人乳头瘤病毒16型E6和E7基因及其突变体转化活性的研究

为筛选出可用于研制HPV治疗性疫苗的HPV16型E6和E7基因突变体,故将HPV16型原型株(德国株)E6和E7基因及其各种突变体分别转染Balb/c3T3细胞,观察转染后的细胞在软琼脂培养中的集落形成能力和在裸鼠体内的成瘤能力.结果表明,单独转染和共转染HPV16野生型E6和E7基因的Balb/c3T3细胞系,在软琼脂中呈集落样生长,并在裸鼠体内成瘤;而转染E6基因突变体mE6(50G)、E7基因的两种突变体mE7-1(24G26G)和mE7-3(24G26G67R)以及共转染mE6和mE7-1的Balb/c3T3细胞,在软琼脂培养中极少形成集落,也不能在裸鼠体内成瘤.提示经结构改造后的HPV16 E6和E7基因已失去了对Balb/c3T3细胞的转化活性,而保留了免疫原性,可用于HPV16相关肿瘤治疗性疫苗的构建.     

表达人乳头瘤病毒16型E6/E7融合蛋白的非复制型重组痘苗病毒的构建及免疫效果观察

采用基因工程方法将HPV16E6、E7基因融合后插入痘苗病毒载体,通过同源重组构建表达人乳头瘤病毒16型E6/E7融合蛋白的非复制型重组痘苗病毒疫苗,用C57BL/6小鼠观察其免疫原性和抗肿瘤移植情况。测序结果表明融合的HPV16E6、E7基因序列与设计相符;构建的非复制型重组痘苗病毒经Dot blot鉴定,显示有E6、E7融合基因的插入;Western blot检测表明该重组病毒在鸡胚成纤维细胞中能表达HPV16型E6/E7融合蛋白。动物免疫试验表明,该重组病毒在小鼠体内可诱发E6、E7特异性抗体;被免疫小鼠能抵抗TC-1肿瘤细胞的攻击。此结果为将来进一步研制HPV16、18型联合疫苗打下了基础。     

治疗型VP22△-mE6△/mE7重组蛋白疫苗的表达与免疫学初步分析

制备16型人乳头瘤病毒mE6Δ/mE7蛋白与I型人单纯疱疹病毒VP22Δ蛋白的治疗型分子内佐剂融合蛋白疫苗,并检测其免疫原性和抗肿瘤相关生物活性。通过克隆HSV-1 VP22Δ及HPV-16 mE6Δ/mE7基因,构建pET28a-VP22Δ-mE6Δ/mE7原核表达载体。重组质粒在Rosetta（DE3）宿主菌中进行诱导表达,表达蛋白经分离、复性后,通过镍离子亲和层析进行纯化,纯化蛋白经SDS-PAGE、Western blot 鉴定,并免疫BalB/C及C57BL/6小鼠,检测其免疫原性和抗肿瘤活性。结果显示,VP22Δ-mE6Δ/mE7蛋白以包涵体形式表达,分子量约为34kDa,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的45%。该蛋白免疫小鼠后血清特异性IgG、特异性淋巴细胞增殖效果及对TC-1致瘤小鼠的肿瘤治疗效果均高于无佐剂单一重组蛋白疫苗。以上结果说明,所获得的重组融合蛋白具有较好的免疫原性和抗肿瘤活性,为治疗型HPV分子内佐剂疫苗的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

HPV16 E7_(86-93)纳米颗粒疫苗的免疫杀伤效果研究

目的:研究人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)E7_(86-93)CTL表位肽与免疫佐剂CpG-ODN自组装纳米颗粒疫苗在肿瘤模型中的免疫效果。方法:化学合成HPV16 E7_(86-93)CTL表位肽,与CpG-ODN通过静电相互作用自我组装形成纳米颗粒,采用透射电镜、动态光散射等方法鉴定纳米颗粒的性质;构建治疗性肿瘤动物模型,观察纳米颗粒疫苗在动物模型体内的抗瘤效应;通过流式细胞术测定瘤内浸润性T细胞比例、外周血及脾脏内T细胞比例;体外培养小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞(BMDC),测定经纳米颗粒刺激的BMDC培养上清中的IL-6和IL-12p40浓度。结果:构建了直径约210 nm大小均匀的纳米颗粒,该纳米颗粒疫苗能显著抑制荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长,且对于小鼠瘤内浸润性T淋巴细胞及脾脏内、外周血中的T淋巴细胞比例均有提升,同时能在体外有效刺激BMDC分泌细胞因子。结论:HPV16E7_(86-93)CTL表位肽联合CpG-ODN自组装纳米颗粒疫苗能有效杀伤肿瘤细胞,抑制肿瘤增长,改善体内免疫微环境。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型治疗性疫苗联合免疫效果研究

目的:探索联合免疫策略对人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)治疗疫苗 L2E7E6和 rAdE7E6的免疫效果的影响.方法:用 L2E7E6融合蛋白和重组腺病毒 rAd5E7E6以不同的联合免疫程序分别免疫 C57BL/6小鼠,通过检测其诱发的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应,以及观察其在 HPV16小鼠治疗模型中的抑瘤效果,比较分析联合免疫对小鼠免疫反应及治疗肿瘤效果的影响.结果:异性联合免疫组均可检测到较高水平的体液免疫,该2组针对 E6、E7特异性的 T 细胞免疫反应与同性联合免疫2组相比明显提高,并在小鼠肿瘤治疗模型中能抑制肿瘤生长.结论:异性联合免疫策略可明显提高 HPV16 L2E7E6及 rAd5E7E6疫苗的 T 细胞免疫反应,且有效治疗 HPV16相关肿瘤,为 HPV16 L2E7E6及 rAd5E7E6疫苗的应用提供了实验基础.     

Semliki森林病毒衍生的DNA疫苗与常规DNA疫苗的比较

比较Semliki森林病毒(SFV)衍生的复制型DNA疫苗载体(复制型载体)和常规非复制型DNA疫苗载体(非复制型载体)的导入效率、表达效率、诱导凋亡率和免疫效果,从而评价其作为DNA疫苗载体的应用前景.使用等量SFV载体和常规DNA载体同等效率转染细胞后,复制型载体表达强度比非复制型载体高约3倍,其诱导凋亡的能力是非复制型载体的11倍;以不同剂量的SFV载体和常规DNA载体分别转染BHK21细胞,复制型载体各剂量组载体的表达量均高于非复制型载体.复制型载体在1μg组出现峰值,而非复制型载体则出现在4μg组.体内免疫的结果表明,SFV载体pSCA-SS1免疫的各组小鼠中,低剂量1μg组小鼠的总抗体滴度高于10μg和100μg剂量组;1μg pSCA-SS1免疫的小鼠产生的总抗体滴度与CTL水平,分别与pcDNA3-SS1免疫的小鼠中10μg和100μg组相当.但10μg、100μg组pSCA-SS1免疫小鼠的总抗体及CTL水平,都低于pcDNA3-SS1免疫的小鼠的10μg、100μg组.结果提示:SFV衍生的复制型DNA疫苗载体,在低剂量组时即可诱生与常规DNA疫苗载体高剂量组相近的免疫效果.     

重组人乳头瘤病毒核酸疫苗诱导特异性淋巴细胞增殖

采用分子克隆技术 ,将人乳头瘤病毒 16型E7(HPV 16E7)基因重组于真核表达载体上 ,构建了HPV 16E7核酸疫苗。将该疫苗通过皮内注射方式免疫Balb/c纯系小鼠。基因免疫后制备小鼠脾淋巴细胞悬液 ,经体外E7蛋白再次刺激后用MTT比色法检测出了特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应。由于特异性淋巴细胞增殖是反映细胞免疫功能的简便有效方法 ,所以本实验表明HPV 16E7核酸疫苗构建正确 ,并能够诱导机体产生特异性细胞免疫应答     

重组人乳头瘤病毒核酸疫苗诱导特异性淋巴细胞增殖

采用分子克隆技术,将人乳头瘤病毒16型E7(HPV 16 E7)基因重组于真核表达载体上,构建了HPV 16 E7核酸疫苗.将该疫苗通过皮内注射方式免疫Balb/c纯系小鼠.基因免疫后制备小鼠脾淋巴细胞悬液,经体外E7蛋白再次刺激后用MTT比色法检测出了特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应.由于特异性淋巴细胞增殖是反映细胞免疫功能的简便有效方法,所以本实验表明HPV 16 E7核酸疫苗构建正确,并能够诱导机体产生特异性细胞免疫应答.     

GM-CSF基因转染增强经肿瘤抗原刺激的树突细胞的体内抗肿瘤作用

为探讨GM-CSF基因转染的树突细胞的生物学特性及其抗肿瘤作用,GM-CSF重组腺病毒感染小鼠脾脏树突细胞后,FACS分析表明其B7-1且和B7-2表达水平明显提高,混合淋巴细胞培养反应显示其对T淋巴细胞具有更强的刺激作用;树突细胞体外经放射线灭活的B16肿瘤细胞刺激后免疫正常同系小鼠,能诱导出显著的CTL活性.使免疫小鼠对野生型B16肿瘤细胞的攻击具有一定抵抗作用;这种经瘤苗刺激的树突细胞导入GM-CSF基因后,体内可诱导更强的CTL活性,更有效地抵抗肿瘤细胞的攻击,并且对肺转移荷瘤小鼠具有更强的治疗作用,使肺转移结节明显减少,60%的荷瘤小鼠长期存活.结果提示体外经瘤苗刺激、GM-CSF基因转染的树突细胞可望成为肿瘤免疫基因治疗的新途径.     

表达CRT/E7融合蛋白的人乳头瘤病毒DNA疫苗对肿瘤生长和血管生成抑制作用的研究

研究HPV6b E7/CRT DNA疫苗免疫保护,清除已有感染和相关肿瘤细胞及其血管生成抑制作用,分析CRT抗血管生成的功能片段,为筛选高效的HPV疫苗提供实验依据。用重组质粒pcDNA3.1( )-GFP-CRT120/HPV6bE7、pcDNA3.1( )-GFP-HPV6bE7、pcDNA3.1( )-GFP-CRT120、pcDNA3.1( )-GFP-CRT180/HPV6bE7、pcDNA3.1( )-GFP-CRT180通过肌内注射途径免疫C57BL/6小鼠。Matrigel法进行抗血管活性检测;B16/HPV6bE7细胞接种于C57BL/6雌性小鼠建立荷瘤模型,观察各组DNA疫苗对HPV6bE7基因的荷瘤组织的出瘤时间和肿瘤大小的影响。结果显示:重组DNA疫苗pcDNA3.1-CRT180/HPV6bE7和pcDNA3.1-CRT180在动物体内能对bFGF诱导的新生血管的生成有明显的抑制作用;CRT180/HPV6bE7和CRT180能显著抑制荷瘤的大小且CRT180/HPV6bE7免疫组较其他组能明显延缓荷瘤的形成时间、生长速率以及肿瘤重量。CRT180/HPV6bE7免疫组较其他组能诱导更强的血管抑制作用和部分抑制肿瘤生长,推测抑制血管的功能片段存在于CRT 120~180 aa片段上。     

Attenuated Recombinant Influenza A Virus Expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 as a Novel Therapeutic Vaccine Approach

Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, most often HPV16 and HPV18, causes all cervical and most anal cancers, and a subset of vulvar, vaginal, penile and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Two prophylactic virus-like particle (VLPs)-based vaccines, are available that protect against vaccine type-associated persistent infection and associated disease, yet have no therapeutic effect on existing lesions or infections. We have generated recombinant live-attenuated influenza A viruses expressing the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 as experimental immunotherapeutic vaccine candidates. The influenza A virus life cycle lacks DNA intermediates as important safety feature. Different serotypes were generated to ensure efficient prime and boost immunizations. The immune response to vaccination in C57BL/6 mice was characterized by peptide ELISA and IFN-γ ELISpot, demonstrating induction of cell-mediated immunity to HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine efficacy was analyzed in the murine HPV16-positive TC-1 tumor challenge model. Subcutaneous (s.c.) prime and boost vaccinations of mice with recombinant influenza A serotypes H1N1 and H3N2, followed by challenge with TC-1 cells resulted in complete protection or significantly reduced tumor growth as compared to control animals. In a therapeutic setting, s.c. vaccination of mice with established TC-1 tumors decelerated tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival. Importantly, intralesional vaccine administration induced complete tumor regression in 25% of animals, and significantly reduced tumor growth in 50% of mice. These results suggest recombinant E6E7 influenza viruses as a promising new approach for the development of a therapeutic vaccine against HPV-induced disease.     

Development of a DNA vaccine targeting human papillomavirus type 16 oncoprotein E6

Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16 (HPV-16), is present in more than 99% of cervical cancers. The HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 are constantly expressed and therefore represent ideal targets for HPV vaccine development. We previously developed DNA vaccines encoding calreticulin (CRT) linked to HPV-16 E7 and generated potent E7-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune responses and antitumor effects against an E7-expressing tumor. Since vaccines targeting E6 also represent an important strategy for controlling HPV-associated lesions, we developed a DNA vaccine encoding CRT linked to E6 (CRT/E6). Our results indicated that the CRT/E6 DNA vaccine, but not a wild-type E6 DNA vaccine, generated significant E6-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune responses in vaccinated mice. Mapping of the immunodominant epitope of E6 revealed that an E6 peptide comprising amino acids (aa) 48 to 57 (E6 aa48-57), presented by H-2K(b), is the optimal peptide and that the region of E6 comprising aa 50 to 57 represents the minimal core sequence required for activating E6-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. We also demonstrated that E6 aa48-57 contains cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes naturally presented by E6-expressing TC-1 cells. Vaccination with a CRT/E6 but not a CRT/mtE6 (lacking aa 50 to 57 of E6) DNA vaccine could protect vaccinated mice from challenge with E6-expressing TC-1 tumors. Thus, our data indicate that E6 aa48-57 contains the immunodominant epitope and that a CRT/E6 DNA vaccine may be useful for control of HPV infection and HPV-associated lesions.     

Characterization of HPV-16 E6 DNA vaccines employing intracellular targeting and intercellular spreading strategies

Summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 are consistently expressed and are responsible for the malignant transformation of HPV-associated lesions. Thus, E6 and E7 represent ideal targets for therapeutic HPV vaccine development. We have previously used the gene gun approach to test several intracellular targeting and intercellular spreading strategies targeting HPV-16 E7. These strategies include the use of the sorting signal of lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP-1), Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), calreticulin (CRT) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) VP22 proteins. All of these strategies have been shown to be capable of enhancing E7-DNA vaccine potency. In the current study, we have characterized DNA vaccines employing these intracellular targeting or intercellular spreading strategies targeting HPV-16 E6 for their ability to generate E6-specific CD8⁺ T cell immune responses and antitumor effects against an E6-expressing tumor cell line, TC-1, in C57BL/6 mice. We found that all the intracellular targeting strategies (CRT, LAMP-1, HSP70) as well as the intercellular spreading strategy (VP22) were able to enhance E6 DNA vaccine potency, although the orientation of HSP70 linked to E6 antigen in the E6 DNA vaccine appears to be important for the HSP70 strategy to work. The enhanced E6-specific CD8⁺ T cell immune response in vaccinated mice also translated into potent antitumor effects against TC-1 tumor cells. Our data indicate that all of the intracellular targeting and intercellular spreading strategies that have been shown to enhance E7 DNA vaccine potency were also able to enhance E6 DNA vaccine potency.     

Antitumor effect of therapeutic HPV DNA vaccines with chitosan-based nanodelivery systems

Background

Cervical cancer is the second-most-common cause of malignancies in women worldwide, and the oncogenic activity of the human papilloma virus types (HPV) E7 protein has a crucial role in anogenital tumors. In this study, we have designed a therapeutic vaccine based on chitosan nanodelivery systems to deliver HPV-16 E7 DNA vaccine, considered as a tumor specific antigen for immunotherapy of HPV-associated cervical cancer. We have developed a Nano-chitosan (NCS) as a carrier system for intramuscular administration using a recombinant DNA vaccine expressing HPV-16 E7 (NCS-DNA E7 vaccine). NCS were characterized in vitro for their gene transfection ability.

Results

The transfection of CS-pEGFP NPs was efficient in CHO cells and the expression of green fluorescent proteins was well observed. In addition, NCS-DNA E7 vaccine induced the strongest E7-specific CD8+ T cell and interferon γ responses in C57BL/6 mice. Mice vaccinated with NCS-DNA E7 vaccine were able to generate potent protective and therapeutic antitumor effects against challenge with E7-expressing tumor cell line, TC-1.

Conclusions

The strong therapeutic effect induced by the Chitosan-based nanodelivery suggest that nanoparticles may be an efficient carrier to improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccination upon intramuscular administration and the platform could be further exploited as a potential cancer vaccine candidate in humans.     

表达HPV16E6和E7蛋白的非复制型重组痘苗病毒的构建

为研制HPV16的治疗性疫苗,首先将表达质粒pJSA1175与非复制型痘苗病毒NTVJTK+进行同源重组,构建了痘苗重组病毒NTVJLac.再将表达质粒pJSDME6E7R与NTVJLac进行同源重组,构建了表达HPV16 E6和E7蛋白的非复制型重组痘苗病毒NTVJmE6E7,并对获得的重组病毒进行了鉴定.Southern杂交显示,重组痘苗病毒NTVJmE6E7基因组中有E6和E7基因插入.该重组病毒在人源细胞中不复制.Western blot显示,重组病毒在人源TK-143细胞中能表达E6和E7蛋白.非复制型重组痘苗病毒NTVJmE6E7可作为HPV16相关肿瘤及其癌前病变免疫治疗的实验性疫苗株.     

Engineered Salmonella typhimurium expressing E7 fusion protein, derived from human papillomavirus, inhibits tumor growth in cervical tumor-bearing mice

The tumor-suppressing effects of SipB160/HPV16 E7 fusion protein, derived from human papillomavirus, and expressed in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, were evaluated in a cervical cancer model. The expressed E7 protein resulted in efficacious cytotoxicity and tumor growth retardation in TC-1 cervical cancer cells. In addition, in mice bearing TC-1 tumors, live cells of Salmonella expressing HPV16 E7 were administered orally and induced immune responses through interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha cytokine secretion and also suppressed tumor growth (45 %) and prolonged survival (70 %) compared with the control group. These results suggested that the SipB160/HPV16 E7 fusion protein may be a candidate cancer therapeutic agent.