冷冻动物园：野生动物细胞库的建立和应用

从事细胞的培养、冻存、特征化以及质量和污染的控制的机构叫细胞库。通过细胞培养或核移植等一类技术,我们的后代可以从冷冻动物园的细胞中,再建当时地球上已绝灭的动物。本文介绍了细胞库的研究内容、以及我国和世界各国对这个领域的研究状况。     

出生在动物园的黑颈鹤

据上世纪80年代统计,全世界仅有800多只黑颈鹤,主要分布在中国。动物园显然不可以再直接从野外捕捉黑颈鹤补充自己的动物资源,可偏偏这宝贝在动物园里就是不肯繁殖。动手解决这个难题,拉开了动物园从利用自然转向保护自然的序幕。[编者按]     

保护教育——现代动物园的核心使命

面向公众的动物园从建立的第一天开始便肩负着娱乐公众的使命。随着近180年的发展,特别是最近几十年的演化,动物园还将其功能扩展到动物保护、科学研究和公众教育。     

成都动物园简介

<正>成都动物园是西南地区最大的动物园,综合实力位居全国第四,1996年被国家建设部评为"全国十佳动物园"。园内常年展出各种兽类、两栖爬行类、鸟类以及观赏金鱼等珍稀濒危动物300余种、3000余只(头)。成都动物园是四川省和成都市科普教育基地、全国科普教育基地。以园区、校区和社区为三大立足点,常年开展各类科普和保护教育活动,多年来创办了一系列     

通过记录 促进改变 中国动物园虎生存状况十年调查回顾

动物福利通常被定义为一种康乐状态,在这个状态下,动物的基本需要得到满足,而痛苦被减至最小。动物应该有免于饥渴的自由、免于不舒适的自由、免于痛苦、伤害和疾病折磨的自由,也应该有表达自然习性和免于恐惧、悲伤的自由。这就是动物福利的＂五大自由原则＂。     

国内外动物园公众教育研究情况的比较分析

21世纪以来,动物园的公众教育研究在国内受到了广泛关注,其今后的发展方向值得思考。本文通过列举国内有代表性的公众教育研究的内容和方法,并与国外研究进行比较,发现国内研究缺少教育项目实施前后的比较和数据统计分析,对教育结果有效性的关注度也不够。建议今后研究时可以利用能够量化的参数进行教育项目实施前后的统计比较,加长研究周期,并制定评价指标对公众教育有效性进行评估。     

游客密度对动物园中黇鹿行为的影响

2006年9月20日-10月10日,以江苏省扬州市茱萸湾公园半散放鲇鹿为研究对象,采用目标动物取样法和全事件记录法,研究了不同游客密度条件下黇鹿日行为时间分配.并探讨了游客密度对鲇鹿日活动的影响.结果表明:在游客高峰期与低峰期,雄性取食、观望行为,雌性观望以及幼鹿取食、观望和修饰行为之间均存在显著差异(P＜0.05).在游客低峰期,雄性与雌性取食、反刍、卧息行为,雄性与幼鹿观望、其它行为,雌性与幼鹿取食、卧息、观望均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01);在游客高峰期,雄性与雌性取食、卧息,雌性与幼鹿取食、卧息、观望及移动行为均差异极显著(P＜0.01),雄性和幼鹿观望行为差异显著(P＜0.05).不同游客密度条件下游客活动对鲇鹿的取食、观望具有显著影响,当游客密度达到6人·min-1以上时,雄性观望行为显著增加,当达到16人·min-1以上时,雄性取食行为差异极显著(P＜0.01),此时雌性和幼鹿观望行为差异亦达到极显著水平(P＜0·01).因此,在旅游管理中,应将游客密度限制在16人·min-1以下,以减少对鲇鹿日活动影响.     

克隆动物食品的安全性评估——国外综述

综述了美国、欧盟和其他各国对克隆动物肉和奶等食品食用安全性的评估。     

大鼠脑隐球菌感染模型建立及MRI评估

目的 建立大鼠脑感染隐球菌模型并探讨MRI评估的影像学表现。方法 运用立体定位技术给30只SD大鼠尾状核注射浓度为1×10⁶ CFU/mL的新生隐球菌菌悬液10μL,分别于大鼠建模后第14、21、28天进行T1WI、T2WI序列扫描,MRI动态监测大鼠脑内感染情况,病理解剖鼠脑并观察组织形态。结果 1×10⁶ CFU/mL浓度的新生隐球菌菌悬液建立大鼠隐球菌感染模型成功率为73.33%,隐球菌肉芽肿60%,隐球菌性脑膜脑炎13.33%;无明显异常改变20%。大鼠脑隐球菌肉芽肿MRI表现为尾状核类圆形或结节样异常信号影,T1WI低信号T2WI高信号;脑膜脑炎MRI表现为脑膜、室管膜明显线样异常信号。结论 1×10⁶ CFU/mL浓度的新生隐球菌菌悬液建立大鼠脑感染隐球菌模型,耗时短且接种成功率较高。MRI表现与病理结果高度契合,可为人脑隐球菌感染诊断及效果评估提供良好的研究模型。     

我要去那遥远的非洲——记伦敦动物园

初中学英语时，非常喜欢zoo这个词，因为简单，而且含义有趣。迪斯尼动画片《Lady and Tramp》里，女主角Lady（一只小狗）被误解她的主要戴上嘴套，男主角Tramp（当然也是一只小狗）英雄救美，带她到动物园去寻求帮助，最后请河狸把嘴套的皮带咬断，皆大欢开赴。     

Assessing the Effects of New Primate Exhibits on Zoo Visitors' Attitudes and Perceptions by Using Three Different Assessment Methods

ABSTRACT

Using three different methods, this study investigated how zoo visitors behaved in response to both old and new exhibits of four nonhuman primate species and how they perceived these primates. On-site observations showed that zoo visitors were more likely to stop in front of new exhibits and spend more time viewing new exhibits compared with old exhibits. Response to an on-site questionnaire also showed that zoo visitors perceived primates in the new exhibits more positively than the same animals in the old exhibits. The results from these two types of local assessment indicate that the attractiveness and holding power of the new exhibits was greater than that of the old. However, the results of a questionnaire given to zoo visitors on leaving the zoo showed that the preference ranks of the visitors for the four primate species did not increase after the new exhibits were established, indicating that the new exhibits did not change the zoo visitors' perception of primates relative to other zoo animals. Using all three assessment methods appears to be of considerable value for the assessment of visitors' perceptions towards new exhibits in terms of both the immediate locality and the zoo as a whole.     

Visitor behavior in zoos: A review

Abstract

Visitors are integral components of zoological parks and their importance has led to a research area devoted to understanding the people–zoo relationship. This paper reviews, and provides a point of entry into, the literature relating to visitor research in zoos. The field emerged relatively recently and is diverse and interdisciplinary (it shares common ground with sociology, education, psychology, zoology, and other academic disciplines). Several areas can be identified in the literature (audience analysis, circulation and orientation, exhibit evaluation, and interactions with animals), and these areas have revealed visitors' demographic and behavioral characteristics, people's behavioral responses to endogenous and exogenous factors, the impact of exhibit design, and visitors' movements around zoos. Limitations of existing work include independence between research areas, lack of international studies, limited generalizability of results, and the minority status of the field. Therefore, suggestions for future work include integrating different research areas, more research from outside Europe and America, and increased interaction within the visitor research community.     

Sarcocystosis among Wild Captive and Zoo Animals in Malaysia

Sarcocystis sp. infection was investigated in 20 necropsied captive wild mammals and 20 birds in 2 petting zoos in Malaysia. The gross post-mortem lesions in mammals showed marbling of the liver with uniform congestion of the intestine, and for birds, there was atrophy of the sternal muscles with hemorrhage and edema of the lungs in 2 birds. Naked eye examination was used for detection of macroscopic sarcocysts, and muscle squash for microscopic type. Only microscopically visible cysts were detected in 8 animals and species identification was not possible. Histological examination of the sections of infected skeletal muscles showed more than 5 sarcocysts in each specimen. No leukocytic infiltration was seen in affected organs. The shape of the cysts was elongated or circular, and the mean size reached 254 × 24.5 µm and the thickness of the wall up to 2.5 µm. Two stages were recognized in the cysts, the peripheral metrocytes and large numbers of crescent shaped merozoites. Out of 40 animals examined, 3 mammals and 5 birds were positive (20%). The infection rate was 15% and 25% in mammals and birds, respectively. Regarding the organs, the infection rate was 50% in the skeletal muscles followed by tongue and heart (37.5%), diaphragm (25%), and esophagus (12.5%). Further ultrastructural studies are required to identify the species of Sarcocystis that infect captive wild animals and their possible role in zoonosis.     

Of Circus Wagons and Imagined Nature: A Review of American Zoo Exhibits, Part II

While animal welfare is an important issue, in actuality zoos’ resources are allocated for the public viewing while animals (in this case, mostly mammals popular to the public) are confined in small cages more than half of their time, away from the public's eye. The “naturalistic” exhibits have little resemblance to the animals’ in situ habitats. For great apes, there exists confusion as to how to accommodate animals; some subscribe to the needs of animals while others prefer imagined “natural” furnishing. Elaborate large exhibits often send misleading messages to the public regarding endangered species and zoo-based Conservation. The currently popular theme park approach hardly meets the goal of raising the public's environmental awareness. Although education is expected to be zoos’ mission, in reality it represents a formidable task. What is needed is independent and critical thinking for creative ideas, beyond the realm of accepted practices in zoos.     

地方医科大学实验动物管理工作水平评价指标体系的构建

目的构建地方医科大学实验动物管理工作水平评价指标体系,为高校实验动物管理工作的评价提供参考。方法根据研究主题确定咨询专家人选37人,采用Delphi法进行问卷调查和统计分析。结果两轮咨询问卷回收率分别为70．27％和76．92％。权威系数为0．855;第二轮指标体系的协调系数为0．486。结论本次研究构成的地方医科大学实验动物管理工作水平评价指标体系是可靠的。     

一种基于EGFP的、安全的抗HIV药物评价系统

目的：建立基于EGFP的、安全的抗人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）药物评价系统。方法：用增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）基因替代HIV感染性克隆质粒pUC18-HIV-NL4-3中的部分包膜基因（env）,构建重组假病毒质粒pUC18-NL4-3-EGFP,将其与水疱性口炎病毒糖蛋白（VSV-G）真核表达载体共转染人胚肾293FT细胞,观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达,同时用该细胞培养上清进一步感染其他293FT细胞培养物。为了检验该假病毒系统能否用于抗病毒药物的评价,在假病毒复制和感染过程中加入不同浓度的抗HIV药物AZT（Zidovudine）,采用荧光显微镜检测和流式细胞仪定量检测,分析AZT对假病毒的抑制作用。结果：假病毒质粒pUC18-NL4-3-EGFP能够在转染细胞和再感染细胞中有效地表达绿色荧光蛋白基因,不同浓度的AZT能以剂量依赖方式抑制假病毒的感染和报告基因的表达。结论：建立了一种基于EGFP表达和检测的、安全的HIV假病毒复制和感染系统,该系统可以用于抗HIV药物的筛选和评价。     

肉牛杂交优势预测、评估及其应用研究

利用微卫星标记技术分析了８个肉 要交样本群体的遗传结构和遗传变异,预测了要种优势。在此基础上肉牛发校组合的实际杂交效果利用个体动物模型进行了评估,并提出了筛选最优杂交组合的分子数量遗传学综合评选新方法。其最优杂交组合的评选结果为,在丰宁、隆化代表区域,以海伏特、利木赞和夏洛来为父本的组合最好;在赞皇代表区域,以利木赞、安格斯和海伏特为父本的组合最好,在抚宁代表区域,以海伏特、利木赞和皮埃蒙特为父本     

Frustrated Appetitive Foraging Behavior,Stereotypic Pacing,and Fecal Glucocorticoid Levels in Snow Leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo

One common visitor complaint in zoos is that the nonhuman animals are not visible. This problem needs to be resolved without compromising the animals' welfare; environmental enrichment could solve the problem. This study investigated whether enrichment would increase public exposure time of lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in the Belo Horizonte Zoo in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Observations were made before (62 hr) and during (62 hr) the introduction of enrichment using focal animal sampling with instantaneous recording of behavior. The 5 enrichment items were a bamboo fence covered in vines, logs, a sandbox, dry leaves, and bamboo bushes. Before the enrichments were applied, the tapir was not visible to the public for more than 85% of the time. In addition, during the analysis of the enrichment treatment, other variables were considered—such as weekday, time of day, and weather conditions—which could influence the animals' interaction with the enrichments. The enrichments increased and decreased the expression of some behaviors; however, public viewing time of the animals did not increase. Thus, the enrichment applied was not strong enough to overcome the animals' crepuscular behavior.     

家畜试验中的一种相关扰动回归模型

本文根据数量遗传学原理,从家畜群体中同一家系内的个体之间存在的遗传相关性出发,建立了扰动项相关的回归模型,运用回归理论讨论一类相关样本的统计推断及其应用。     

A New Functional Equation Analogous to CAUCHT-PEXIDER Functional Equation and its Application

The CAUCHY-PEXIDER functional equation H (x±y)=F(x) G(y) is generalized to the form H ((x^c±y^c)^1/c) = F(x) G(y), c≠0, assuming the function H(x) possesses a measurable majorant on a set of positive measure. The result is used to obtain a characterization of WEIBULL distribution. This functional equation is generalized to functions of vector variables.