下降, 进而可能会导致亚热带米槠次生林和米槠人促林土壤某些胞外酶(如AP、βG和NAG)活性降低。从土壤酶活性角度看, 米槠次生林比米槠人促林更有利于亚热带森林生态系统C、N养分循环。     

亚热带不同树种凋落叶分解对氮添加的响应

为探究不同质量凋落物对氮(N)沉降的响应, 该研究采用尼龙网袋分解法, 在亚热带福建三明格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)自然保护区的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林, 选取4种本区常见的具有不同初始化学性质的树种凋落叶进行模拟N沉降(N添加)分解实验(施N水平为对照0和50 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)。研究结果表明: 在2年的分解期内, 对照处理的各树种凋落叶的分解速率依次为观光木(Michelia odora, 0.557 a ^-1)、米槠(0.440 a ^-1)、台湾相思(Acacia confusa, 0.357 a ^-1)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata, 0.354 a ^-1); N添加处理凋落叶分解速率依次为观光木(0.447 a ^-1)、米槠(0.354 a ^-1)、杉木(0.291 a ^-1)、台湾相思(0.230 a ^-1), 除杉木凋落叶外, N添加显著降低了其他3种凋落叶分解速率。N添加不仅使4种树木凋落叶分解过程中的N释放减慢, 同时还抑制凋落叶化学组成中木质素和纤维素的降解; N添加在凋落叶分解过程中总体上提高β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和酸性磷酸酶活性, 对纤维素水解酶的活性影响不一致, 而降低β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性和酚氧化酶活性。凋落叶分解速率与凋落叶中的碳获取酶(βG)活性以及其化学组分中的可萃取物含量极显著正相关, 与初始碳浓度、纤维素和木质素含量极显著负相关, 与初始N含量没有显著相关性。凋落物类型和N添加的交互作用虽未影响干质量损失速率, 但对木质素和纤维素的降解具有显著效应。综上所述, 化学组分比初始N含量能更好地预测凋落叶分解速率, 而N添加主要通过抑制分解木质素的氧化酶(如PHO)来降低凋落叶分解速率。     

Responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to carbon input alteration and warming in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

土壤胞外酶来源于土壤微生物、植物和动物, 是土壤生物地球化学过程的积极参与者, 在森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中扮演着重要角色。为探明土壤胞外酶活性对碳输入变化及增温的响应, 该研究基于长期增温、去除地表凋落物(以下简称去凋)和切根处理的云南哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林控制实验平台, 研究了不同处理(对照、去凋、切根、切根并增温)下表层矿质土壤(0-5和5-10 cm)与碳氮磷获取相关的胞外酶活性, 包括多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化物酶(PER)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)。结合铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量、溶解有机碳(DOC)含量、溶解总氮(DN)含量、土壤含水量(SWC)等相关指标, 探讨凋落物碳输入、根系碳输入和温度变化对土壤胞外酶活性及其生态化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明: 在对照样方, 除POX外其余酶活性均为0-5 cm层显著高于5-10 cm层。与对照相比, 长期的凋落物去除显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤AP和BG活性, 对NAG、PER和POX活性则无显著影响; 长期切根处理显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤BG活性, 但提高了两个土层PER活性; 长期切根并增温处理显著降低了0-5 cm层AP和BG活性, 对其余酶活性无显著影响。冗余分析结果显示SWC和NH₄⁺-N含量是驱动土壤酶活性变化的重要因子。本研究为该生态系统土壤碳氮磷生物地球化学关键过程对全球变化的响应提供了土壤酶学的依据。     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from different plant sources on soil enzyme activities in subtropical forests

探究不同植物来源可溶性有机质(DOM)进入土壤后对酶活性的影响, 可以为降水淋溶下亚热带地区不同森林生态系统土壤碳循环提供科学依据。该研究提取杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)和楠木(Phoebe zherman) 3种植物鲜叶中的DOM分别输入杉木人工林土壤中, 以等量的去离子水添加为对照, 进行25天的室内培养。培养结束后测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性等指标。结果表明: 与对照处理(CT)相比, 添加3种叶片DOM后, 土壤总有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量和碳氮比均无显著变化。杉木叶片DOM添加处理(CL)的TN含量显著低于木荷叶片DOM添加处理(SL)和楠木叶片DOM添加处理(PL), 碳氮比显著高于SL和PL。3种叶片DOM输入整体上提高了土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的含量。叶片DOM输入后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著变化, 然而CL和SL的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量分别比CT降低了50.9%和51.1%, PL的MBN含量比CT提高了54.0%。与CT相比, 不同植物来源DOM输入后, β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO) 3种酶活性均显著上升, 而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性则显著下降; 此外, βG和CBH活性均表现出CL > SL > PL的特征。相关性分析的结果表明, 添加叶片DOM 3种处理的SOC、TN、MBN含量和βG、CBH活性都与所输入DOM的DOC含量和腐殖化指数(HIX)显著相关, 此外, 土壤MBN含量和PPO活性与输入叶片DOM的pH呈正相关关系。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明, 叶片DOM输入后引起土壤酶活性变化的关键因子是DON和DOC含量。总体来说, 不同植物来源DOM性质的差异会影响土壤碳循环水解酶的活性, 而叶片DOM输入后增加了土壤碳和氮的有效性, 引起4种碳循环酶的不同响应。     

Fine root production of Pinus massoniana plantation and Castanopsis carlesii plantation at different successional stages in subtropical China

AimsOur objectives were to determine differences in fine root production, its relationships with environmental factors, and its diameter- and depth-related distribution patterns between plantations of two subtropical tree species differing in successional stages. MethodsPlantation forests of an early-successional species, Pinus massoniana, and a late-successional species, Castanopsis carlesii, in Sanming, Fujian Province, were selected. Fine root production was monitored for two years using minirhizotrons methods. At the same time, environmental factors including monthly air temperature, monthly precipitation, soil temperature, and soil water content were determined.Important findings 1) During the two years, there was significant difference in annual fine root length production between these two forests, with annual production of P. massoniana plantation nearly four times that of C. carlesii plantation. Fine root length production under both forests showed significant monthly dynamics and maximized in summer, a season when most of fine roots were born. 2) Roots of 0-0.3 mm in diameter accounted for the largest proportion of total fine root length production. Fine roots were concentrated mostly at the 0-10 cm soil depth in P. massoniana plantation, but happened mostly at the 30-40 cm soil depth in the C. carlesii plantation. 3) Partial correlation analysis suggested that, monthly fine root production of both forests was significantly correlated with both air temperature and soil temperature, while it had no significant correlation with either rainfall or soil water content. Linear regression analysis illustrated that monthly fine root production was more correlated with air temperature and soil temperature in the P. massoniana plantation than in the C. carlesii plantation. It was concluded that fine root production in the early-successional P. massoniana plantation was not only much higher in amount, but also more sensitive to temperature, than that in the late-successional C. carlesii plantation.     

Relationships between carbon and nitrogen contents and enzyme activities in soil of three typical subtropical forests in China

森林类型更替是影响生态系统有机质循环的重要因素, 它对森林生态系统的生产力、碳吸存和养分保持功能有影响。然而关于中亚热带不同森林类型对土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的影响及土壤碳氮含量和酶活性之间的关系鲜有报道。该文研究了福建省三明市3种典型亚热带森林——米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然次生林(SF)、米槠人工促进天然更新林(AR)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林(PM)的淋溶层(A层)土壤碳氮含量和土壤微生物酶活性的关系。结果表明: 在3种森林类型表层土壤中, 可溶性有机质中可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮(DON)、荧光发射光谱腐殖化指数的趋势均为SF > AR > PM, 芳香化指数大小为PM > AR > SF; SF和AR的NH₄ ⁺-N显著高于PM, NO₃ ^--N在3种林分中的含量低且差异不明显, 造成这种差异的原因是树种差异和人为干扰程度不同。PM的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著低于SF和AR; 纤维素水解酶活性大小为AR > SF > PM; PM多酚氧化酶显著高于SF和AR, 3种林分过氧化物酶无显著差异。AR的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)显著高于其他两种林分。冗余分析显示土壤总氮和DON是驱动淋溶层土壤酶活性的主要环境因子。总之, 土壤总氮含量与NAG活性呈正相关关系, 并且可溶性有机氮可能是氮循环中的重要一环; 土壤微生物优先利用易分解碳; 且碳氮养分循环之间存在一定的耦合关系。氮提高了与土壤碳相关的水解酶活性, 从而可促进碳周转。     

Characteristics of soil enzyme activities and stoichiometry and its influencing factors in Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forests in the Qinling Mountains

研究微尺度海拔梯度土壤酶活性与化学计量学比值的动态变化及驱动因素对于探讨生态系统养分循环过程具有重要意义。该研究以秦岭太白山6个海拔(分别为1 308、1 403、1 503、1 603、1 694和1 803 m)的锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata)林作为研究对象, 测定锐齿栎叶片、凋落物、细根和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量以及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、木糖苷酶(βX)与β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)的活性, 探究不同海拔植物、土壤、酶含量如何变化及驱动土壤酶活性变化的主要因子。结果表明: 5种土壤酶活性在海拔梯度上表现出不同的变化趋势, CBH和βG活性随海拔升高整体呈先增后减趋势, βX与之相反; NAG与AKP活性在1 408-1 694 m呈下降趋势, 在1 803 m处有所升高; 土壤总体酶活性随海拔上升整体表现为降低趋势。相关性分析表明, 土壤酶活性及其化学计量比不同程度上受到植物和土壤C、N、P资源及土壤水热条件等的调控, 其中与土壤有机碳含量的相关性较高, 土壤有机碳含量可被认为是锐齿栎林中影响土壤酶活性变化的主要因子。总之, 土壤酶活性及化学计量比在微尺度海拔梯度上具有差异性, 且受到植物和土壤C、N、P资源的综合影响。     

子午岭典型植被凋落叶-土壤养分与酶活性特征

对黄土高原子午岭任家台林区内刺槐、油松、侧柏等3种人工林以及桦树、辽东栎等两种天然次生林的凋落叶C、N、P含量、林下土壤基本理化性质和碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶3种酶的活性进行分析,并研究凋落叶C、N、P含量与土壤C、N、P含量之间的相关关系,以及土壤基本理化性质与酶活性之间的相关关系,为该区植被恢复效果评价提供科学依据与参考。结果发现:刺槐、辽东栎凋落叶碳氮比值显著低于其他植被,凋落叶分解速率相对较快;辽东栎土壤有机碳、全氮含量最高,分别为19.18、1.60g/kg,刺槐土壤全磷含量最高(0.61g/kg);土壤酶活性主要受土壤有机碳、全氮、容重及p H影响,与土壤全磷相关性不显著;人工林中,侧柏土壤中3种酶活性均高于其他植被,且侧柏凋落叶碳氮比值相对较低,分解速率较快,相比于刺槐作为造林树种更占优势。     

模拟氮沉降对北京东灵山辽东栎林树木生长的影响

传统的元素限制模型认为氮是温带森林生长的限制元素, 不过该结论更多是从地上生物量以及群落水平进行阐述, 忽视了不同物种以及不同径级树木对外源氮的响应差异。辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林是华北地区常见的森林类型, 该研究以北京东灵山辽东栎林为研究对象, 通过设置3个氮添加水平的实验, 即对照CK (0 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1), N50 (50 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)和N100 (100 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1), 模拟氮沉降对群落和物种水平以及不同径级树木生长的影响。经过7年氮添加, 实验结果显示: 物种水平上, 氮添加明显促进了优势树种辽东栎的生长; 群落水平上, 树木生长随氮浓度增加有不断上升趋势, 但统计学差异不显著; 氮添加显著抑制了辽东栎以及群落内小径级(3-10 cm)树木生长, 中(10-20 cm)、大径级(>20 cm)树木生长随氮沉降水平增加呈上升趋势, 但统计学差异不显著。表明氮是辽东栎以及温带森林树木生长的限制元素; 不同径级的辽东栎和群落内其他植物对氮添加响应不一致, 氮添加抑制了小径级树木生长, 中、大径级树木生长对氮添加响应不明显。     

Effects of leachate from understory medicinal plants on litter decomposition and soil enzyme activities of Betula albo-sinensis and Eucommia ulmoides

Aims Forest litter decomposition is an important factor affecting nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability. In a complex system with forest and understory medicinal plants, leachate from the medicinal plants enriched in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) may inhibit litter decomposition and soil enzyme activity of forest trees. Thus, inspection on whether or not this phenomenon exits is one important basis for selecting understory medicinal plants.Methods In this paper, typical forest species Betula albo-sinensis and Eucommia ulmoides and six species of common medicinal plants (Corydalis bungeana, Mentha haplocalyx, Houttuynia cordata, Nepeta cataria, Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Prunella vulgaris) in Qinling Mountains area were taken as objects, and the litter decomposition experiment was carried out. The leachate (water-extraction solution) from the stems and leaves of the medicinal materials were sprayed onto the litter in order to study the effects of leachate from understory plants on forests litter decomposition, nutrient release (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) and soil enzyme activity.Important findings For litter of B. albo-sinensis, the decomposition half-life and the turnover period were extended by 76% and 4.3 times, respectively, under H. cordata leachate treatment and the inhibitory effects on the release of carbon and nitrogen were also significant. While under G. pentaphyllum leachate treatment, the half-life of litter decomposition and turnover period were extended by 35% and 2.7 times, respectively, and the inhibitory effects on the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were all significant. The leachate from these two species of medicinal plants displayed significant inhibitory effects on seven kinds of soil enzymes (invertase, carboxymethyl cellulase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, protease and phosphatase) activity. For litter of E. ulmoides, the decomposition half-life and the turnover period were extended by 1.7 times and 4.2 times respectively, under H. cordata leachate treatment; while they were extended by 1 times and 9 times respectively, under G. pentaphyllum leachate treatment. The leachate from these two species of medicinal plants displayed significant inhibitory effects on the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from litter decomposition and the activities of all seven kinds of soil enzymes. Therefore, results suggested that H. cordata and G. pentaphyllum should not be planted under B. albo-sinensis and E. ulmoides forests, or the interplanting density must be low to reduce the inhibitory effects of litter decomposition.     

山地森林表层土壤酶活性对短期增温及凋落物分解的响应

为了探究贡嘎山地区暗针叶林表层土壤酶活性对增温及凋落物分解的响应,采用开顶式生长箱(open top chamber)和加热电缆(OTC-cable)联合增温的方式模拟增温,同时定位监测实验小区地表空气、表层土壤温湿度的变化;不同类型(A:75%峨眉冷杉针叶+25%杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物,B:55%峨眉冷杉针叶+45%杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物)凋落物在模拟增温和自然对照条件下分解4年,研究土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性的变化。结果表明:增温使得地表空气和表层土壤温度分别增加了2.84℃和1.83℃;使得空气相对湿度和土壤含水量分别降低了5.27%和1.55%。针叶比例高会抑制凋落物分解,约13%;增温促进凋落物分解且对针叶比例高的促进作用更加明显,增幅均超过10%。增温总体上降低了土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,而对多酚氧化酶活性的影响表现为增大。针叶比例降低的凋落物分解对3种土壤酶活性的影响大致趋势是增大,幅度在15%以上。增温和凋落物类型之间的交互作用显著。随着土壤深度增加,土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性增大,而脲酶活性降低。增温和不同类型凋落物分解对表层土壤酸碱性无显著作用。在土壤含水量较低的情况下,土壤水分对酶活性影响较大。贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林表层土壤酶对温度的敏感性不仅因酶类型、土壤深度而存在差异,也随增温时间、土壤水分条件而有所不同。     

氮沉降对中亚热带米槠天然林微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

氮沉降对土壤微生物的扰动可能会影响土壤的养分循环,然而关于中亚热带天然林土壤微生物及酶活性对氮沉降的响应鲜有报道。通过3 a的氮沉降模拟实验,研究中亚热带米槠天然林土壤的理化性质、土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的响应。结果表明:氮沉降并未引起土壤的有机碳和总氮显著性变化;高氮(80 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理下,土壤p H下降,出现酸化现象;低氮(40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理促进淋溶层(A层)中土壤纤维素分解酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素水解酶)和木质素分解酶(多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶)活性升高,同时促进土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的积累。冗余分析(RDA)表示,可溶性有机碳(DOC)是驱动A层土壤酶活性的重要环境因子;而在淀积层(B层),这4种酶活性并未发生显著性差异。施氮处理后,A、B层中土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性增加(P0.05)。研究表明:低水平氮沉降增加了土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量以及土壤有机碳分解相关酶活性,从而加速了土壤碳周转;这为未来氮沉降增长背景下,探索中亚热带天然林土壤碳源汇问题提供了依据。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤胞外酶活性对碳输入变化及增温的响应

土壤胞外酶来源于土壤微生物、植物和动物, 是土壤生物地球化学过程的积极参与者, 在森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中扮演着重要角色。为探明土壤胞外酶活性对碳输入变化及增温的响应, 该研究基于长期增温、去除地表凋落物(以下简称去凋)和切根处理的云南哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林控制实验平台, 研究了不同处理(对照、去凋、切根、切根并增温)下表层矿质土壤(0-5和5-10 cm)与碳氮磷获取相关的胞外酶活性, 包括多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化物酶(PER)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)。结合铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量、溶解有机碳(DOC)含量、溶解总氮(DN)含量、土壤含水量(SWC)等相关指标, 探讨凋落物碳输入、根系碳输入和温度变化对土壤胞外酶活性及其生态化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明: 在对照样方, 除POX外其余酶活性均为0-5 cm层显著高于5-10 cm层。与对照相比, 长期的凋落物去除显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤AP和BG活性, 对NAG、PER和POX活性则无显著影响; 长期切根处理显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤BG活性, 但提高了两个土层PER活性; 长期切根并增温处理显著降低了0-5 cm层AP和BG活性, 对其余酶活性无显著影响。冗余分析结果显示SWC和NH₄⁺-N含量是驱动土壤酶活性变化的重要因子。本研究为该生态系统土壤碳氮磷生物地球化学关键过程对全球变化的响应提供了土壤酶学的依据。     

中亚热带米槠天然林土壤甲烷吸收速率季节变化

以福建省建瓯市万木林自然保护区米槠天然林为对象,定位观测了土壤甲烷吸收速率(V_CH4)的季节变化.结果表明：米槠天然林土壤V_CH4的季节变化表现出夏秋季高于冬春季的趋势,最大值(95.13 μg·m^-2·h^-1)出现在初秋(9月),最小值(9.13 μg·mμg·m^-2·h^-1)出现在初春(3月).土壤全年均为甲烷汇.随土壤温度和含水量的增加, V_CH4分别呈增加和降低趋势,但V_CH4与土壤温度和土壤含水量的相关性均不显著.米槠天然林土壤甲烷年通量为3.93 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,高于全球天然林土壤甲烷年通量的平均水平(2.4 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和亚洲地区热带天然林土壤甲烷年通量(2.07 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),低于亚洲地区温带天然林的土壤甲烷年通量(8.12 kg·hm^-2·a^-1).     

Seasonal dynamics of active soil organic carbon in four subtropical forests in Southern China

Aims The objective of this paper was to quantify the seasonal variation of active soil organic carbon in the subtropical forests for better understanding of the underline mechanisms in controlling soil organic carbon storage and dynamics in natural and restored forests in the region. Methods The study was conducted in a one-hectare permanent plot at Dashanchong Forest Park in Changsha County, Hunan Province, China. Four types of subtropical forests were selected as our study sites: (1) Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, (2) Pinus massoniana-Lithocarpus glaber mixed forest, (3) Choerospondias axillaries deciduous broad-leaved forest, and (4) L. glaber-Cyclobalanopsis glauca evergreen broad-leaved forest. The soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths within each of the forests from December 2011 to September 2012. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mineralized organic carbon (MOC), readily oxidized carbon (ROC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were analyzed for their seasonal changes. Important findings There existed a considerable seasonal variations of soil MBC, MOC, ROC, DOC among the forests, with a similar patterns of active organic carbon fraction. Soil MBC, MOC and ROC were significantly higher in the summer and the autumn than those in the spring and winter, while soil DOC was higher in the spring, summer and winter than that in the autumn. The seasonal variations of different active organic carbon fractions appeared different within the same forest type. Significantly-positive correlations were found between soil MBC, MOC, ROC, DOC and soil moisture content, soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, hydrolysis N, total P (except for MBC, MOC and ROC in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation), available P, but not between soil MBC, MOC, ROC, DOC concentrations and soil pH, total K and available K. The results indicated that the differences of exogenous carbon devotion, physicochemical properties were responsible for the significant differences of soil active organic carbon, and the growth rhythm of tree species, soil moisture content, the availability of nutrient (SOC, N and P), and the sources of soil active organic carbon fractions made a major contribution to seasonal variations of soil active organic carbon. Soil MBC, MOC, ROC, and DOC could be used as sensitivity indexes to assess the dynamics of soil C, N and P.     

亚热带3种树种凋落叶厚度对其分解速率及酶活性的影响

对中国亚热带树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)3个树种在不同凋落物厚度下凋落物分解速率和分解酶活性进行了探究.利用分解网袋法,根据浙江省的平均酸雨水平,在酸雨(pH4.0)条件下设置了凋落物40g、凋落物20g、凋落物10g 3个梯度.结果表明:凋落物分解速率随厚度的增加呈加快的趋势,杉木凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.24、0.27、0.34,香樟凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.25、0.3、0.32,银杏凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.42、0.5、0.58;脲酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,纤维素酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g、凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,蔗糖酶活性表现为:后期凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,凋落物分解过程是多种酶共同作用的结果.     

不同植物来源可溶性有机质对亚热带森林土壤酶活性的影响

探究不同植物来源可溶性有机质(DOM)进入土壤后对酶活性的影响, 可以为降水淋溶下亚热带地区不同森林生态系统土壤碳循环提供科学依据。该研究提取杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)和楠木(Phoebe zherman) 3种植物鲜叶中的DOM分别输入杉木人工林土壤中, 以等量的去离子水添加为对照, 进行25天的室内培养。培养结束后测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性等指标。结果表明: 与对照处理(CT)相比, 添加3种叶片DOM后, 土壤总有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量和碳氮比均无显著变化。杉木叶片DOM添加处理(CL)的TN含量显著低于木荷叶片DOM添加处理(SL)和楠木叶片DOM添加处理(PL), 碳氮比显著高于SL和PL。3种叶片DOM输入整体上提高了土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的含量。叶片DOM输入后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著变化, 然而CL和SL的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量分别比CT降低了50.9%和51.1%, PL的MBN含量比CT提高了54.0%。与CT相比, 不同植物来源DOM输入后, β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO) 3种酶活性均显著上升, 而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性则显著下降; 此外, βG和CBH活性均表现出CL > SL > PL的特征。相关性分析的结果表明, 添加叶片DOM 3种处理的SOC、TN、MBN含量和βG、CBH活性都与所输入DOM的DOC含量和腐殖化指数(HIX)显著相关, 此外, 土壤MBN含量和PPO活性与输入叶片DOM的pH呈正相关关系。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明, 叶片DOM输入后引起土壤酶活性变化的关键因子是DON和DOC含量。总体来说, 不同植物来源DOM性质的差异会影响土壤碳循环水解酶的活性, 而叶片DOM输入后增加了土壤碳和氮的有效性, 引起4种碳循环酶的不同响应。     

格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落叶分解过程中养分动态

通过对中亚热带格氏栲天然林 (natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii, 约150a)、格氏栲和杉木人工林 (monoculture plantations of C. Kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33年生) 凋落叶分解过程中养分动态的研究表明,各凋落叶分解过程中N初始浓度均发生不同程度的增加后下降;除格氏栲天然林中其它树种叶和杉木叶P浓度先增加后下降外,其它均随分解过程而下降;除杉木叶外,其它类型凋落叶的Ca和Mg浓度呈上升趋势;凋落叶K浓度均随分解过程不断下降.养分残留率与分解时间之间存在着指数函数关系xt=x0e-kt.凋落叶分解过程中各养分释放常数分别为N(kN) 0.678～4.088;P (kP) 0.621～4.308;K(kK) 1.408～4.421;Ca (kCa) 0.799～3.756;Mg (kMg) 0.837 ～ 3.894.除杉木叶外,其它凋落叶分解过程中均呈kK>kP>kN>kMg>kCa的顺序变化.各林分凋落叶的年养分释放量分别为N 10.73～48.19kg/(hm2·a),P 0.61～3.70kg/(hm2·a),K 6.66～39.61kg/(hm2·a),Ca 17.90～20.91kg/(hm2·a),Mg 3.21～9.85kg/(hm2·a).与针叶树人工林相比,天然阔叶林凋落叶分解过程中较快的养分释放和较高的养分释放量有利于促进养分再循环,这对地力维持有重要作用.     

Insight into the temperature sensitivity of forest litter decomposition and soil enzymes in subtropical forest in China

Aims With the continuing increase in the impact of human activities on ecosystems, ecologists are increasingly interested in understanding the effects of high temperature on litter decomposition since litter decomposition and the accompanying release of nutrients and carbon dioxide are key processes in ecosystem nutrient cycling and carbon flux. This study was conducted to evaluate the temperature sensitivity of forest litter decomposition and soil enzymes during litter decomposition in subtropical forest in China.Methods Two dominant litter types were chosen from Zijin Mountain in China: Quercus acutissima leaves from a broadleaf forest (BF) and Pinus massoniana needles from a coniferous forest (CF). The litter samples were incubated in soil microcosms at ambient control temperature (20°C) and 10°C warmer. During a 5-month incubation, chemical composition of litter samples, litter mass losses, and related soil enzyme activities were determined.Important findings Three main results were found: (i) high temperature accelerated decomposition rates of both litter types, and the temperature sensitivities of litter decomposition for BF leaves and that for CF needles are equivalent basically, (ii) high temperature enhanced soil enzyme activities in the two forest types, and the temperature sensitivities of polyphenol oxidase were significantly higher than those of the other soil enzymes and (iii) the temperature sensitivities of nitrate reductase were significantly higher in the CF soil than in the BF soil, while there was no significant difference in the temperature sensitivities of the other soil enzymes between BF and CF. As a long-term consequence, the high-temperature-induced acceleration of litter decomposition rates in these subtropical forests may cause carbon stored belowground to be transferred in the atmosphere, which may alter the balance between carbon uptake and release, and then alter the global carbon cycle in the coming decades.     

广西天坑森林物种多样性与土壤酶活性和养分的关系

为研究天坑负地形生境土壤酶活性、养分和木本植物多样性的分布特征和内在联系，该文以广西大石围天坑群天坑森林为研究区，基于天坑坑内—坑口—坑外群落多样性调查和土壤生境调查，采用相关性分析和冗余分析方法，探究木本植物物种多样性与土壤因子间的耦合关系。结果表明：(1)坑内木本植物有21种31属20科，坑口木本植物有91种58属58科，坑外木本植物有47种30属30科，天坑坑内Margalef指数和Patrick指数显著低于天坑坑口和坑外生境，沿天坑坑内—坑口—坑外生境变化，物种分布总体较为均匀，但物种数量增多。(2)天坑坑外土壤全氮含量显著高于坑内和坑口生境，坑内的土壤全镁、土壤全磷和土壤速效磷含量显著高于坑口和坑外生境，坑外的土壤碱性磷酸酶和土壤脲酶活性显著高于坑口和坑内生境，表明天坑坑内土壤磷含量较高，但土壤酶活性总体偏低。(3)物种多样性与土壤养分、土壤酶活性相关性强。综上表明，天坑生境对物种多样性、土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的分布特征影响较大，土壤速效磷、土壤碱性磷酸酶、土壤含水量、土壤脲酶、土壤全镁和土壤全磷是影响天坑森林木本植物物种多样性的关键因子。该研究为喀斯特地区植物资源的保护与...