LIGNOFIBRILS ON THE EXTERNAL CELL WALL SURFACE OF CULTURED PLANT CELLS

Small strands and bundles of strands extend from the outside surface of suspension-cultured cells of Daucus, Ipomoea, and Phaseolus into the medium. This fibrous cell coat is present in all samples from various growth stages but appears to increase in quantity in the order Ipomoea < Phaseolus < Daucus. The bundles are often many microns in length and display great variation in frequency, size, and form. Identification of the composition of the strands and bundles as lignin is consistent with the following observations: alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of the strands to compounds which resemble monomers of wood lignin; resistance of the strands to pronase, trypsin, pectinase, and lipase; strong irreversible adsorption of heavy metals; deposition of silver granules by treatment with silver nitrate-hexamine reagent; extraction of the bundles with aqueous dioxane (Björkman procedure); presence in quantity of a structured form of Klason lignin; and existence of material giving a positive test with the Wiesner reagent. Large individual strands (lignofibrils) from Phaseolus show the form of a flat ribbon with very thin branches at irregular intervals. This form does not vary with preparatory techniques, although its electron opacity does. Intercellular spaces display considerable structure and sometimes contain sheets of fibrillar material merging with both the middle lamella between the cells and the surface bundles facing the medium. These sheets are probably another form of association of the lignofibrils. It is suggested that natural fibrous lignin may be a much commoner component of plant tissue than suspected hitherto.     

Protoplast Fusion: EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON THE MEMBRANE FLUIDITY OF CULTURED CELLS

The relation between the composition of the phospholipid molecular species in a cell membrane and the velocity of protoplast fusion was studied using cells cultured at a low temperature (10 C). Cells cultured at a low temperature contained larger proportions of phospholipids of low phase transition point, the 1,2-dilinoleoyl-type, than those cultured at a normal temperature (25 C). When treated with polyethylene glycol 6000, protoplasts from cells cultured at 10 C fused and progressed to the fused sphere stage more rapidly than did those from cells cultured at 25 C.     

玉米精细胞质膜特异蛋白的纯化

在获得6个品种的玉米(Zea mays L.)花粉精细胞后,采用N-hydroxysuccinimido-biotin(NHS-biotin)标记其外膜蛋白,并通过SDS-PAGE和Western blotting对比了其中主要标记蛋白,发现其主要蛋白带差异并不显著,主要标记蛋白分子量均集中于91、60、43、30和17kD。采用免疫亲和层析技术进一步纯化已获得的混杂少量其它细胞器成分的精细胞质膜制剂,即利用制备的体细胞主要细胞器:线粒体、内质网、高尔基体及质膜的膜蛋白,分别免疫豚鼠,从其抗血清中纯化获得IgG,并进一步制成各种膜蛋白的免疫亲和吸附制剂。利用此技术进一步纯化经NHS-biotin标记的精细胞质膜蛋白,获得精细胞质膜特异的蛋白质,其中最为显著的蛋白质分子量约为65、22kD。     

肾上腺糖皮质激素对体外培养的人体肝癌细胞的影响电镜观察

本工作的目的系观察肾上腺糖皮质激素对离体培养的人体肝癌细胞(BEL- 7402)引起的形态学表型改变。肝癌细胞经浓度为7.6×10~(-6)的合成糖皮质激素——地塞米松处理48小时显示,体积较对照细胞显著较大,呈扁平多边形。电镜观察到:1)激素处理48小时、浓度为7.6×10~(-7)M及7.5×10~(-6)M的两个剂量组,线粒体偶有增大及融合现象;胞膜下外细胞质区域有短的微管出现。2)处理72小时的两个剂量组,肝癌细胞的微绒毛似有减少;经常见到体积明显增大的线粒体及成片的糖元;胞质内经常出现长的、纵横交错的微管,尤以7.5×10~(-6)M组明显,弥散分布的微丝和张力纤维出现的频率也远高于对照组。本文对肝癌细胞出现的表型变化的意义进行了讨论。     

HPI在肝癌组织中的表达及其对肝癌细胞特异性抑增殖效应研究

肝细胞增殖抑制因子（Ｈｅｐａｔｉｃｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｏｒ,ＨＰＩ）粗制品、半纯品和纯品对体外培养的人肝癌细胞具有显著抑增殖作用,随样品纯度提高抑制活性逐渐增强。纯品（浓度５μｇ／ｍｌ）的抑制率达７７．７１％。正常成年大鼠肝细胞呈ＨＰＩ阳性表达。在ＤＥＮ诱发大鼠肝细胞癌的发生发展过程中,转化的癌前期细胞和肝癌细胞呈ＨＰＩ阴性表达。表明肝细胞ＨＰＩ的表达能力在其癌变过程中消失,从而失去了自身的抑癌作用。     

SIALIC ACIDS ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOID CELLS : Chemical Aspects and Biosynthesis

From 61 to 92% of the total sialic acid of a variety of human lymphoid cell lines maintained in tissue culture is present on the cell surface as measured by its susceptibility to cleavage by Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase. These cells contain from 1.22 x 10⁸ to 6.99 x 10⁸ molecules of surface sialic acid per cell. In synchronized cultures synthesis of surface sialic acid occurs only during a limited time in the late G₂ phase of the cell cycle. The amount and density of surface sialic acid vary considerably throughout the cell cycle.     

THE REPLICATION TIME AND PATTERN OF CARCINOGEN-INDUCED HEPATOMA CELLS

The replication time and pattern have been investigated in hepatoma cells induced by feeding 3'Me-DAB to male rats for 5 months. With the use of tritiated thymidine as a DNA label along with autoradiography, mitotic nuclear labeling has been studied 0.5 to 72 hours after the administration of the label. The following time intervals have been estimated: replication time, 31 hours; DNA synthesis, 17 hours; G₂ plus Mitosis, 2 hours; G₁, 12 hours. Only about 8 per cent of the tumor cell (interphase) population is "flash" labeled, following a single dose of 50 µC of H³TDR. This group of cells has been followed through three cycles of division. The repeated rhythmic passage of tumor cells through cell division is similar to that previously reported for normal liver cells in the growing rat. However, tumor cells have longer replication and DNA synthesis times. In addition, the several time intervals studied vary more in the tumor cell population than they do in the growing normal cell population.     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES PLASMA MEMBRANE RELATED SECONDARY VACUOLES IN CULTURED CELLS

The plasma membrane of cultured cells of several plant species was observed to possess invaginations, or secondary vacuoles, of variable size in the adjacent cytoplasm. These structures, which occurred in cells at different phases in vacuolation, were very numerous in thin sections of some cells but fewer in others. In vacuolated cells enlarged secondary vacuoles protrude into the primary vacuole but are delimited from the tonoplast by an intermembrane zone of variable width. The plasma membrane at the orifice of an invagination may fuse and detach the secondary vacuole from the membrane to form in the cytoplasm a structure bounded by a single membrane. Complex accumulations of membranes consisting of spherical, tubular, and laminar structures, possibly containing cytoplasm, may develop within secondary vacuoles. Contents of many of these vacuoles arise from folds along its limiting membrane which pinch off into the interior of the secondary vacuole. A fibrous substance, possibly derived from the wall, is present in some secondary vacuoles. Observed folding of the plasma membrane and measurements of membrane width of various organelles and cytomembranes support an interpretation that endocytosis occurs in cultured cells.     

甲胎蛋白在体外对人肝癌细胞生长的影响

本文用MTT比色法观察了甲胎蛋白(AFP)在体外对人肝癌细胞生长的影响。结果表明,AFP能促进SMMC-7721人肝癌细胞的生长。当AFP与AFP抗体合用时,AFP抗体能减弱AFP对SMMC-7721细胞生长的促进作用;AFP抗体单用对此种细胞的生长亦有抑制作用。另一方面,在相同的实验条件下,AFP和AFP抗体对HL-60人白血病细胞的生长无明显影响;提示AFP的促生长作用具有一定的肿瘤细胞特异性,并非一种蛋白质对培养细胞的非特异性营养作用。此外,AFP亦能促进MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞的生长,AFP抗体对此种细胞的生长有抑制作用。由于MCF-7细胞存在功能性AFP受体,也能合成和分泌AFP。这就提示,人肝癌细胞中的AFP很可能与其受体特异性结合,产生促生长效应。确切机制尚待进一步阐明。     

玉米精细胞及体细胞原生质体表膜蛋白的比较

以低渗冲击法（改良两步法）及Ｐｅｒｃｏｌｌ密度梯度离心,成功分离纯化生活玉米（Ｚｅａｍ ａｙｓ）精细胞;以混合酶解法制备玉米叶原生质体和愈伤组织原生质体;以ＮＨＳ－生物素标记完整精细胞及原生质体表膜蛋白,进行ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ,并以辣根过氧化物酶标亲和素检测被标记的表膜蛋白。结果表明,在精细胞中标记蛋白有４ 种,分子量分别为４８、５９、６７、７９ ｋＤ;叶片原生质体中有５ 种,分子量分别为５４、５８、６６、７１、７８ ｋＤ;愈伤组织原生质体中仅有２ 种,分子量６７ 和８０ ｋＤ。其中４８ ｋＤ蛋白为精细胞所特有,５４ ｋＤ 和７１ ｋＤ蛋白为叶片细胞所特有     

THE CHARACTERIZATIO OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE IN CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS

The expression of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in a variety of mammalian cells has been investigated employing tryptamine as substrate. The enzyme present in those cell lines having sufficient activity for detailed analysis exhibited a monophasic response to the inhibitor clorgyline. On this basis the cell lines examined were found to express only A, or only B, type activity. Hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) deficient derivatives of both MAO type A, or MAOtype B, expressing cells were examined. The HGPRT status of the cells appeared to have little influence on the expression of the enzyme.     

胡萝卜培养细胞胚胎发生能力的差异

异质的培养细胞是植物细胞变异的一个重要来源。由Bergman建立的平板培养技术已在许多方面得到应用,其中特别有意义的是获得次生物质含量不同的细胞系和具有较好农艺性状的栽培植物品系。胡萝卜培养细胞是研究植物体细胞胚胎发     

三尖杉培养细胞中抗癌活性成分的研究

从三尖杉（ＣｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘｕｓｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉＨｏｏｋ．ｆ．）茎和叶片作外植体在ＭＳ附加ＫＴ ０．１ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ、ＮＡＡ ３ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织,建立了三尖杉悬浮培养细胞系,研究了光、ｐＨ 值、激素、碳源和添加物等因子对悬浮细胞生长的影响。结果表明： ｐＨ ５．８ 及低浓度的糖和ＮＡＡ适于细胞生长,糖含量超过４０ ｇ／Ｌ则不利于细胞生长,ＮＡＡ 大于３ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ抑制细胞生长。蔗糖或葡萄糖作碳源,二者无明显区别。添加水解蛋白或氨基酸不适合细胞生长。白光对细胞生长有明显的抑制作用。建立了灵敏、快速高效液相色谱测定方法,测得离体培养细胞含有三尖杉碱及抗癌酯类生物碱：三尖杉酯碱、异三尖杉酯碱和高三尖杉酯碱。细胞悬浮培养中合成生物碱的能力明显高于固体培养,前者有效生物碱的含量和细胞增长速率均比后者高１ 倍以上。悬浮培养细胞中各生物碱组分比率为：２２％ 三尖杉碱,６％ 氧桥三尖杉碱,８％ 三尖杉酯碱,２３％ 高三尖杉酯碱,４１％ 异三尖杉酯碱。用气相色谱－质谱联用技术,除测得上述生物碱外,还检测到细胞培养物中含有去氧三尖杉酯碱、麦角甾醇、豆甾醇和谷甾醇等化合物     

低氧对大鼠颈动脉体培养细胞膜电位及输入阻抗的影响

本文采用离体培养的大鼠颈动脉体主细胞(glomus cell)的细胞群体和单细胞的标本,观察了不同程度的低氧对细胞膜电位(MP)和输入阻抗(Ri)的影响。在常氧(20％O_2,5％CO_2,75％N_2)条件下培养的细胞(常氧细胞)暴露在常氧中测得的MP和Ri值为对照值。当常氧细胞暴露在低氧(10％O_2,5％CO_2,85％N_2)时,MP幅度有的增加(超极化),有的减少(去极化),MP值增加和减少的细胞数各占细胞总数的百分比大体相同,当暴露在100％N_2中时,MP增加的细胞百分数明显高于MP减少的细胞百分数。在低氧条件下培养的细胞(低氧细胞),暴露在常氧中测得的MP和Ri值与对照值比较无显著性差别,但是,当低氧细胞暴露在低氧中时MP和Ri的值均明显增加(MP:P<0.01,Ri:P<0.05)。结果提示:颈动脉体的glomus细胞可能在感受pO_2变化中起重要作用。     

影响有尾类离体胚胎表皮细胞兴奋性的实验

用常规电生理细胞内记录技术了解了影响蝾螈胚胎非典型表皮细胞兴奋性的一些因素。1.小牛血清、蝾螈胚胎内胚层和肌节中胚层、非洲爪蟾胚胎外胚层及嫁接于受体胚胎都提高非典型表皮显示动作电位样品的百分比。血清琼脂包饺子的作用较培养在含血清溶液明显。内、外胚层的作用更为明显。嫁接于受体胚胎的非典型表皮百分之百地显示兴奋性。2.血清、内、中、外胚层及嫁接于受体胚胎都降低表皮细胞的刺激阈值。各处理组的平均阈值均低于对照组,其巾嫁接于受体胚胎的非典型表皮细胞最低,接近于正常胚胎的表皮细胞。3.血清琼脂块和内胚层包饺子的实验表明,影响兴奋性的因素必须始终与表皮细胞保持接触,才‘能产生作用。一旦脱离接触,其作用就逐渐消失。4.胚胎表皮细胞兴奋性的产生不依赖于外来因素,是一种自主的功能分化。但是外来因素能使培养的表皮细胞的兴奋性增强,对低强度的刺激产生兴奋。这种外来因素可能是一些非专一性的与代谢有关的物质。     

FREEZE-ETCH STUDIES OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Pulmonary endothelial cells are capable of metabolizing a variety of circulating hormonal substances. Indirect evidence indicates that some of the relevant enzymes are located on the plasma membrane. The associated caveolae are of special interest as globular subunits, possibly enzyme clusters, are evident in their membranes. In the present study, freeze-etch techniques were used to improve understanding of the fine structure of endothelial cells and to extend our investigations of possible sites of enzymes capable of metabolizing circulating vasoactive agents. As in other cells studied by freeze-etching, intramembranous particles are found on both inner aspects of the plasma membrane. In undifferentiated areas of plasma membrane, the particles appear to have a random distribution. These areas fracture such that approximately equal proportions of the particles adhere to the cytoplasmic aspect of the outer leaflet and the extracellular aspect of the inner leaflet. However, the particles organize into rosettes and plaques at the base of caveolae, and, after fracture, the rosettes and plaques adhere predominantly to the cytoplasmic aspect of the outer leaflet. The peculiar organization of particles in association with caveolae supports the concept that caveolae have a stomal skeletal structure and raises the possibility that the organization may be in some way related to pinocytosis.     

ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF KB CELLS

Plasma membranes from KB cells were isolated by the method of latex bead ingestion and were compared with those obtained by the ZnCl₂ method. Optimal conditions for bead uptake and the isolation procedure employing discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation are described. All steps of preparative procedure were monitored by electron microscopy and specific enzyme activities. The plasma membrane fraction obtained by both methods is characterized by the presence of the Na⁺ + K⁺-activated ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase, and contains NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b₅. The latter two enzymes are also present in lower concentrations in the microsomal fraction. Unlike microsomes which are devoid of the Na⁺ + K⁺-activated ATPase and which contain only traces of 5'-nucleotidase activity, the plasma membrane fraction contains only trace amounts of the rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase but no cytochrome P-450, both of which are mainly microsomal components. Morphologically the plasma membrane fraction isolated by the latex bead method is composed of vesicles of 0.1–0.3 µm in diameter. On the basis of the biochemical and morphological criteria presented, it is concluded that the plasma membrane fraction isolated by the above methods are of high degree of purity.     

ROLE OF NUCLEUS IN CYTOPLASMIC ACTIVITIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FORMATION OF SURFACE MEMBRANE IN ELODEA LEAF CELLS

Using leaf cells of Elodea densa, investigations were made onthe role of nucleus in some activities of protoplasm, by comparingthe behaviours of nucleated and enucleated halves of protoplast,which were separated by means of plasmolytic treatment of intactcells.

1. Plasmolytic treatment caused a remarkable chloroplast-systrophe,which was more pronounced in nucleated halves than in enucleatedones, in which the systrophe, if any, was dispersed gradually.
2. In general, protoplasmic streaming was suppressed under plasmolyticconditions, although in nucleated protoplasm a rotation of systrophedchloroplast-bunch was often observed after a longer durationof culture.
3. The membrane which was re-formed on the surfaceof divided protoplasmichalves was found to be more solidifiedand less elastic in thenucleated halves than in the enucleatedhalves.
4. Detection of RNA in the cytoplasm by UNNA-PAPPENHEIM'sstainingmethod showed that the ability of pyronin uptake wasdecreasedin the enucleated halves as compared with that inthe nucleatedhalves.
5. By treatment with ribonuclease, theproperties of nucleatedprotoplasmic halves were rendered tobe similar to those ofthe enucleated halves.
6. Based on theobservations, discussions were made on the r?leof nucleus inthe regulation of the membrane formation by, andthe viscosityand other physico-chemical properties of, thecytoplasm.

¹ This study was supported by a grant-in-aid for DevelopmentalScientific Research from the Ministry of Education, No. 407041(1955), and No. 407084 (1960). (Received November 19, 1960; )