绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)研究进展

源于多管水母属(Aequoria Victoria)等海洋无脊椎动物的绿色荧光蛋白(Green fluorescent protein,GFP)是一种极具潜力的标记物,该文对GFP的基础理论研究和应用研究进行了综述。     

荧光能量转移技术在生物学研究中的应用

荧光能量转移(FRET)是指两个携带不同荧光基团的大分子在相互间距离足够近时(10～100A)所发生的能量非放射性地由一个荧光基团向另一个荧光基团转移的现象。结合绿色荧光蛋白的发现,FRET技术可用于检测生物大分子中不同亚基的位置和生物大分子间的相互作用。近年来,FRET技术在生物学研究中的突破性进展是在活体细胞中实时监测生物大分子之间的相互作用。本文就绿色荧光蛋白的发现,FRET技术的原理、研究进展和应用前景作简要综述。     

绿色荧光蛋白及其在植物研究中的应用

绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)是海洋生物水母(Aequorea victoria)体内的一种发光蛋白,分子量27kD,由238个氨基酸组成。该蛋白65~67位Ser-Tyr-Gly三种氨基酸环化加氧形成特殊的生色团结构。野生型GFP发光较弱,而且gfp-cDNA含有隐蔽型剪切位点,而加工改造的GFP在植物中能够正常表达并且加强了荧光信号。GFP作为新的报告基因和遗传标记被广泛应用于植物研究之中。     

绿色荧光蛋白及其在植物研究中的应用

绿色荧光蛋白（ＧＦＰ）是海洋生物水母（Ａｅｑｕｏｒｅａｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ）体内的一种发光蛋白,分子量２７ｋＤ,由２３８个氨基酸组成。该蛋白６５～６７位ＳｅｒＴｙｒＧｌｙ三种氨基酸环化加氧形成特殊的生色团结构。野生型ＧＦＰ发光较弱,而且ｇｆｐｃＤＮＡ含有隐蔽型剪切位点,而加工改造的ＧＦＰ在植物中能够正常表达并且加强了荧光信号。ＧＦＰ作为新的报告基因和遗传标记被广泛应用于植物研究之中。     

绿色荧光蛋白在转基因研究中的应用

绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent prote in,GFP)是一种能够自身催化形成生色团并在蓝光或紫外光激发下发出绿色荧光的蛋白。有现代生物学北斗星之美誉的它,在生物学的很多领域都有广泛应用。GFP具有荧光稳定、易于检测、表达调控简单、生物安全性好等优点,在转基因研究中的各个方面均应用颇多。就GFP在转基因研究中的应用特点及应用进展做一综述。     

绿色荧光蛋白及其应用

许多海洋无脊椎动物体内都含有绿色荧光蛋白,这种蛋白质结构很特殊,在受到激发时可以发射绿色或蓝色荧光。本文将就绿色荧光蛋白的结构,性质及其应用前景作一综述。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因研究进展

绿色荧光蛋白（ｇｒｅｅｎ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｔ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＧＦＰ）基因是目前唯一在细胞内稳定表达,不需要任何反应底物及其它辅助因子,无种属,组织和位置特异性,其产物ＧＦＰ对细胞无毒性,且检测简单,结果真实可靠的新型报告基因,其特有的生物化学性质使其在细胞生物学和分子生物学领域有着广泛的应用前景。     

绿色荧光蛋白的特性及其在信号转导中的应用

细胞和分子生物学的最终目标是 ,明确细胞内的各种事件是如何发生的 ,明了细胞内复杂的动态变化的生化机制。绿色荧光蛋白 (ｇｒｅｅｎｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｔｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ,ＧＦＰ)自从克隆、表达之后 ,以其良好的物理特性及荧光特性而成为良好的报告基因和荧光标记分子 ,并在探索生命现象过程中得到了非常广泛的应用。ＧＦＰ作为报告基因 ,可用在活细胞中直接观察蛋白质向细胞器 ,如细胞核、内质网中运动 ;作为荧光标记分子 ,ＧＦＰ既具有敏感的标记检测率 ,又没有放射性的危害 ;最近又发现ＧＦＰ是一个良好的细胞间信号传递的动态标记…     

绿色荧光蛋白在植物细胞生物学中的应用

克隆于海洋动物水母 (Ａｅｑｕｏｒｅａｖｉｃｔｏｒｉ ａ)的绿色荧光蛋白 (ｇｒｅｅｎｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｔｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ,ＧＦＰ)作为一种新型的非酶性报告基因具有检测简便 ,结果真实可靠 ,不需要任何外源底物或辅助因子的特点 ,自出现以来它已引起人们的广泛兴趣 ,目前已经应用于烟草、柑橘、拟南芥、玉米、水稻、大豆、苜蓿等多种植物材料的研究中。ＧＦＰ含有特殊的六肽生色团结构 ,用蓝紫光激发即能发出肉眼清晰可见的绿色荧光 ,而无需任何底物或辅助因子。ＧＦＰ能与多种不同蛋白质的Ｎ端或Ｃ端融合而保持与天然蛋白质相似的荧…     

GFP在植物分子生物学研究中的应用

许多海洋无脊椎动物体内都含有绿色荧光蛋白,这种蛋白质结构很特殊,在受到刺激时可以发射绿色或蓝色荧光.虽然对它的研究从20世纪60年代才开始,但是它独特的性质逐渐引起了生物学家的广泛关注.就绿色荧光蛋白的特性及其应用等进行简要综述.     

绿色荧光蛋白作为分子标记物在微生物学中的应用

荧光染料在微生物学中的应用受到广泛的关注。近年来 ,来源于发光性生物的荧光蛋白进一步丰富了微生物学的研究手段。其中绿色荧光蛋白 (Greenfluorescentprotein ,GFP ,来源于水母 )具有独特的应用价值。在活体研究中 ,GFP相对于其它报告蛋白 (如 β 半乳糖苷酶 )在原位、实时的微生物生理生化研究中有很多优越性。对GFP作为分子标记物在微生物学中的应用进行回顾 ,对GFP在微生物与宿主相互作用、生物膜(biofilm)、生物降解、细菌与原生动物相互作用、基因转导、基因表达、蛋白质定位以及生物传感器等领域的应用进行讨论 ,并扼要介绍了一些应用于荧光观察和定量分析的方法。     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of Rosa hybrida using the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Gene

Embryogenic calluses of Rosa hybrida cultivar Tineke were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing the binary vector pBIN m-gfp5-ER into which the virE/virG genes had been inserted. Visualization of GFP-expressing cells enabled visual selection of dividing, embryogenic cell clusters that were transgenic. When the Agrobacterium strain with the bifunctional fusion marker containing additional virE/virG genes was used, the number of green fluorescent calluses increased. Transformation of the GFP-expressing rose plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis.     

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a Reporter Gene for the Plant Pathogenic Oomycete Phytophthora ramorum

ABSTRACT. Transgenic Phytophthora ramorum strains that produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) constitutively were obtained after stable DNA integration using a polyethylene glycol and CaCl₂-based transformation protocol. Green fluorescent protein production was studied in developing colonies and in different propagules of the pathogen to evaluate its use in molecular and physiological studies. About 12% of the GFP transformants produced GFP to a level detectable by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Green fluorescent protein could be visualized in structures with vital protoplasm, such as hyphal tips and germinating cysts. In infection studies with Rhododendron , one of the GFP expressing strains showed aggressiveness equal to that of the corresponding non-labelled isolate. Thus, GFP could be used as a reporter gene in P. ramorum . Limitations of the technology are discussed.     

转染GFP对结肠直肠癌细胞遗传物质稳定性的影响

为探究绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)对结肠直肠癌细胞遗传物质稳定性是否存在影响,选取3种常用的结肠直肠癌细胞系HCT116,SW480,DLD-1;采用脂质体转染法把GFP转入细胞,统计几种细胞系微核、核芽的比例;分别比较各种细胞系自发微核、核芽和GFP组的差异.结果发现,HCT116细胞中对照组与GFP组的微核细胞率分别为3...     

Use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Its Homologs for in vivo Protein Motility Studies

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its homologs are widely used as fluorescent markers of gene expression and for determination of protein localization and motility in living cells. In particular, based on GFP and GFP-like proteins a number of techniques have been developed that can be used either to estimate protein mobility in living cells, or to introduce a distinctive fluorescent signal in order to track the movement of labeled molecules directly. Considerable progress in the development of such technologies in the last two or three years motivates us to reevaluate the present scope of biotechnological instruments in studies of protein movement in cells.     

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagged Cysteine-rich Domains from Protein Kinase C as Fluorescent Indicators for Diacylglycerol Signaling in Living Cells

Cysteine-rich domains (Cys-domains) are ~50–amino acid–long protein domains that complex two zinc ions and include a consensus sequence with six cysteine and two histidine residues. In vitro studies have shown that Cys-domains from several protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and a number of other signaling proteins bind lipid membranes in the presence of diacylglycerol or phorbol ester. Here we examine the second messenger functions of diacylglycerol in living cells by monitoring the membrane translocation of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged first Cys-domain of PKC-γ (Cys1–GFP). Strikingly, stimulation of G-protein or tyrosine kinase–coupled receptors induced a transient translocation of cytosolic Cys1–GFP to the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane translocation was mimicked by addition of the diacylglycerol analogue DiC8 or the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Photobleaching recovery studies showed that PMA nearly immobilized Cys1–GFP in the membrane, whereas DiC8 left Cys1–GFP diffusible within the membrane. Addition of a smaller and more hydrophilic phorbol ester, phorbol dibuterate (PDBu), localized Cys1–GFP preferentially to the plasma and nuclear membranes. This selective membrane localization was lost in the presence of arachidonic acid. GFP-tagged Cys1Cys2-domains and full-length PKC-γ also translocated from the cytosol to the plasma membrane in response to receptor or PMA stimuli, whereas significant plasma membrane translocation of Cys2–GFP was only observed in response to PMA addition. These studies introduce GFP-tagged Cys-domains as fluorescent diacylglycerol indicators and show that in living cells the individual Cys-domains can trigger a diacylglycerol or phorbol ester–mediated translocation of proteins to selective lipid membranes.     

Monitoring of Ubiquitin-proteasome Activity in Living Cells Using a Degron (dgn)-destabilized Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-based Reporter Protein

Proteasome is the main intracellular organelle involved in the proteolytic degradation of abnormal, misfolded, damaged or oxidized proteins ^{1, 2}. Maintenance of proteasome activity was implicated in many key cellular processes, like cell''s stress response ³, cell cycle regulation and cellular differentiation ⁴ or in immune system response ⁵. The dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been related to the development of tumors and neurodegenerative diseases ^{4, 6}. Additionally, a decrease in proteasome activity was found as a feature of cellular senescence and organismal aging ^{7, 8, 9, 10}. Here, we present a method to measure ubiquitin-proteasome activity in living cells using a GFP-dgn fusion protein. To be able to monitor ubiquitin-proteasome activity in living primary cells, complementary DNA constructs coding for a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–dgn fusion protein (GFP–dgn, unstable) and a variant carrying a frameshift mutation (GFP–dgnFS, stable ¹¹) are inserted in lentiviral expression vectors. We prefer this technique over traditional transfection techniques because it guarantees a very high transfection efficiency independent of the cell type or the age of the donor. The difference between fluorescence displayed by the GFP–dgnFS (stable) protein and the destabilized protein (GFP-dgn) in the absence or presence of proteasome inhibitor can be used to estimate ubiquitin-proteasome activity in each particular cell strain. These differences can be monitored by epifluorescence microscopy or can be measured by flow cytometry.     

Induction of Anti-influenza Immunity by Modified Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Carrying Hemagglutinin-derived Epitope Structure

The development of vaccination methods that can overcome the emergence of new types of influenza strains caused by escape mutations is desirable to avoid future pandemics. Here, a novel type of immunogen was designed that targeted the conformation of a highly conserved region of influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) composed of two separate sequences that associate to form an anti-parallel β-sheet structure. Our previous study identified this β-sheet region as the structural core in the epitope of a characteristic antibody (B-1) that strongly neutralizes a wide variety of strains within the H3N2 serotype, and therefore this β-sheet region was considered a good target to induce broadly reactive immunity against the influenza A virus. To design the immunogen, residues derived from the B-1 epitope were introduced directly onto a part of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), whose surface is mostly composed of β-sheets. Through site-directed mutagenesis, several modified EGFPs with an epitope-mimicking structure embedded in their surface were prepared. Two EGFP variants, differing from wild-type (parental) EGFP by only five and nine residues, induced mice to produce antibodies that specifically bind to H3-type HA and neutralize H3N2 virus. Moreover, three of five mice immunized with each of these EGFP variants followed by a booster with equivalent mCherry variants acquired anti-viral immunity against challenge with H3N2 virus at a lethal dosage. In contrast to conventional methods, such as split HA vaccine, preparation of this type of immunogen requires less time and is therefore expected to be quickly responsive to newly emerged influenza viral strains.     

Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Hypothalamic Slices

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a small neuropeptide that regulates pituitary release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These gonadotropins are essential for the regulation of reproductive function. The GnRH-containing neurons are distributed diffusely throughout the hypothalamus and project to the median eminence where they release GnRH from their axon terminals into the hypophysiotropic portal system (1). In the portal capillaries, GnRH travels to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate release of gonadotropins into systemic circulation. GnRH release is not continuous but rather occurs in episodic pulses. It is well established that the intermittent manner of GnRH release is essential for reproduction (2, 3).Coordination of activity of multiple GnRH neurons probably underlies GnRH pulses. Total peptide content in GnRH neurons is approximately 1.0 pg/cell (4), of which 30% likely comprises the releasable pool. Levels of GnRH during a pulse (5, 6), suggest multiple GnRH neurons are probably involved in neurosecretion. Likewise, single unit activity extracted from hypothalamic multi-unit recordings during LH release indicates changes in activity of multiple neurons (7). The electrodes with recorded activity during LH pulses are associated with either GnRH somata or fibers (8). Therefore, at least some of this activity arises from GnRH neurons.The mechanisms that result in synchronized firing in hypothalamic GnRH neurons are unknown. Elucidating the mechanisms that coordinate firing in GnRH neurons is a complex problem. First, the GnRH neurons are relatively few in number. In rodents, there are 800-2500 GnRH neurons. It is not clear that all GnRH neurons are involved in episodic GnRH release. Moreover, GnRH neurons are diffusely distributed (1). This has complicated our understanding of coordination of firing and has made many technical approaches intractable. We have optimized loose cell-attached recordings in current-clamp mode for the direct detection of action potentials and developed a recording approach that allows for simultaneous recordings from pairs of GnRH neurons.     

荧光蛋白报告基因在植物寄生真菌研究中的应用

综述菌根真菌、植物内生菌和植物病原真菌等植物寄生真菌转荧光蛋白基因研究现状.介绍转化载体的构建、转化方法及特基因的检测方法,以及转荧光蛋白基因技术在植物寄生真菌侵染过程研究中的应用,指出真菌转荧光蛋白基因存在的问题和展望.