淹水和干旱生境下铅对芦苇生长、生物量分配和光合作用的影响

芦苇(Phragmites australis)作为典型的根茎型多年生湿地植物, 具有广泛的环境耐受性。该研究采用盆栽实验, 采取裂区实验设计, 水分处理为主区, 包括淹水和干旱两个水平, 铅(Pb)为副区, 包括0、500、1500、3β000、4β500 mg·kg^-1 5个水平, 共10个处理, 每个处理12个重复, 研究淹水和干旱条件下Pb污染对芦苇生长、生物量分配及光合作用的影响, 以期明确不同生境下芦苇适应或忍耐重金属污染而采取的策略, 为芦苇应用于湿地恢复和污染修复提供理论依据。结果表明, 在淹水处理中, Pb显著抑制地下芽形成和根茎生长, 但对子株数没有影响; 与母株相比子株具有高的日生长速率、光合速率和生物量(母株的3-7倍)。在干旱环境中, Pb显著抑制根、地下芽和根茎生长, 母株和子株生物量积累及光合作用, 且这些指标均小于淹水处理的。无论在淹水还是干旱环境中, 芦苇体内绝大部分Pb积累在根中, 根茎和子株中Pb含量较少, 被转运至母株中的Pb大约是子株的3倍。淹水条件下子株体内Pb含量小于干旱处理的。结果表明, 干旱和Pb的协同作用显著抑制芦苇生长、生物量积累和光合作用, 可能导致子株生产力和种群密度减小甚至种群衰退。但淹水芦苇能够采取相应的Pb分配策略减缓Pb污染对芦苇生长、生理和繁殖的负面影响, 有利于芦苇种群的繁衍和稳定。     

Effects of ozone and aerosol pollution on photosynthesis of poplar leaves

由于经济的快速发展, 中国大部分地区正面临着严峻的复合型大气污染, 其中臭氧和气溶胶是两种主要污染物。已有的研究表明臭氧对叶片的氧化性伤害能够抑制光合作用, 而气溶胶可通过增加散射辐射比例或缓解高温抑制促进光合作用。但复合污染下, 臭氧和气溶胶如何共同调控叶片光合作用, 仍缺乏研究。该研究利用北京及周边地区之间的污染梯度, 选择加杨(Populus × canadensis)作为实验对象, 于2012-2013年生长季期间对叶片光合速率进行连续观测, 并同时监测臭氧浓度(AOT40)、气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、空气温度和冠层内外光合有效辐射(PAR)等环境因子, 以期探讨大气复合污染下臭氧和气溶胶变化对植物叶片光合作用的影响及相关机制。结果表明: (1)臭氧浓度与空气温度、气溶胶浓度之间均呈显著正相关关系, 但气溶胶浓度与空气温度没有显著相关关系; (2)臭氧浓度增加显著抑制了阳生叶片的光合作用, 但气溶胶浓度上升促进了阳生叶片的光合作用; 臭氧浓度升高对阴生叶片光合作用的影响较小, 但气溶胶浓度上升促进了阴生叶片的光合作用; (3)标准化后的结果显示, 臭氧对阳生叶片光合作用的影响最大, 此时气溶胶的促进作用一定程度上补偿了臭氧浓度上升所带来的抑制效应。对于阴生叶片光合作用而言, 气溶胶则是最重要的影响因素。该研究发现复合污染下阴生叶和阳生叶光合响应不同, 这表明冠层结构可能通过影响阴生叶和阳生叶的比例, 从而对植物生长产生不同影响。该研究对理解大气复合污染如何影响光合作用提供了的机理支持, 同时也表明, 为了维持生态系统生产力及功能, 需要同时控制气溶胶和臭氧污染。     

Variation in biomass allocation of Nitraria tangutorum during different phenological phases

植物生物量的分配模式是植物对环境适应的结果, 并伴随着植物生活史的每一个阶段, 与植物的生长和发育息息相关。目前关于植物生物量分配的大小依赖性已有相关报道, 但关于其对物候期的响应尚鲜有报道。该研究以乌兰布和沙漠地区白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)为研究对象, 通过对其2016与2017年连续2个生长季里盛花期、盛果期与营养生长期3个物候期的根、压条、新枝、老枝、叶、繁殖器官等部分的生物量测定, 采用标准化主轴回归方程的斜率和截距的显著性比较, 分别探讨了白刺在不同物候期的异速生长的大小依赖程度和相对生物量分配比例, 特别是地上与地下部分之间、支持与同化器官之间, 在不同物候期的生物量分配规律。结果表明: 白刺的繁殖生长对生物量分配模式造成的影响主要体现在相对生物量分配比例(36.00%)而不是个体大小的依赖性程度上(16.67%), 且对新枝的影响较大, 使其不同物候期的大小依赖性程度发生了改变, 但是变化趋势不一致, 同时繁殖生长增加对叶片的相对生物量分配比例, 减少对老枝的相对生物量分配比例, 但并没有改变他们的大小依赖性程度。白刺生长过程中的地下部分生物量分配率随个体生物量的累积均增大, 而繁殖分配会在一定程度内减弱这种速率。白刺随着个体生物量的增大其生物量向支持器官分配率也越大, 但随着生长时间推移, 更倾向于将生物量分配给同化吸收器官。     

铅污染下芦苇体内铅的分布和铅胁迫相关蛋白

用Pb(NO3 ) 2 10mmol/L处理芦苇幼苗 7d后 ,检测铅在其不同器官、细胞不同区隔和不同化学状态之间的分布以及铅胁迫相关蛋白。结果显示 ,受铅污染后芦苇幼苗根、地下茎、茎和叶片的铅含量增加 ,它们的大小顺序为根 >地下茎 >茎 >叶片。细胞不同部分铅含量的大小顺序为细胞间隙 >细胞壁 >液泡 >细胞质。在根部和叶片中 ,均以活性较低的醋酸可提取态铅和盐酸可提取态铅占优势。在铅胁迫下 ,从芦苇根和叶片中检测出一些铅结合蛋白。另外 ,铅除诱导芦苇合成一种新的不结合铅的蛋白质外 ,还导致一种分子量大约为 72 0 0 0的蛋白质消失。芦苇抗铅胁迫有以下几种机制 :根部比地上部分积累较多的铅 ;铅在体内形成难溶性化合物 ;铅沉淀在质外体内 ;形成铅结合蛋白质和诱导蛋白     

长期模拟增温对岷江冷杉幼苗生长与生物量分配的影响

川西亚高山针叶林是青藏高原东部高寒林区的重要组成部分,也是研究全球变化对森林生态系统影响的重要组成。长期模拟增温对川西亚高山森林树木的生长、物质积累及其分配格局的影响至今鲜有报道。以川西亚高山针叶林优势种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)幼苗为研究对象,采用控制环境生长室模拟增温的方法,研究了模拟增温对岷江冷杉幼苗生长、物质积累及其分配格局的影响。结果表明,模拟增温(2.2±0.2)℃处理65个月后,岷江冷杉幼苗基径、株高、单株叶面积和比叶面积(SLA)均显著增加,比叶重(LMA)显著下降。增温对岷江冷杉幼苗的茎、侧枝、叶和总生物量具有显著的促进作用,对根生物量没有显著影响。岷江冷杉幼苗的叶重比(LMR)下降、枝重比(SMR)增加、根重比(RMR)无显著变化。长期增温能显著促进岷江冷杉幼苗的生长和物质积累,改变生物量分配格局,促使叶片物质向茎转移,降低光合物质投入。     

光照强度对8种红树植物幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

选取无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham.)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum Linn.)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco.)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam.)、秋茄(Kandelia candel Druce.)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis Ait.)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus L.)为研究对象,通过遮荫控制实验,研究这8种红树植物幼苗在不同光照强度(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)下的生长和生物量分配特征。结果表明:(1)遮荫对无瓣海桑幼苗相对生长速率、生物量积累、基径的增长和叶片数的增长均有显著的抑制作用;(2)桐花和老鼠簕在遮荫处理下生长状况较好,遮荫对桐花生长的影响不显著,对老鼠簕幼苗的生长则有一定的促进作用;(3)当光照强度降低时,无瓣海桑、秋茄、老鼠簕、桐花树的幼苗都对地上部分投入了更多的生物量,其中秋茄、老鼠簕和桐花树通过提高叶生物量来获取更大的光能捕获能力。研究结果表明,从对光照的生长适应角度来看,桐花、老鼠簕和卤蕨适宜种植在郁闭度较高的林下;秋茄适宜在郁闭度较低的林下种植;真红树无瓣海桑和木榄以及半红树黄槿和银叶树则不适合在林下种植。     

The influence of salinity on growth,biomass production and photosynthesis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. seedlings

The influence of NaCl salinity on growth, dry-matter production and leaf photosynthesis of seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was studied by imposing 4 levels (40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) of NaCl in pot culture. Salinity up to 160 mM did not affect plant survival, but did affect plant growth and dry-matter production depending upon the species and salt concentration. NaCl reduced leaf number and dry-weight of all the plant components, but increased stem dry-weight, especially in E. camaldulensis. Salinization also stimulated total dry-matter production at all the salinity levels in E. camaldulensis but only at 40 mM in D. sissoo. The two species varied in protein and chlorophyll concentration and in leaf photosynthetic rate. Protein and chlorophyll concentration of the plants fell at all the levels of NaCl, except at 40 mM, where stimulation in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of the plants occurred. However, no distinct relationship between leaf photosynthetic rate and dry-matter production was found. The study indicated that low salt concentrations generally stimulated growth, biomass production and rate of photosynthesis in both the species, and E. camaldulensis appeared more NaCl salt-tolerant than D. sissoo.     

Relative growth rate and biomass allocation in 20 Aegilops (Poaceae) species

This paper analyses relationships between relative growth rate ( rgr ), seed mass, biomass allocation, photosynthetic rate and other plant traits as well as habitat factors (rainfall and altitude) in 20 wild species of Aegilops L. and one closely related species of Amblyopyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Eig., which differ in ploidy level (diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid). The plants were grown hydroponically for 20 d in a growth chamber. The relationships between parameters were calculated either using the phylogenetic information (phylogenetically independent contrasts, PIC) or without using the phylogenetic information (trait values of taxa, TIP). The results using the two approaches were very similar, but there were a few exceptions in which the results were different (e.g. rgr vs. seed mass). Specific leaf area ( sla ) was positively correlated with leaf area ratio ( lar ) and negatively correlated with net assimilation rate ( nar ), which together resulted in the absence of a correlation between sla and rgr . Leaf photosynthetic rates (expressed on a mass or area basis) showed no correlation with rgr . rgr was positively correlated with the stem mass ratio and negatively with root mass ratio. Species with a lower d. wt percentage have a higher rgr . Aegilops species from locations with higher annual rainfall invested less biomass in roots and more in shoots (leaves and stems) and had a higher rgr . Diploid species had a lower seed mass and initial mass than the hybrids (tetraploid and hexaploid species), but there was no correlation of rgr with ploidy level. Polyploid species, which have higher seed mass, occur at a higher altitude than diploid species. Our results show that variation in rgr in Aegilops and Amblyopyrum spp. is associated mainly with variation in biomass allocation (proportion of biomass in stems and roots) and d. wt percentage, and not with variation in sla , leaf photosynthetic rates or seed mass.     

水位和氮浓度对三江藨草幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

以莫莫格国家级自然保护区常见植物三江藨草(Scirpus nipponicus)为研究对象,设置低(5 cm)、中(35 cm)、高(65 cm) 3个水位和低(4 mmol·L-1)、中(8 mmol·L-1)、高(12mmol·L-1) 3个氮浓度交互的室内控制实验,探究不同水位和氮浓度对湿地植物三江藨草幼苗生长及生物量分配的影响。结果表明:水位对三江藨草幼苗生长、生物量及其分配均产生显著影响(P<0.05),随着水位的升高,三江藨草株高增加,分株数、球茎数及根生物量降低,根茎、球茎、地下、地上和总生物量均呈先增加后降低的趋势;植株地上生物量分配增加,地下(包括根和球茎)生物量分配降低;氮浓度仅对植株株高、球茎数以及地下与地上部分的生物量分配有显著影响(P<0.05),对分株数及生物量的累积均无显著影响(P>0.05);综合三江藨草幼苗的生长特征和生物量累积,认为其生长的最适宜水位为35 cm;且低水位有利于植株对氮的吸收,高水位和高氮浓度限制植株的生长。     

钠盐胁迫对藜科一年生草本植物生长和生物量分配的影响

选取河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型藜科一年生草本植物雾冰藜、刺沙蓬和白茎盐生草为研究对象,分析不同浓度盐分（NaCl和NaHCO₃,0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L）对3种藜科植物生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响。研究结果表明：（1）钠盐胁迫下,3种藜科植物的存活率随盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,雾冰藜和刺沙蓬在200 mmol/L NaCl和200 mmol/L NaHCO₃胁迫下无法存活或存活率极低,白茎盐生草在200 mmol/L NaHCO₃胁迫下无法存活;（2）钠盐胁迫显著抑制了刺沙蓬的生长和生物量积累,而一定浓度的盐分（50、100 mmol/L）可以促进雾冰藜和白茎盐生草的生长,较高浓度的盐分则抑制其生长;（3）3种植物的根冠比在钠盐胁迫下呈下降趋势,地上部生物量分配随盐浓度增加呈上升趋势,其中低盐胁迫下（50、100 mmol/L）繁殖分配比例增加明显,中高度盐胁迫下（150、200 mmol/L）茎、叶生物量分配比例增加显著,但根系生物量分配随盐分浓度增加而下降,这说明盐分胁迫下增加生物量在地上部的分配是藜科一年生草本植物应对盐胁迫的方式之一;（4） NaHCO₃的胁迫作用大于NaCl,3种植物中,白茎盐生草的耐盐性最强,而雾冰藜和刺沙蓬的耐盐能力较差。     

珍稀濒危植物张氏红山茶花的花发育形态及生理特性研究

以珍稀濒危植物张氏红山茶为材料,对其花发育形态及分化过程中生理指标动态变化进行了研究.采用定株调查的方法,通过观察、统计、解剖等确定张氏红山茶盛花期花芽着生位置并划分5个发育阶段,以分光光度法测定了5个发育阶段可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和核酸含量等的动态变化.结果表明:盛花期花芽着生位置主要在枝条顶端,占70.0％;花芽和叶...     

Growth,biomass allocation and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars in a mediterranean environment; a pot experiment under field conditions

Plants of two bread wheat cultivars,Triticum aestivum L. Katya Al and Mexipak 65, were grown in pots during the crop season in the field in NW Syria, a region with a Mediterranean climate. The experiment involved two treatments. Control plants were well-watered throughout the experiment (watering to 0.22 g water g^–1 dry soil). In the second treatment, water was withheld from the plants until soil water content had decreased to 0.10 g water g^–1 dry soil, the level that was maintained thereafter. Water use was measured by weighing the pots, and growth by destructive sampling. Growth of Katya and Mexipak was similar. Mexipak had a lower (though not significant atp<0.05) plant water use efficiency (WUE_p) in both treatments due to higher rates of water loss. On a leaf area basis differences in water use were especially high since Mexipak had a smaller total leaf area. In spite of a smaller investment in photosynthesizing area, Mexipak achieved similar growth as Katya. Carbon isotope discrimination and organic nitrogen concentration (both higher for Mexipak) suggest that Mexipak accomplished higher mean net photosynthetic rates with a higher mean leaf diffusive conductance, higher intercellular carbon dioxide partial pressure, and possibly a greater investment in the photosynthetic apparatus compared to Katya. Differences in carbon isotope discrimination suggest a larger difference in average photosynthetic WUE (net photosynthesis/transpiration) than in plant WUE. This could indicate that loss of carbon in respiration was greater in Katya. Gas exchange measurements on the youngest fully expanded leaves showed only minor differences between the cultivars. It is hypothesized that Mexipak, with a smaller total leaf area, is able to maintain high leaf conductance and photosynthesis for a longer period of time during the day or during the life span of leaves.     

不同光强下入侵植物剑叶金鸡菊与伴生种生长和光合特征研究

研究了剑叶金鸡菊及其伴生植物鬼针草、羊蹄幼苗的生物量分配、生长和生理特性在不同强度的光生境中(全光照和31％光照)的响应特征,探讨了这些特征与其入侵性的关系.结果表明:(1)光强是影响剑叶金鸡菊入侵的重要环境因子,高光环境下其幼苗较高的相对生长速率( RGR)和植物单位重量的光合效率(Am)与其入侵性密切相关.遮荫下,...     

放牧格局和生境资源对矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）分株生物量分配和补偿性生长的影响

为研究密集型克隆植物对放牧扰动和生境资源变化的生物量分配和补偿生长响应特性,验证克隆植物的觅食模型和3个有关植物个体补偿反应的假说(①放牧优化假说,grazing optimization hypothesis,GOH;②反应连续谱假说,continuum of responses hypothesis,CRH;③增长率模型,growth rate model,GRM),在具有不同放牧利用格局和土壤养分水平的高寒矮嵩草草甸(Ⅰ.畜圈草地:重度放牧、资源丰富;Ⅱ.牧道草地:中度放牧、资源贫乏;Ⅲ.封育草地:不放牧、资源贫乏)中通过设置扣笼/无扣笼样方对其建群种矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)进行了研究.结果表明不论当年解除家畜放牧与否,春季采摘率越高(畜圈草地),分株生物量向生长的投入越少,向贮藏器官的投入越多.繁殖分配在中度采摘下最高(牧道草地),扣笼内外分株各部分的生物量分配无差异.矮嵩草分株在中度采摘×资源贫乏条件下产生了超补偿响应,在重度采摘×资源丰富条件下为等量补偿,重度采摘导致分株密度显著减少.生物量分配格局与觅食模型的预测不符.补偿生长响应特性证实了GOH和GRM的预测,但与CRH的预测不符.这说明在研究地区放牧扰动格局对克隆植物矮嵩草分株的生物量分配和补偿生长具有重要影响,适度放牧利用更利于引起超补偿,而重度利用可能会对该种群的长期保持产生不利影响.     

Counteractive biomass allocation responses to drought and damage in the perennial herb Convolvulus demissus

Herbivory and water shortage are key ecological factors affecting plant performance. While plant compensatory responses to herbivory include reallocation of biomass from below‐ground to above‐ground structures, plant responses to reduced soil moisture involve increased biomass allocation to roots and a reduction in the number and size of leaves. In a greenhouse study we evaluated the effects of experimental drought and leaf damage on biomass allocation in Convolvulus demissus (Convolvulaceae), a perennial herb distributed in central Chile, where it experiences summer drought typical of Mediterranean ecosystems and defoliation by leaf beetles and livestock. The number of leaves and internode length were unaffected by the experimental treatments. The rest of plant traits showed interaction of effects. We detected that drought counteracted some plant responses to damage. Thus, only in the control watering environment was it observed that damaged plants produced more stems, even after correcting for main stem length (index of architecture). In the cases of shoot : root ratio, relative shoot biomass and relative root biomass we found that the damage treatment counteracted plant responses to drought. Thus, while undamaged plants under water shortage showed a significant increase in root relative biomass and a significant reduction in both shoot : root ratio and relative shoot biomass, none of these responses to drought was observed in damaged plants. Total plant biomass increased in response to simulated herbivory, apparently due to greater shoot size, and in response to drought, presumably due to greater root size. However, damaged plants under experimental drought had the same total biomass as control plants. Overall, our results showed counteractive biomass allocation responses to drought and damage in C. demissus. Further research must address the fitness consequences under field conditions of the patterns found. This would be of particular importance because both current and expected climatic trends for central Chile indicate increased aridity.     

空气断根对侧柏实生苗生物量分配和根系生长的影响

为探求林木幼苗生物量分配和根系生长对空气断根的响应,以侧柏(Platycladus Orientalis)实生苗为材料,设置空气断根(T)和不断根(CK)处理,研究了空气断根10、30 d和50 d后对侧柏生物量、根系形态特征及吸收面积的影响。结果表明:(1)T处理的侧柏幼苗地上生物量、根生物量、总生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积及根尖数在断根10、30 d和50 d后均大于CK,且显著扩大了根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。(2)空气断根显著影响了侧柏实生苗的生物量分配格局,其根冠比在整个试验阶段呈先增大后减小的趋势,而CK逐渐减小。(3)两种处理的侧柏幼苗根系直径集中在0-0.5 mm。与CK相比,T处理侧柏随空气断根时间延长,单株根系直径在0-0.5 mm的根数量急剧增多,占总根尖数的79%,根平均长度、根表面积、根体积和根尖数显著增大。(4)生物量参数和根形态参数之间关系密切。根生物量与地上生物量及总生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。除根系平均直径外,根生物量、地上生物量和总生物量分别与根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数呈显著正相关,根冠比与地上生物量呈负相关。因此,空气断根有效改善了侧柏幼苗的根系形态特征,提高了吸收面积,显著促进侧柏实生苗在生长早期快速发育。     

松嫩平原不同生育期虎尾草无性系构件生长与生物量分配

以松嫩平原不同生育期的虎尾草无性系为研究对象,分别在虎尾草无性系拔节期和完熟期进行大样本取样,并对其地上、地下各构件的数量性状及生物量分配进行统计分析,研究虎尾草在不同生育期的生长特性及生长策略.结果表明:虎尾草株高、总根长、总根表面积、根体积、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量在两个生育期之间均存在显著差异.在两个生育期,地上、地下生物量分配与总生物量呈显著幂函数异速生长关系.在拔节期,总生物量与分株数、总根长、总根表面积和根体积呈显著线性同速生长关系;而在完熟期,均呈显著幂函数异速生长关系.虎尾草无性系在不同生育期存在着不同的生长策略,在拔节期主要采取的是无性系外部空间的优先扩展策略,而在完熟期主要采取的是无性系内、外部空间兼顾的补充和扩展策略.     

Estimation of biomass allocation and carbon density of Rhododendron simsii shrubland in the subtropical mountainous areas of China

Aims As an important potential carbon sink, shrubland ecosystem plays a vital role in global carbon balance and climate regulation. Our objectives were to derive appropriate regression models for shrub biomass estimation, and to reveal the biomass allocation pattern and carbon density in Rhododendron simsii shrubland.
Methods We conducted investigations in 27 plots, and developed biomass regression models for shrub species to estimate shrub biomass. The biomass of herb and litterfall were obtained through harvesting. Plant samples were collected from each plot to measure carbon content in different organs.
Important findings The results showed that the power and linear models were the most appropriate equation forms. The D and D²H (where D was the basal diameter (cm) and H was the shrub height (m)) were good predictors for organ biomass and total biomass of shrubs. All of the biomass models reached extremely significant level, and could be used to estimate shrub biomass with high accuracy. It was more difficult to predict leaf and annual branch biomass than stem biomass, because leaf and annual branch were susceptible to herbivores and inter-plant competition. The mean biomass of the shrub layer was 20.78 Mg·hm^-2, in which Rhododendron simsii and Symplocos paniculata biomass accounted for 93.63%. Influenced by both environment and species characteristics, the biomass of the shrub layer organs was in the order of stem > root > leaf > annual branch. The root:shoot ratio of the shrub layer was 0.32, which was less than other shrubs in subtropical regions. The relative higher aboveground biomass allocation reflected the adaptation of plants to the warm and humid environment for more photosynthesis. The mean total community biomass was 26.26 Mg·hm^-2, in which shrub layer, herb layer and litter layer accounted for 79.14%, 7.62% and 13.25%, respectively. Litter biomass was relatively high, which suggested that this community had high nutrient return. There were significant correlations among aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and total biomass of shrub layer and herb layer. The mean biomass carbon density of the community was 11.70 Mg·hm^-2 and the carbon content ratio was 44.55%. The carbon density was usually obtained using the conversion coefficient of 0.5 in previous studies, which could overestimate carbon density by 12.22%.