兴安落叶松老龄林落叶松林木死亡格局以及倒木对更新的影响

对兴安落叶松老龄林落叶松林木死亡格局和死亡木对更新的影响进行了研究 .结果表明 ,丛桦落叶松林和杜香落叶松林的枯立木以中径木占多数 ,赤杨落叶松林主要为中、大径木 ,草类落叶松林主要是中、小径木 .落叶松枯立木主要因火烧、受压和老死而形成 .丛桦落叶松林和赤杨落叶松林掘根倒木较多 .杜香落叶松林和草类落叶松林的倒木以风折为主 .地形、山体走向和盛行风向对树倒方向影响很大 .丛桦落叶松林倒木方向杂乱 ,赤杨落叶松林林木均向东倒下 ,杜香落叶松林和草类落叶松林的掘根木分别向南、东北方倒下 ,两者的风折木倒向随机性较大 .草类落叶松和赤杨落叶松老龄林内 ,倒木更新为 1 8和 40株·m- 2 ,远远高于矿物土基质上 2株·m- 2 的水平 .丛桦落叶松林内倒木和林地上更新均相当好 ,约为 2 8株·m- 2 .杜香落叶松林倒木更新效果不突出 .     

Little evidence for niche partitioning among ectomycorrhizal fungi on spruce seedlings planted in decayed wood versus mineral soil microsites

Ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities vary among microhabitats, supporting a dominant role for deterministic processes in EMF community assemblage. EMF communities also differ between forest and clearcut environments, responding to this disturbance in a directional manner over time by returning to the species composition of the original forest. Accordingly, we examined EMF community composition on roots of spruce seedlings planted in three different microhabitats in forest and clearcut plots: decayed wood, mineral soil adjacent to downed wood, or control mineral soil, to determine the effect of retained downed wood on EMF communities over the medium and long term. If downed and decayed wood provide refuge habitat distinct from that of mineral soil, we would expect EMF communities on seedlings in woody habitats in clearcuts to be similar to those on seedlings planted in the adjacent forest. As expected, we found EMF species richness to be higher in forests than clearcuts (P ≤ 0.01), even though soil nutrient status did not differ greatly between the two plot types (P ≥ 0.05). Communities on forest seedlings were dominated by Tylospora spp., whereas those in clearcuts were dominated by Amphinema byssoides and Thelephora terrestris. Surprisingly, while substrate conditions varied among microsites (P ≤ 0.03), especially between decayed wood and mineral soil, EMF communities were not distinctly different among microhabitats. Our data suggest that niche partitioning by substrate does not occur among EMF species on very young seedlings in high elevation spruce-fir forests. Further, dispersal limitations shape EMF community assembly in clearcuts in these forests.     

Cryptogams on decaying wood in old-growth forests of southern coastal British Columbia

Abstract. We studied the floristic composition of lignicolous cryptogams (i.e. bryophytes and lichens inhabiting decaying wood) in the old-growth coniferous forests of southern coastal British Columbia. The composition of the cryptogams was related to forest communities (described by vegetation units using forest floor cryptogams and vascular plants) and regional climates (described by biogeoclimatic zones). The study is based on a total of 247 sample plots, each of 0.04 ha in size. The plots were located in three different biogeoclimatic zones and were classified into 12 alliances and four orders in a previous study. We used indicator species analysis to determine cryptogam indicator species for each vegetation unit and biogeoclimatic zone, and used similarity analysis and multi-variate analyses (discriminant analysis and detrended correspondence analysis) to detect differences in the floristic composition of the cryptogams among sample plots, vegetation units, and biogeoclimatic zones. Most of the cryptogams in this study had a narrow distribution, and only < 5% of the species were present across all the vegetation units and biogeoclimatic zones. The overall means of Jaccard coefficients between two sample plots from the same vegetation unit (alliance or order) or biogeoclimatic zone were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those from different vegetation units or biogeoclimatic zones. The difference in the mean Jaccard coefficients within- and between-units was highest for zones. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and discriminant analysis suggest that the composition of lignicolous cryptogams changes with the change in the floristic composition of forest floor vegetation. When the first axes of detrended correspondence analysis were compared, the Pearson's correlation coefficients between the first axes of lignicolous cryptogams and forest floor vascular plants and between the first axes of lignicolous cryptogams and forest floor cryptogams were 0.78 and 0.87, respectively. The degree of correspondence in the composition of lignicolous cryptogams and forest floor vegetation increased from alliance to order to biogeoclimatic zone. This trend suggests that the floristic composition of lignicolous cryptogams is influenced at the community level mainly by edaphic conditions and at the regional level by climatic conditions.     

Physiological markers of stress susceptibility in maize and triticale under different soil compactions and/or soil water contents

Differences between two maize and two triticale genotypes grown in low soil compaction (LSC), moderate soil compaction (MSC) and severe soil compaction (SSC) and with a limited (D) or excess (W) soil water content were observed as a decrease in shoot (S) and root (R) biomass, leaf greening (SPAD) and increase in membrane injury (LI), root and leaf water potential (ψ), photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (E) and stomata conductance (g_S). Close correlations between ψ_L and ψ_R, and between differences ψ_L and ψ_R (Δψ) were found. Drought or waterlogging with LSC conditions in both maize genotypes resulted in higher WUE than in control plants (LSC C), but under the SSC WUE declined. However, for triticale differences in WUE, between treatments were small and insignificant. In general, changes in markers were greater for genotypes sensitive to the soil compaction (Ankora, CHD-12) than in resistant ones (Tina, CHD-247) and were higher in seedlings grown under SSC conditions.

Abbreviations: ψ_R, ψ_L: root and leaf water potential; C: control; D: drought; E: transpiration rate; FWC: field water capacity; g_S: stomatal conductance; LSC, MSC, SSC: low, moderate and severe soil compaction; P_n: photosynthesis rate; W: waterlogging     

Nutrient dynamics and carbon partitioning in larch seedlings (Larix kaempferi) regenerated on serpentine soil in northern Japan

Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) grows at a relatively high rate in northern Japan, even in serpentine soil. Serpentine soil has high concentrations of heavy metals (Ni, Cr), excessive Mg, and is nutrient deficient. These factors often suppress plant growth. We examined the mechanisms of Japanese larch’s tolerance to serpentine soil. We compared growth, photosynthetic capacity, and concentrations of elements in needles and roots between larch seedlings growing in serpentine soil and in nonserpentine (i.e., brown forest) soil. Dry mass of needles, stems, and branches were lower in seedlings grown on serpentine soil than in those grown on brown forest soil. There were lower concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in seedlings grown on serpentine soil than in those grown on brown forest soil. Seedlings growing on serpentine soil had lower Ni in plant organs. Our results suggest that larch seedlings grown on serpentine soil were able to exclude toxic elements. Moreover, the photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen concentration in needles was almost the same for seedlings grown in the two soil types. A wide range in growth was observed among individuals grown on both soil types. This may be regulated by nitrogen storage in the roots.     

不同抗性砧木嫁接黄瓜幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

在对系列黄瓜嫁接砧木进行耐盐性鉴定的基础上,选择夏尔巴、新土佐、铁力砧和云南黑籽南瓜4种抗性不同的砧木品种嫁接‘新泰密刺’黄瓜,以自根苗为对照,研究了幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应差异.结果表明:在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下,嫁接苗的电解质相对渗漏率和丙二醛含量均显著低于自根苗,其中黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最低,其次是铁力砧、新土佐和夏尔巴嫁接苗;NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均显著高于自根苗,其中黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最高,铁力砧和新土佐嫁接苗间无显著差异,夏尔巴嫁接苗最低.NaCl胁迫后,嫁接苗叶片中Na+含量为黑籽南瓜＜铁力砧＜新土佐＜夏尔巴＜自根苗,K+含量在黑籽南瓜、铁力砧和新土佐嫁接苗间差异不大,但均明显高于夏尔巴嫁接苗,自根苗含量最低;嫁接苗Na+/K+显著低于自根苗,以黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最低.     

Influence of Norway spruce seedlings on the nutrient availability in mineral soil and forest floor material

A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings on net nutrient availability in five different growing media containing F- or H-layer and mineral soil originating from a haplic podzol in northern Sweden. The initial total amounts of eight nutrient elements (N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn) and exchangeable amounts of the same elements were analyzed in pots with or without spruce seedlings. In the planted pots seedling nutrient uptake was also estimated. After 26 weeks, higher net nutrient availability with seedlings was found in 25 out of the 40 (62%) growing media and nutrient element combinations. A positive seedling effect on net nutrient availability might be explained by rhizodeposition stimulating the soil microorganism activity and accelerating the weathering of minerals or by seedling roots promoting the nutrient providing processes through changes in soil chemical and physical properties. Nitrogen availability was primarily affected by what part of the forest floor the growing medium contained although the positive response to seedling presence was apparent. The positive net availability response of P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn to seedling presence was on the other hand relatively strong. In the case of P, K, and Zn the growing medium composition (if the F- and H-layer was pure or mixed with mineral soil) was also an important factor for the estimated net availability. Pure F-and H-layer provided greater P- and K-availability while the availability of Zn increased when mineral soil was added. The influence of growing plants ought to be considered when soil samples are used for assessing the nutrient availability.     

杜鹃花类菌根真菌对桃叶杜鹃幼苗光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究12株杜鹃花类菌根(Ericoid mycorrhiza,ERM)真菌对2 a生桃叶杜鹃无菌实生幼苗促生效应及叶片叶绿素、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】采用温室盆栽试验,ERM真菌菌株由野生桃叶杜鹃根系分离而得。【结果】表明接种苗侵染率较高。接种处理间在幼苗地上部分、地下部分干重与总生物量指标呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。与不接种对照相比,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率Pn、叶片气孔导度Gs和叶片蒸腾速率Tr显著提高,而叶片胞间CO2浓度Ci则降低。接种幼苗叶片中实际量子产量ΦPSⅡ除菌株TY19、TY24和TY34低于对照外,其余均显著增加;PSⅡ电子传递速率ETR、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm、潜在活性Fv/Fo和光化学淬灭qP均显著提高;非光化学淬灭NPQ除菌株TY29外其它均高于对照,并与对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。ΦPSⅡ与Pn、Gs的相关性大于Fv/Fm、qP、NPQ;ETR与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、NPQ、Pn、Tr的相关性大于qP和Gs;Pn与Gs的相关性大于Tr,与Ci显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】通过接种处理,提高了叶片光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数,增强了植株对有效光的利用,显著增加了幼苗生物量。从综合接种效应来看,TY18、TY29、TY35、TY02、TY07和TY12是培育桃叶杜鹃菌根苗优良备选菌株。     

Population differences in water-use efficiency of Eucalyptus microtheca seedlings under different watering regimes

Gas exchange, water-use efficiency (WUE), carbon isotope composition ( Δ ¹³C) and growth traits were compared among 5 populations of Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. Seedlings grown from seed collected across the natural distribution of the species were maintained under water-stressed and well-watered conditions. Gas exchange was measured in terms of net photosynthesis (A) and transpiration (E); WUE was measured in terms of instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE_i) and transpiration efficiency (WUE_T); growth traits were measured in terms of total biomass (TB), root/shoot ratio (RS), and specific leaf area density (DEN). Significant differences in all traits were detected among the populations. Overall population variation was 1.68–2.50 and 1.48–2.26 μmol CO₂ uptake per mmol H₂O transpired (WUE_i), 1.97–3.04 and 1.64–2.36 g dry matter accumulation per kg water transpired (WUE_T), and Δ ¹³C was −28.81 to −26.75‰ and −30.56 to −30.04‰ under the water-stressed and well-watered conditions, respectively. In addition, WUE_i, WUE_T and Δ ¹³C were significantly correlated with A, E, RS, DEN and TB. The study indicated that measurement of WUE may be a useful trait for selecting genotypes with improved drought adaptation and biomass productivity under different environmental conditions.     

井冈山区常绿阔叶林更新动态的研究

本文从常绿阔叶林更新苗的分布和生态因子的研究入手,并通过对更新苗种群和区系特征的分析,初步揭示了在井冈山区恢复和发展以热带-亚热带区系植物为主要种类成分的常绿阔叶林的可能性。     

长白山不同演替阶段温带森林林下草本植物对乔木幼苗的影响

为了解次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林林下草本植物对幼苗生长和存活的影响,基于长白山次生针阔混交林样地(Ⅰ)和阔叶红松林样地(Ⅱ),以246个1 m×1 m幼苗样方中乔木幼苗为研究对象,通过去除草本植物的对照试验探究草本植物对乔木幼苗高度生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,(1)群落水平上,草本植物去除有助于林下乔木幼苗的高度生长。次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林中幼苗高度生长量在除草后较对照组均有显著提高,且阔叶红松林中幼苗高度增长在对照组和处理组中均高于次生针阔混交林。(2)去除草本植物对不同年龄级水平乔木幼苗高度生长影响不同。次生针阔混交林中,去除草本显著促进四年生及以上幼苗高度生长,对一至三年生幼苗影响不显著;阔叶红松中去除草本显著促进一至三年生幼苗高度生长,对四年生及以上幼苗影响不显著。(3)除草处理后,水曲柳幼苗高度生长量在两处样地均显著增加,假色槭幼苗高度增长量只在次生针阔混交林中显著增加,而其他幼苗高度增长量只在阔叶红松林中显著增加。(4)次生针阔混交林中,幼苗存活率与草本多度和物种数呈正相关关系,与草本盖度无相关关系;阔叶红松林中幼苗存活率与草本物种数呈正相关关系,与草本多度和盖度无相...     

Succession of fungi on dead and live wood in brackish water in Brunei

We observed the sequence of fungi appearing on submerged wood of Hibiscus tiliaceus that initially was either dead or alive. Branches that were dead, but still attached to the tree, and live branches were cut from H. tiliaceus in the riparian vegetation in a brackish habitat on the Tutong River, Brunei. Branch segments were connected to the riverbank using monofilament line. Samples were examined for fungi before the branches were placed in the river and after the branches had been submerged 3 or 6 mo. Fifty taxa were found on the samples. Before being placed in the water different fungal assemblages were found on live as compared to deadwood. Branches that were alive when cut supported a distinctly different fungal assemblage after 3 mo in the water. Dead branches after 3 mo and both dead and initially live samples after 6 mo had been colonized by a fungal assemblage that is typical at this site. It is unknown whether the differences in colonization of dead and initially live wood can be attributed to differences in the substratum (i.e., the presence or absence of bark), inhibitory substances in more recently live wood or to assembly rules resulting from the different fungi that already were present in dead and live branches.     

Influence of different types of mineral fertilizers on reproduction of Listeria monocytogenes in soil

Influence of mineral fertilizers on the reproduction of Listeria monocytogenes in soil ecosystems under different temperatures (4-6 degrees C and 20-22 degrees C) was studied. Application of the fertilizers favored preservation and active reproduction of L. monocytogenes in brown podzolic soil and brown forest soil. Duration of application of the mineral fertilizers positively correlated with preservation and reproduction of L. monocytogenes in different types of soil.     

长白山北坡暗针叶林倒木贮量和分解的研究

对长白山北坡海拔 12 6 0m和 16 2 0m暗针叶林中倒木蓄积、生物量和倒木的分解进行了比较研究 ,结果表明 ,暗针叶林中倒木的蓄积为 180 .87m3·hm-2 ,占林分蓄积的 2 1.83 % .低海拔的倒木蓄积和生物量均比高海拔的低 ,海拔 12 6 0m的倒木蓄积为 5 2 .5 7m3·hm-2 ,生物量为 2 6 .2 1t·hm-2 ;海拔 16 2 0m的倒木蓄积为 193.85m3·hm-2 ,生物量为 5 3 .33t·hm-2 .用单项指数衰减模型对倒木的分解进行模拟可知 ,倒木的分解常数随树种和海拔高度的不同而不同 .冷杉倒木的分解常数比云杉倒木大 ;倒木在低海拔的分解常数比在高海拔的大 ,表明云杉倒木完全分解需要较长的时间 .     

不同形态氮素配比对盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗生理的影响

采用砂培方法研究了不同铵硝配比(NH4+/NO3-分别为4/1、1/1、1/4)的氮素营养和盐分胁迫耦合作用下菊芋幼苗的光合作用和离子吸收运输.结果表明:低浓度的盐胁迫对植物生长的抑制作用不大,而高浓度的盐胁迫却能明显抑制菊芋幼苗生物量的积累,在同一盐浓度下,提高硝态氮比例能够缓解盐胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长的抑制,促进菊芋幼苗鲜重和干重的增加;随着盐浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗地上部和地下部的Na+含量显著增加,而K+、Ca2+含量较对照显著降低,提高硝态氮比例有利于菊芋幼苗对K+和Ca2+的吸收和向上运输,从而维持地上部较高的K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+;在3种铵硝比的氮素营养处理下,随着盐浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率较对照均呈显著下降的趋势,细胞间隙CO2浓度则显著增加,提高硝态氮比例可显著提高盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,同时也能显著降低胞间CO2浓度,其中以铵硝比为1/4的氮素营养供应对盐胁迫的缓解作用相对较好,在100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下其叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率分别是铵硝比为4/1的氮素营养处理值的1.63、1.57、1.39、1.37、1.2倍,而胞间CO2浓度则减少了17%.因此相对于铵态氮来说,硝态氮比例的增加有利于维持盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗体内矿质营养元素含量平衡,促进盐胁迫下菊芋光合功能的改善,增强菊芋对盐胁迫的抗性.     

不同演替阶段岩溶石灰土可培养细菌的群落特征

岩溶土壤是岩溶生态系统的重要组成部分,其母质碳酸盐岩在气候、地形、时间及生物等因素的综合作用下可依次演替出黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、黄色石灰土和红色石灰土.[目的]了解可培养细菌群落对岩溶石灰土演替过程的响应,可为岩溶石漠化治理、生态恢复和重建等提供理论依据.[方法]以黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、黄色石灰土和红色石灰土为研究...     

不同水分处理对甘蒙柽柳幼苗根系生长特性的影响

以1年生甘蒙柽柳幼苗为对象,采用人工壕沟挖掘法,对柽柳幼苗在不同水分处理条件下(干旱处理、适度灌溉、充分灌溉)根系生态学特征的季节变化进行了研究.结果表明,不同水分处理对柽柳幼苗根系生长影响显著,垂直根扎根深度和生长速率随着灌溉量的减小而增加.地面灌溉量的增加会导致根系分布的浅表化和根系消弱系数的减小,根系生物量与土壤深度呈显著负对数关系.不同水分处理条件下,7-10月的根/冠比平均值分别为0.43、0.60、0.90、1.12,其根、冠间存在典型的异速生长关系.根/冠比随土壤水分的减小而增加,且生长季后期大于初期.