捕食性颏花金龟口器形态的适应进化及功能研究(鞘翅目:金龟科:花金龟亚科)

颏花金龟为捕食性,是花金龟亚科12族中食性最为特殊的类群,以其下唇的前颏极度扩大而得名。依据捕食对象及对应形态变异类型的不同,其可分为蚁食性和蚜食性两类。由于颏花金龟的食性异于其他种类花金龟的植食性,栖息环境也有极大的不同,故其口器适应进化出诸多形态类型。通过比较颏花金龟、花金龟亚科其他种类、其他植食性金龟(丽金龟和犀金龟两个亚科为代表)以及典型肉食性甲虫口器的形态,对颏花金龟口器特殊结构及功能进行了分析,并初步探索了取食机制及颏花金龟的生存策略。     

Fine Structure of the Female Genital System in Phytoseiid Mites with Remarks on Egg Nutrimentary Development, Sperm-Access System, Sperm Transfer, and Capacitation (Acari, Gamasida, Phytoseiidae)

The fine structure of the female genital system is described in two phytoseiid species: Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (mating females) and Typhlodromus rhenanoides Athias-Henriot (overwintering females). The female genital tract is composed of an unpaired gonad, the uterus (oviduct I), and the vaginal duct (oviduct II). The latter leads to the vagina (genital atrium), into which a pair of vaginal glands opens. The gonad (ovary s.l.) has two components: the ovary (s.str.) where germ cells develop and the lyrate organ serving as a nutrimentary compartment. In the ovary (s.str.), somacells and germ cells are observed. The germ cells surround a central tissue, to which they have direct contact with a nutritive cord at least in the previtellogenic phase during oogenesis. In fertilized females, cells likely representing capacitated sperm cells are also found in the ovary. The lyrate organ has two arms that extend anteriorly but join in their posterior part in front of the ovary (s.str.). The lyrate organ is composed of a somatic (supporting) and a nutritive tissue. The nutritive tissue, which is a syncytium, is continuous with the central tissue. The uterus starts from the ventral region of the central tissue. Finally, the ultrastructure of the sperm-access system, composed of paired solenostomes, major and minor ducts, emboli, calyces, and vesicles, is reported and functional aspects are discussed. The minor ducts end in the somatic tissue of the ovary s.str. However, because of its extremely reduced lumen and the peculiar morphology of its beginning, it seems unlikely that the minor duct lumen serves as a simple route for the sperm towards the ovary.     

Fine structure and functional morphology of the mouthparts of Bittacus planus and Terrobittacus implicatus (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae)

The Bittacidae are unique in Mecoptera for their adults being predaceous. However, their mouthparts have not been well documented for functional morphology to date. Here, we investigated the mouthpart morphology of the hangingflies Bittacus planus Cheng and Terrobittacus implicatus (Huang & Hua) using scanning electron microscopy. The mouthparts are of the mandibulate type and situated at the tip of an elongated rostrum. The labrum is greatly elongated, roughly twice as long as the subquadrate clypeus. The epipharynx is furnished with a row of basiconic sensilla arranged evenly as a median band extending from the apex to the base. The mandibles are slender and elongated, bearing a sharp lateral and a small mesal tooth. The maxillae are well developed, each consisting of a partially sclerotized cardo and a stipes, a hirsute galea and a lacinia, and a five-segmented maxillary palp. The sensillar pattern on the distal segment of the maxillary palp differs slightly between the two bittacid species. The labium is composed of a postmentum, a prementum, and a pair of two-segmented labial palps. The feeding mechanism of bittacids is briefly discussed in combination with the mouthpart morphology and their feeding habits.     

Functional morphology and ultrastructure of mouthparts in unfed water mite larvae Piona carnea (Koch, 1836) (Acariformes: Pionidae)

Mouthparts of unfed larvae Piona carnea (Koch, 1836) (Acariformes: Pionidae) were studied on whole-mount preparations, semi-thin sections and with TEM and SEM methods. The mouth apparatus is incorporated within the pseudotagma, gnathosoma, composed of the infracapitulum and of the chelicerae resting on the roof of the latter. The gnathosoma inclines to the long axis of the body and is inserted at its base into the idiosoma by the circumcapitular fold. The basal cheliceral segments are long and fused. An anterior projection, the proposed fused fixed digits, protrudes from the distal end of the basal cheliceral segment forward between the movable digits. The movable digits are always found in protruded position, strongly curved upward and show a groove on their inner sides. The ventral wall of the infracapitulum is made of the mentum posterior and the malapophyses anterior to the palp articulation. The malapophyses are squeezed between the large palps and envelope the distal portion of the chelicerae from the sides. The ventral portion of the fused malapophyses are provided with a characteristic ventral cuticular fork of unknown function. Each malapophysis terminates by a flexible lateral lip provided by several rigid jags looking posterad. The palps face downward and backward, and bear on the tibia the large curved palpal claws turned laterad. The palp femur bears on the ventral aspect a characteristic wide spade-like projection provided with its own muscles originating on the dorsal wall of the femur. The labrum is a thick cuticular arrow-like structure protruding forward into the preoral cavity, whereas the cervix is a thin weakly sclerotized plate. The particular labral valve projects forward from the dorsal basis of the labrum into the preoral cavity. The labrum and the cervix are provided by their own small labral and cervical muscles originating on the cervical apodemes. The pharynx is totally separated from the ventral wall of the infracapitulum and is devoid of ventral dilators. The dorsal pharyngeal dilators originate on the thick and sclerotized capitular apodeme and, posteriorly, on the paired cuticular branches, capitular apodemes, which end freely in the body cavity and are combined with the common salivary duct. The short sigmoid pieces serve for origin of the levator muscles of the chelicerae. Retraction of the gnathosoma and the chelicerae is mediated by several sets of muscles originating on the dorsal plate.     

蝗虫(直翅目:蝗总科)口器感受器的扫描电镜观察

对蝗总科8种蝗虫的口器感受器的超微结构、类型和分布进行了观察分析,共观察到6种蝗虫口器感受器:毛形感受器、锥形感受器、腔锥形感受器、B(o)hm氏鬃毛、刺形感受器I和刺形感受器Ⅱ,其中B(o)hm氏鬃毛是首次报道.同时对观察到的3种角质齿进行了描述.     

On the ultrastructure and functional morphology of the male chelicerae (gonopods) in Parasitina and Dermanyssina mites (Acari: Gamasida)

Males of Parasitina and Dermanyssina (Gamasida = Mesostigmata) have chelicerae modified to function as gonopods. The slit-like spermatotreme in the movable digit of the chela in males of Parasitina was studied in three species: in Pergamasus quisquiliarum and Holoparasitus sp. a rather simple slit is indeed present, whereas in Vulgarogamasus kraepelini the structure is represented by a fine duct traversing the movable digit. The spermatodactyl studied in two phytoseioid species (Phytoseiulus persimilis, Blattisocius dentriticus) of Dermanyssina is a slender process arising from the movable digit and containing a fine duct which is formed by cuticular folds. The spermatodactyl of these species thus differs remarkably from that described in Veigaia sp. The diversity of these structures seen in the few taxa studied up to now is discussed under functional and systematic aspects.     

Fine structure of the genital system in the bee parasite,Varroa jacobsoni (Gamasida: Dermanyssina) with remarks on spermiogenesis,spermatozoa and capacitation

The female genital tract ofVarroa jacobsoni is composed of a sperm-access system comprising paired solenostomes located between coxa III and IV, paired tubules, paired rami, an unpaired sperm duct, and an unpaired spermatheca. Another part of the female genital system is confined to egg development and oviposition. It is composed of an ovary (s.str.), in which oocytes mature, and a lyrate organ functioning as a nutrimentary structure. Both compartments, regarded as parts of the gonad, are connected by a region named the camera spermatis. This part is also in continuity with the oviduct I, which is provided with a muscular layer and numerous nerve endings. The following cuticle-lined oviduct II leads to the genital orifice through which the eggs are deposited. The fine structure of all these parts is described. Attention is drawn especially to the peculiar spermatheca which contains the inner cells which are thought to connect by way of free cells with a specialized region of the camera spermatis, thus establishing a cellular bridge through which penetration of capacitated spermatozoa into the ovary s.str. may occur. Lyrate organ and oocytes are connected via intercellular bridges/nutritive cords and are thus comparable to the telotrophic ovarioles of certain insects.The male genital system, composed of unpaired testis, paired vasa deferentia, unpaired accessory gland and ductus ejaculatorius, is described ultrastructurally. Spermiogenesis occurs in cysts and spermatozoa belong to the ribbon type. The vasa deferentia are provided with a muscular layer. For the first time receptors are detected in the proximal part or the ductus ejaculatorius. The accessory gland produces a proteinaceous secretion.Spermatozoa were observed in the female rami and spermatheca. Only in the latter were elongated, capacitated spermatozoa seen.     

Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid,Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

The pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is one of the most significant economic pests of pear in China, causing direct damage through feeding by the highly specialized piercing–sucking mouthparts. The ultrastructural morphology and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the adult were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The piercing–sucking mouthparts of C. chinensis are composed of a three-segmented labium with a deep groove in the anterior side, a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets, and a pyramid-shaped labrum. Proximal to the labium, the stylet fascicle forms a large loop within a membranous crumena. Mandibles, with more than ten teeth on the external convex region, can be seen on the distal extremity. Smooth maxillary stylets are interlocked to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal. One dendritic canal housing 2 dendrites is also found in each mandible. Two types of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, single as well as groups of sensilla campaniformia, and oval flattened sensilla occur in different locations on the labium, whereas a kind of sensilla basiconica is at the junction of the labrum and anteclypeus. Sensilla trichodea and sensilla campaniformia, always present with denticles, are present on the middle labial segment. Three types of sensilla basiconica, two types of sensilla trichodea and two oval flattened sensilla are located on the distal labial segment. The mouthpart morphology and abundance of sensilla located on the labium in C. chinensis are illustrated, along with a brief discussion of their taxonomic and putative functional significance.     

Host-parasite relationships in gamasid mites of the genus Hirstionyssus (Acari:Parasitiformes:Gamasina) in the south of the West Siberian Plain

The paper reports data on host-parasite relationships in gamasid mites of the genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca and small mammals in the south of the West Siberian Plain.     

Fine structure of the mouthparts of Diostrombus politus and Proutista moesta (Hemiptera: Derbidae)

Insect mouthparts are important sensory and feeding structures, morphological studies of this organ can provide additional data for phylogenetic studies. The planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea is among the dominant groups of phytophagous insects, however, the mouthparts ultrastructure of this superfamily remains unsatisfactorily studied. This study investigates the ultrastructure of the mouthparts of two species in the family Derbidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea), Diostrombus politus Uhler and Proutista moesta (Westwood), using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that these two derbids are of a typical piercing-sucking type found in Hemiptera. They consist of a cone-shaped labrum, a three-segmented labium and a stylet fascicle with two interlocked maxillary stylets incompletely wrapped by two mandibular stylets. The arrangement of the sensilla on the labial tip differ slightly between the two derbid species, and the subapical labial sensilla are likely different among genera in the family Derbidae.     

Sensory structures involved in prey detection on the labial palp of the ant‐hunting beetle Siagona europaea Dejean 1826 (Coleoptera,Carabidae)

Giglio, A., Ferrero E.A., Perrotta, E., Talarico, F.F. and Zetto Brandmayr, T. 2010. Sensory structures involved in prey detection on the labial palp of the ant‐hunting beetle Siagona europaea Dejean 1826 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91 : 328–334 The ultrastructure and distribution of sensilla on the labial palps of a myrmecophagous carabid beetle, Siagona europaea, were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Five types of sensilla were identified: three types of sensilla basiconica on the apical sensory area and two types, one sensillum trichodeum and one coeloconicum, on the external palp surface. On morphological grounds, the s. basiconica type 1 were considered as olfactory, the type 2 as gustatory, the type 3 and the s. trichodeum as mechanoreceptive, and the s. coeloconicum as a thermo/hygroreceptor. Their function is discussed in relation to prey detection and habitat adaptations.     

Morphological and functional adaptations of the female reproductive system in Veigaiidae (Acari: Gamasida) and implications regarding the systematic position of the family

Veigaiidae are predatory gamasid mites with a controversial systematic position. Some authors see a close relationship with Parasitina, others with Dermanyssina. Since the morphology of the genital system is of high relevance in terms of the systematics of Gamasida, we have carefully studied the ultrastructure of the female reproductive system. It consists of two parts, one which accepts spermatozoa (sperm access system), and the other which produces and delivers eggs. Since we have already published a detailed account of the sperm access system we add only some further information here on that system and focus instead on egg production and delivery. The unpaired gonad is divided into a germinal and a nutritive region, the latter of which is a compact structure as in Parasitina and does not show lateral arms as seen in most studied Dermanyssina. The oviduct (uterus, vaginal duct) is an unpaired structure that terminates in a vagina (genital atrium) covered by the genital plate. Two small vaginal glands open into the vagina, which is provided with a peculiar interlocking system. First observations on spermatozoa found in one female reveal similarities with those of Parasitina. Our results are discussed under morphological aspects and compared with other gamasid mites. In conclusion, the veigaiids show some peculiar features that are shared either with Parasitina or with Dermanyssina. These observations make it difficult to simply assume that the Veigaiidae belong either to the Dermanyssina or to the Parasitina. They appear instead to comprise an intermediate entity.     

苹果蠹蛾头部感器的电镜扫描结构

本文使用扫描电镜系统观察并描述了苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)成虫及幼虫触角上及口器上的感器。主要研究结果如下:1)苹果蠹蛾成虫触角背面密布鳞片,感器很少,腹面和侧面鳞片稀疏,具大量感器;2)触角上的感器大部分分布于鞭节各节,少部分分布于柄节和梗节;3)雄虫触角上着生10种感器,雌虫触角上着生9种感器,与雄虫相比,雌虫缺少鳞形感器;4)雄虫口器具鳞形感器和刺形感器,雌虫口器仅具刺形感器;5)幼虫触角3节,基节无感器,第2节具2刺形感器且其分布位置存在个体差异,端节端部具呈三角状排列的3个栓锥感器;6)幼虫口器具一定数量和不同形态的感器。     

中国云南小兽体表革螨的群落相似性

运用系统聚类分析方法对中国云南省境内17种主要小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表革螨群落相似性进行研究,每一种小兽体表的所有外寄生革螨被定义为一个相应的革螨群落。运用SPSS11.5软件完成17种革螨群落的相似性比较。研究结果表明:小兽体表革螨群落结构复杂,物种多样性高;隶属同一个属的小兽体表的革螨群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中聚为一类;大多数革螨群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类上的近缘性高低呈现高度一致,但也有一些革螨群落是例外的。这说明小兽体表革螨群落不仅受小兽宿主分类地位的影响,可能还受宿主生境的影响     

Fine structure of the spermatophore and spermatozoa in inseminated females of Pergamasus mites (Acari: Gamasida: Pergamasidae)

This study describes the spermatophore of Pergamasus mites after transfer into the female endogynial sac and modifications of the structure of the female-penetrating spermatozoa. The spermatophore is saccular and contains largely unmodified spermatozoa and variously structured secretions. The spermatozoa that leave the spermatophore reach the inner (proximal) end of the vaginal duct where they presumably escape from the genital tract to continue their route through the hemocoel into the ovarian tissue where fertilization occurs. During this transit, the structure of such spermatozoa changes considerably, in particular when in contact with the ovary. These alterations include modifications of the cell periphery and of certain inclusion bodies. Furthermore, the spermatozoa form protrusions that fit into corresponding invaginations of the somatic tissue of the ovary.     

Proterometra macrostoma (Trematoda:Azygiidae): functional morphology of the tegument of the redia

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the tegument of the redia of Proterometra macrostoma. The predominant feature of the tegument is the presence of orderly arranged channels giving the tegument a honeycomb appearance in thin sections. The channels are closely apposed like stacked cylinders and lie perpendicular to the basal lamina. The channels are about 0.75 μm long by 0.2 μm in diameter each opening to the outside by a small pore. Mitochondria are located between the basal lamina and the bases of the channels. The free surface of the tegument is amplified secondarily by annular folds and small unbranched mierovilli. In vitro experiments were then designed to test the biophysical properties of this unusual tegument with respect to the flow of water and solutes through the channels. Addition of 5 mm glucose stimulated the uptake of ¹⁴C-mannitol suggesting that a concentration gradient of ¹⁴C-mannitol was generated in the channels.     

Life cycle and parasitic interaction of the lizard-parasitizing mite Ophionyssus galloticolus (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae), with remarks about the evolutionary consequences of parasitism in mites

Wild-caught specimens of the lacertid lizard Gallotia galloti eisentrauti from the Canary Island of Tenerife were checked for ectoparasites. The parasitic gamasid mite Ophionyssus galloticolus Fain and Bannert (2000) was very abundant on these lizards. Additionally, parasitism by larvae of two species of Trombiculidae (Prostigmata: Parasitengona) was observed. O. galloticolus was reared in the laboratory on its natural host in order to investigate its life cycle, reproductive biology, and development. The life history of O. galloticolus is documented in detail and compared to literature data of other Ophionyssus species. O. galloticolus was found to be similar to other species of the same genus with respect to the duration of development, the precopulatory association of protonymphs, and the arrhenotokous development of eggs. However, it seems to be more tolerant towards low relative humidity and longer starvation periods than other Ophionyssus species. Evolutionary transformations of the life-history pattern of this genus and other parasitic mites in comparison to its predatory precursors involve a reduction or partial suppression of ontogenetic instars in order to decrease mortality during host-seeking phases, and a compensating increase in growth capacity of the remaining feeding instars facilitated by replacement of sclerites through elastic cuticle or by growth of new cuticle unrelated to a moult (neosomy).