纤维素酶高产菌株的复合交替诱变选育

以里氏木霉ZM-4为出发菌株,研究了紫外诱变、硫酸二乙酯诱变以及紫外与硫酸二乙酯复合交替诱变等不同诱变方法对其产纤维素酶能力的影响,力求得到高产纤维素酶突变株.结果表明,复合交替诱变的正突变率最高,达45.98%.其中,突变株ZM4-F3具有最高的产酶能力,其滤纸酶活值达11.71U,比出发菌株ZM-4提高了19.75%.对ZM4-F3产纤维素酶酶系进行了详细分析,发现其葡聚糖内切酶、葡聚糖外切酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活均较出发菌株ZM-4有显著提高,其中以β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活增幅最大,达58.3%.利用ZM4-F3降解稻草96h,还原糖产量达2.231g/L,比出发菌株提高了21.7%;利用ZM4-F3降解稻草144h,纤维素分解率和稻草分解率分别达53.01%和68.32%,比出发菌株分别提高了20.2%和14.0%.在对ZM4-F3进行6代连续培养后,仍能保持较高及较稳定的产酶能力,可以应用于工业生产.     

产漆酶菌株筛选及一株产酶菌株的优化与鉴定

【目的】从26株真菌菌株中筛选高产漆酶菌株。【方法】采用愈创木酚法进行产漆酶菌株的筛选,通过正交实验对筛选出的高产菌株进行优化,并通过形态学和分子系统学对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】26株真菌菌株中有4株可产生漆酶,其中菌株H52.1为产漆酶最好菌株;菌株H52.1产漆酶优化培养基碳源为可溶性淀粉,氮源为硝酸铵,pH为8,金属离子为Ca2+;经鉴定,该菌株为大孢戴氏霉。【结论】大孢戴氏霉在产漆酶方面值得进一步研究开发。     

阿维菌素生产菌的常压室温等离子体诱变育种及培养基优化

【目的】通过诱变筛选技术选育阿维菌素高产突变株,对其发酵培养基进行响应面优化,提高阿维菌素产量。【方法】采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变技术,结合链霉抗性和卡那霉素抗性筛选法及96深孔板高通量筛选法,筛选阿维菌素高产株。在单因素实验的基础上,应用响应面分析法对其发酵培养基进行优化,最后确定最佳培养基配方。【结果】获得一株遗传性状稳定的阿维菌素高产株K-1A6,其阿维菌素产量达到4.22 g/L,比出发菌株9-39提高了23.4%,在最佳培养基中阿维菌素产量达到5.36 g/L,较优化前提高了27.01%。【结论】通过对阿维链霉菌9-39菌株进行ARTP诱变筛选及发酵培养基优化研究能显著提高阿维菌素的产量。     

氮离子诱变筛选内切葡聚糖酶高产菌株及其基因突变研究

目的：离子注入枯草芽孢杆菌筛选高产内切葡聚糖酶突变菌株,同时进行其酶活性研究,并克隆该基因,研究离子注入对其诱变效应。方法：低能氮离子重复注入枯草芽孢杆菌,筛选获得1株高产内切葡聚糖酶突变菌株Bac11。DNS法测定酶活性。PCR扩增获得出发菌株Bac01和突变菌株Bac11内切葡聚糖酶基因,并对核酸序列及预测氨基酸序列进行多重比对。结果：突变菌株Bac11内切葡聚糖酶活性从93.33IU提高到381.89IU。多重比对Bac01和Bac11内切葡聚糖酶基因编码区1500bp序列,当中有10个碱基发生突变,预测氨基酸序列中有5个氨基酸残基发生变化,且都在其基因纤维素结合域部分。结论：低能氮离子重复注入对枯草芽孢杆菌内切葡聚糖酶活性及其基因有明显的诱变累加效应。     

人工锌指蛋白介导调控的里氏木霉纤维素酶生产

里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30是目前研究最广泛的纤维素酶生产菌,选育高产纤维素酶的里氏木霉菌株有助于提高木质纤维素资源生物炼制的经济性。利用人工锌指蛋白文库转化T.reeseiRut-C30,筛选获得了两株高产纤维素酶的突变株T. reesei M1和M2,与出发菌株比较,突变株M1和M2滤纸酶活分别提高100%和53%,且M1突变株外泌蛋白量提高69%,M2内切纤维素酶活提高64%。实时定量PCR分析结果表明,与对照菌株相比,突变株M1和M2中主要纤维素酶基因转录均上调,但不同酶基因在两株菌中有不同的变化特征。此外,纤维素酶抑制转录因子基因ace1在两株突变株中都转录下调,而纤维素酶正调控转录因子基因xyr1仅在M1突变株中上调。以上结果表明,不同人工锌指蛋白对纤维素酶活性的影响具有多样性。对这些突变体中人工锌指蛋白靶基因进行深入分析,为进一步深入探究里氏木霉纤维素酶合成调控的机理,以及利用代谢工程选育更高效的产酶菌株提供了基础。     

筛选最佳生物质材料诱导里氏木霉生产纤维素酶

本研究用小麦、芒草、水稻这三种低木质素突变株材料作为新型诱导物筛选的对象,对三种木质纤维素材料进行成分分析,然后利用它们分别作为诱导物诱导里氏木霉生产纤维素酶,对其诱导产生的酶活力,胞外蛋白含量,糖化能力进行比较。结果表明,对里氏木霉产纤维素酶诱导效果最好的是水稻H*14、芒草W56、小麦Q142。相比于玉米秸秆作为诱导物,水稻H*14单独诱导里氏木霉β-葡萄糖苷酶效果最好,β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活提高了75.2%,滤纸酶活提高了86.6%。相比玉米秸秆作为诱导物,芒草W56单独诱导里氏木霉木聚糖酶的效果最好,木聚糖酶酶活力提高了9.93%,内切葡聚糖酶酶活也提高了30.8%。相比玉米秸秆作为诱导物,小麦Q142诱导里氏木霉的外切葡聚糖酶酶活效果最好,里氏木霉的外切葡聚糖酶酶活提高了88.6%。本研究发现低木质素的木质纤维素材料作为诱导物对里氏木霉诱导产酶效果较好,并且促进真菌胞外蛋白的分泌,诱导纤维素酶酶系平衡分泌,使得纤维素酶糖化水解能力的提高。该研究为今后纤维素酶工业化生产提供参考和帮助。     

新一代糖化酶高产菌株的选育及其工业应用

【目的】建立对糖化酶生产菌种黑曲霉随机突变文库进行筛选的方法,以获得糖化酶酶活提高的突变菌株。【方法】以一株可产糖化酶的黑曲霉菌株Aspergillus niger X1为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯诱变获得突变文库,采用葡萄糖的结构类似物——2-脱氧葡萄糖进行筛选,并在筛选过程中逐渐提高2-脱氧葡萄糖浓度,定向选育具有2-脱氧葡萄糖抗性、高产糖化酶的突变株。【结果】获得的高产突变菌株DG36摇瓶发酵糖化酶产量比出发菌株A.niger X1提高22.2%–33.8%,经工业水平50 m~3罐发酵测试,突变株DG36发酵128 h糖化酶活可达49094 U/m L,在相同发酵时间内,其酶活较出发菌株A.niger X1提高32.8%,发酵时间缩短16.9%。【结论】本研究开发了一种以2-脱氧葡萄糖为抗性标记选育高产糖化酶突变株的方法,所得突变株DG36遗传性状稳定,与出发菌相比具有菌丝粗壮、产酶期提前、糖化酶活高、发酵时间短、有利于发酵后处理的优点。     

绿色木霉原生质体诱变筛选纤维素酶高产菌株

以绿色木霉F264为出发菌株制备其原生质体,对其进行紫外线诱变处理,筛选出一株纤维素酶高产突变株绿色木霉F-UV264,其滤纸酶活由出发菌株的5.2IU/g干料提高到15.78IU/g干料,产酶能力提高了3倍。经过10代PDA斜面继代培养及发酵试验,表明该菌株是比原菌株更优秀的稳定高产株。     

磷脂酶D高产菌株的原生质体紫外诱变选育

为了获得磷脂酶D高产菌株,由链霉菌野生菌株LD0501出发研究原生质体的制备和再生条件,建立原生质体紫外诱变筛选方案。采用酶解法制备原生质体,用紫外线对原生质体诱变,TLC检测突变株产磷脂酶D活力。原生质体的适宜条件:种子培养基中甘氨酸质量浓度5 g/L,菌龄72 h,用3 mg/m L的溶菌酶在30℃下酶解75min。通过原生质体诱变筛选,得到1株高产菌株,磷脂酶D水解活力达4.29 U/m L,提高幅度为180.4%。该方法有效改善了链霉菌野生菌株原生质体的制备效果,紫外诱变筛选显著提高了磷脂酶D的活力,高产突变株具有较好的稳定性。     

真空微波诱变结合化学诱变选育酸性纤维素酶高产菌株

以酸性纤维素酶产生菌绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride）WL0512作为原始出发菌株,首先经自然分离筛选出一株产酶较稳定的菌株TVN-18,其羧甲基纤维素酶活（CMC酶活）达2765．8U／g,滤纸酶活（FPA酶活）达48．5U／g。再经真空微波和甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）逐级诱变处理,获得了一株高产、稳产酸性纤维素酶的E6—1菌株,其CMC酶活达4396．6U／g,FPA酶活达126．0U／g,分别是菌株TVN-18的1．59倍和2．60倍。通过对固态发酵培养基麸皮和稻草比例、料水比以及初始pH值的优化,突变株的产酶能力进一步得到提高,其产的CIVIC酶活和FPA酶活分别提高了22．3％和22．4％。     

Strain improvement of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma reesei</Emphasis> Rut C-30 for increased cellulase production

The strain of Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 was subjected to mutation after treatment with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) for 6 h followed by UV irradiation for 15 min. Successive mutants showed enhanced cellulase production, clear hydrolysis zone and rapid growth on Avicel-containing plate. Particularly, the mutant NU-6 showed approximately two-fold increases in activity of both FPA and CMCase in shake flask culture when grown on basal medium containing peptone (1%) and wheat bran (1%). The enzyme production was further optimized using eight different media. When a mixture of lactose and yeast cream was used as cellulase inducer, the mutant NU-6 yielded the highest enzyme and cell production with a FPase activity of 6.2 U ml⁻¹, a CMCase activity of 54.2 U ml⁻¹, a β-glucosidase activity of 0.39 U ml⁻¹, and a fungal biomass of 12.6 mg ml⁻¹. It deserved noting that the mutant NU-6 also secreted large amounts of xylanases (291.3 U ml⁻¹). These results suggested that NU-6 should be an attractive producer for both cellulose and xylanase production.     

Production of cellulase on sugar cane bagasse by fungal mixed culture solid substrate fermentation

Trichoderma reesei LM-UC4 and its mutant LM-UC4E1 were co-cultured with Aspergillus phoenicis QM329 for cellu-lase production on bagasse by mixed culture solid substrate fermentation. A mutual synergism was observed between the parent Trichoderma strain and the Aspergillus, resulting in enhanced combined biomass production and corresponding increased in cellulase, endoglucanase and b-glucosidase activities. Such synergism was absent with the mutant Trichoderma strain suggesting that in the hypermutation the ability for cooperative interaction with other microbes was lost.     

Screening of highly cellulolytic fungi and the action of their cellulase enzyme systems

Over 100 strains of wood-rotting fungi were compared for their ability to degrade wood blocks. Some of these strains were then assayed for extracellular cellulase [1,4-(1,3;1,4)-β- -glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4] activity using a variety of different solid media containing carboxymethyl cellulose or acid swollen cellulose. The diameter of clearing on these plates gave an approximate indication of the order of cellulase activities obtained from culture filtrates of these strains. Trichoderma strains grown on Vogels medium gave the highest cellulase yields. The cellulase enzyme production of T. reesei C30 and QM9414 was compared with that of eight other Trichoderma strains. Trichoderma strain E58 had comparable endoglucanase and filter paper activities with the mutant strains while the β- -glucosidase [β- -glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21] activity was approximately six to nine times greater.     

The use of cellulases from a beta-glucosidase-hyperproducing mutant of Trichoderma reesei in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of wheat straw

Conidia of the cellulolytic strain Trichoderma reesei F522 were mutagenized with UV irradiation and N-methyl|-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). A visual agar plate detection system was developed, using esculin and ferric ions, to identify mutants of T. reesei with increased beta-glucosidase activity. Selected mutants were tested for production of extracellular cellulases in shake flasks on autohydrolyzed wheat straw as carbon source. The most active mutant V-7 showed about 6-times higher activity of beta-glucosidase than the parent strain F-522, whereas the filter paper degrading and endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase activities increased by 45% and by almost 31%, respectively. Cellulase preparations obtained from the parent and mutant strains were then used along with Kluyveromyces fragilis cells for ethanol production from ethanol-alkali pulped straw in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. From 10% (w/v) of straw pulp (dry matter), 2.5% (w/v) ethanol was obtained at 43 degrees C after 48 h using cellulase derived from the parent strain of T. reesei. When the beta-glucosidase-hyperproducing mutant V-7 was employed, the ethanol yield in the SSF process increased to 3.4% (w/v), the reaction time was shortened to 24 h and no cellobiose was detected in straw hydrolyzates.     

高产洛蒙真菌素洛蒙德链霉菌高通量筛选方法的建立与复合育种

[背景]洛蒙德链霉菌S015能生物合成具有广谱抗菌活性的吩嗪类化合物洛蒙真菌素。[目的]因S015菌株的洛蒙真菌素产量较低,将S015菌株经复合诱变育种和基因工程改造,提高洛蒙真菌素产量。[方法]建立洛蒙真菌素产生菌的高通量筛选方法,对出发菌株S0 15进行常压室温等离子体(atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)技术和紫外复合诱变,筛选得到高产菌株;并在高产菌株上敲除洛蒙真菌素的前体分支酸竟争途径中的关键基因trpE1、trpE2,再过表达全局调控基因afsR。[结果]利用洛蒙真菌素在紫外波长375 nm处的特征吸收峰,以及洛蒙真菌素浓度和375 nm处吸光度值的正相关关系,建立了基于24孔深孔板发酵和酶标仪快速检测的高通量筛选方法。经过6轮ARTP和紫外复合诱变及高通量筛选,从4 320株突变株中筛选得到遗传稳定的高产菌株M6,其洛蒙真菌素的产量为61.33 mg/L,是S015菌株的7.35倍;M6菌株的分支途径基因trpE1、trpE2双敲株的洛蒙真菌素产量为81.89 mg/L,是S015菌株的9.82倍;在该基因工程菌株中过表达全局调控基因afsR,产量为109.53 mg/L,是S015菌株的13.13倍。[结论]建立的高通量筛选方法可以有效筛选高产洛蒙真菌素的突变株,并且操作简单快速。通过ARTP和紫外复合诱变,结合高产株M6的基因工程改造,能进一步提升洛蒙真菌素的产量。     

筛选在非生长条件下突变体酶的新方法

利用双层平板筛选由定向进化方法产生的瑞氏木霉内切葡聚糖酶Ⅲ（EGⅢ）突变体库,根据水解圈在平权上形成的速度判断酶活高低。采用这种方法在不同的筛选条件下分别筛选得到了几株在低温或碱性条件下高活性的EGⅢ突变体。比色法测定的酶活性与平板筛选结果一致。该方法的建议将使通过定向进货方法改造现有蛋白质,获得具有新的优良性状的工业用酶的途径得到更加广泛的应用。     

Novel cellulase profile of Trichoderma reesei strains constructed by cbh1 gene replacement with eg3 gene expression cassette

To construct strains of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei with low cellobiohydrolases while high endoglucanase activity, the Pcbh1-eg3-Tcbh1 cassette was constructed and the coding sequence of the cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) gene was replaced with the coding sequence of the eg3 gene by homologous recombination. Disruption of the cbhl gene was confirmed by PCR, Southern dot blot and Western hybridization analysis in two transforments denoted as L 13 and L29. The filter paper-hydrolyzing activity of strain L29 was 60% of the parent strain Rut C30, and the CMCase activity was increased by 33%. This relatively modest increase suggested that the eg3 cDNA under the control of the cbhl promoter was not efficiently transcribed as the wild type cbhl gene. However our results confirmed that homologous recombination could be used to construct strains of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei with novel cellulase profile. Such strains are of interest from the basic science perspective and also have potential industrial applications.     

木聚糖酶高产菌株EIM-30的鉴定及其产酶条件的优化

通过对木聚糖酶高产菌株EIM-30基于形态学和18SrDNA序列的系统发育进化分析,鉴定为里氏木霉Trichoder撇reesei。在单因子实验确定EIM-30产木聚糖酶的最适碳源和氮源的基础上,通过Plackett—Burman实验对影响其产酶的相关因素进行评估并筛选出3个显著效应因子,然后应用最陡爬坡实验和响应面分析确定最适产酶培养基配方为：酵母浸膏1．50％,蛋白胨1．00％,NaC10．50％,PPG-20000．10％,MgS041．20％,CaC20．18％,（NH4）2S040．45％,甘油4．18％,乳糖3．05％,K2唧041．59％。优化后TrichodermareeseiEIM-30的液体发酵产木聚糖酶的活力可达9．857×105V／mL,较优化前提高1．98倍。     

Novel Cellulase Profile of Trichoderma reesei Strains Constructed by cbh1 Gene Replacement with eg3 Gene Expression Cassette

The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is consi-dered to be the most efficient cellulase producer, and hasa long history in the production of hydrolytic enzymes,which was widely used in the food and feed industriesand recently also used in the textile,…