产鸟苷的枯草杆菌缺失GMP还原酶活性突变株的选育

以枯草杆菌ＳＭ－１２－２为出发菌株,经物理化学诱变剂连续处理,获得一株８－氮杂鸟嘌呤（８－ＡＧ）,缺失鸟苷酸（ＧＭＰ）还原酶性的突变株Ｇ－２０５。该突变株肌苷酸（ＩＭＰ）脱氢酶活性比亲株高,在培养基中积累５．１７ｍｇ／ｍｌ鸟苷,９．８４ｍｇ／ｍｌ肌苷。     

内切葡聚糖酶高产菌株的诱变选育

【目的】建立里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)高产突变菌株的快速筛选方法,选育出高产内切葡聚糖酶的突变株。【方法】对里氏木霉T306菌株的初筛培养基进行优化,建立快速筛选方法;通过紫外诱变手段选育内切葡聚糖酶高产突变菌株,并对突变菌株的产酶培养基进行优化。【结果】在初筛培养基中添加浓度为0.1%(W/V)的乳糖、蛋白胨及脱氧胆酸钠有利于菌株的筛选。诱变后筛选出菌落形态发生明显变化的内切葡聚糖酶高产突变株0516,其羧甲基纤维素酶活力(CMC酶)较出发菌株提高了38.9%。其产酶培养基经优化后,得到最适碳、氮源分别为:乳糖1.50%、硫酸铵0.14%、尿素0.05%、蛋白胨0.10%,优化后CMC酶活力达64.2 U/mL,较优化前提高了2.3倍。【结论】建立了里氏木霉高产突变菌株的快速筛选方法,通过紫外诱变育种获得了产内切葡聚糖酶能力高且遗传稳定的突变株0516。     

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌（Azorhizobium caulinodans）ORS571产生的植物激素

茎瘤固氮根瘤基ＯＲＳ５７１菌株在离体培养条件下，能利用色氨酸合成吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）。随着菌龄的老化，合成的ＩＡＡ量也增加。除ＩＡＡ外，该菌株还产生类ＧＡ物质。本研究未检出细胞分裂素（Ｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｉｎ）类物质。     

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌（Azorhizobium caulinodans）ORS 571产生的植物激素

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌（Ａｚｏｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ）ＯＲＳ５７１菌株在离体培养条件下,能利用色氨酸合成吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）。随着菌龄的老化,合成的ＩＡＡ量也增加。除ＩＡＡ外,该菌株还产生类ＧＡ物质。本研究未检出细胞分裂素（Ｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｉｎ）类物质。     

盐生盐杆菌在不同营养条件下紫膜蛋白形成的差异

用四种培养基培养产生紫膜极端嗜盐菌盐生盐杆菌（Ｈａｌｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｈａｌｏｂｉｕｍ）菌株Ｒ１,通过超速离心和蔗糖密度梯度纯化紫膜,ＳＤＳ－ＰＧＡＥ后用考马斯亮蓝染色的结果显示其合成的紫膜蛋白的形式有所差异。从蛋白胨培养基上获得的紫膜有三条蛋白带,分子量约２６～２７５ｋＤ,而从复合培养基、合成培养基和人工海水培养基上获得的紫膜,仅呈现一条蛋白带,分子量约２６ｋＤ,即蛋白胨培养基上的成熟紫膜蛋白形式。ＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＢｌｏｔｉｎｇ的结果证明,在以上四种培养基上获得的纯化紫膜经ＳＤＳ－ＰＧＡＥ后考马斯亮蓝染色的条带确系紫膜蛋白,但还存在含量低于考马斯亮蓝染色灵敏度的紫膜蛋白带,从复合培养基、合成培养基和人工海水培养基所得紫膜在２８ｋＤ左右有一条浅带,但从蛋白胨培养基所得紫膜无此带;四种培养基所得紫膜在２３５ｋＤ左右都有一条浅带。可见,培养基营养成分的差别影响了紫膜蛋白的存在形式     

ARTP技术选育吩嗪-1-甲酰胺高产菌株及发酵优化

从一株高产吩嗪-1-甲酰胺(PCN)的绿针假单胞菌P3株出发,利用常压室温等离子体诱变技术进行诱变育种,从初筛的20株突变株中获得了一株PCN产量达到2 093 mg/L的突变株P3-9,为出发菌株的125%。随后通过单因素实验考察了各种营养因子对该高产菌株合成PCN的影响,结果表明发酵培养基的最佳碳源、氮源分别为甘油和蛋白胨,外源添加Fe3+或Fe2+对于积累PCN有显著促进作用,而添加苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸对PCN产量无明显影响。优化后,该突变株的PCN产量高达2 810 mg/L,是目前国际上通过诱变育种获得的较高PCN产量。     

ARTP诱变选育环孢菌素A高产菌株及发酵工艺优化

采用常压室温等离子体技术(Atmospheric Room Temperature Plasma,ARTP)对雪白白僵菌FIM-1809菌株进行诱变,得到一株遗传稳定性较高的突变高产菌FIM-1809-7,其产环孢菌素A能力较初始菌株提高约39%。通过单因素和正交设计试验优化,确定最佳发酵培养基组分及培养条件为：玉米浆粉6%、可溶性淀粉12%、葡萄糖1.2%、蛋白胨2%,pH 5.6,菌种菌龄为72 h,接种量10%,装液量70 m L/500 m L,发酵时间8 d,最终突变菌株产环孢菌素A效价较出发菌种增加了约53%。结果表明,采用ARTP技术结合发酵条件优化能够有效提高雪白白僵菌产环孢菌素A的能力,为该菌株的工业化应用奠定了良好的基础。     

对紫云英根瘤菌突变株的生长情况及产生细胞分裂素能力的考察

紫云英根瘤菌突变株96号,只有增强了原来培养基的缓冲能力并增加了氮源后,才能使其正常生长。96号突变株产生细胞分裂素的能力随着生长过程的不同而异。它产生细胞分裂素的最大量在菌体生长的稳定初期,为15.01μg/L,比出发菌株的2.18 μg/L提高了近7倍。经修改后的根瘤菌常规培养基能用于该菌株的发酵培养,并能正常产生细胞分裂素类物质。在培养液中加入腺嘌呤对菌体合成细胞分裂素类物质有强烈的诱导效应。     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子—1突变体E350G,E351K的构建及性质研究

利用ＰＣＲ扩增和合成突变引物的方法,将ＰＡＩ－１的Ｇｌｕ３５０和Ｇｌｕ３５１分别突变为Ｇｌｙ和Ｌｙｓ在大肠杆菌中表达并分离纯化突变体ＰＡＩ－１（Ｅ３５０Ｇ,Ｅ３５１Ｋ）有 酸胍激活并以ＥＬＩＳＡ法确定它与野生型ｒＰＡＩ－１的相对含量,通过对ｕ－ＰＡ抑制的动力学研究表明,突变体与野生型ｒＰＡＩ－１相比,对ｕ－ＰＡ和ｔ－ＰＡ的抑制活性都有明显下降,由活性态向潜伏态转变的半寿期也由０．８３ｈ缩短为０．５     

生防菌Bs-916突变菌株M49芽胞形成和感受态形成能力

摘要：生防枯草芽胞杆菌Bs-916（Bacillus subtilis）在水稻纹枯病的防治上效果显著。应用离子注入突变对Bs-916进行了突变,获得了一系列的突变菌株。其中突变菌株M49,其表面活性素Surfactin分泌量比出发菌株Bs-916大大降低并导致其防效降低。【目的】为了确认影响该菌株防效降低的影响因子,对其表型和相关基因表达水平进行了研究。【方法】应用生孢培养基,通过芽胞形成能力评测方法比较该菌株和野生菌株Bs-916的芽胞形成能力;通过转化质粒的实验评测突变菌株M49和野生型Bs-916的     

Effects of UV-C radiation on extension growth, H+-extrusion and transmembrane electric potential in maize coleoptile segments

The effect of 253.7 nm ultraviolet radiation on elongation growth, medium acidification and changes in electric potential difference between vacuole and external medium in cells of maize ( Zea mays L.) coleoptile segments was investigated. It was found that irradiation with 390, 1170, 3900 and 5 850 J m⁻² UV-C (ultraviolet radiation 253.7 nm) inhibited elongation growth, whereas at 195 J m⁻² stimulation of growth was observed. The administration of IAA (10⁻⁵ M ) to the incubation medium of coleoptile segments partially abolished the inhibitory effect of UV-C. The pH of the incubation medium, measured simultaneously with growth, showed that the exposure of the segments to UV-C caused inhibition of H⁺-extrusion (or stimulation of H⁺ uptake). The presence of IAA (10⁻⁵ M ) in the incubation medium promoted (except after 5850 J m⁻² irradiation) H⁺-extrusion to a level comparable with that produced by IAA in non-irradiated segments. In UV-C irradiated segments the potential difference underwent significant alterations. Irradiation of coleoptile segments with 390 J m⁻² caused a transient depolarization, which was fully reversible within 30 min, while at higher doses depolarization was irreversible. The hyperpolarization of the membrane potential (MP) in cells of maize coleoptile induced by IAA was completely nullified by subsequent irradiation with UV-C. It is suggested that UV-C inhibited IAA-induced growth by a mechanism independent of cell wall acidification.     

Optimization of Cultivation Medium for the Production of Bacillus intermedius 3-19 Glutamyl Endopeptidase

The effect of some components of cultivation medium on the growth of the streptomycin-resistant Bacillus intermedius strain 3-19 and on the production of glutamyl endopeptidase was investigated using factorial experimental design, which allowed the concentrations of peptone and inorganic phosphate to be optimized for the maximum production of the enzyme. Experiments with different peptones and casamino acids showed that the enzyme production is maximum with peptone 3 of plant origin. The addition of casamino acids or amino acids to the peptone-containing cultivation medium inhibited the production of glutamyl endopeptidase.     

Optimization of cultivation medium for the production of Bacillus intermedius 3-19 glutamyl endopeptidase

The effect of some components of cultivation medium on the growth of the streptomycin-resistant Bacillus intermedius strain 3-19 and on the production of glutamyl endopeptidase was investigated using factorial experimental design, which allowed the concentrations of peptone and inorganic phosphate to be optimized for the maximum production of the enzyme. Experiments with different peptones and casamino acids showed that the enzyme production is maximum with peptone 3 of plant origin. The addition of casamino acids or amino acids to the peptone-containing cultivation medium inhibited the production of glutamyl endopeptidase.     

粪产碱菌的Tn5转座诱变及吲哚乙酸生物合成特性的研究

粪产碱菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)A1501的吲哚乙酸(IAA)合成需要外源色氨酸参与。在不含色氨酸的限制性培养基中,A1501能良好生长,但不能合成IAA,表明在A1501中存在一条依赖于色氨酸的IAA合成途径。A1501的IAA合成具有菌体密度依赖特性。采用Tn5转座诱变技术构建A1501的突变库,从3500多株Tn5转染子中分离到一株色氨酸营养缺陷型突变株AT63。该Tn5突变株在不含色氨酸的限制性培养基上不能生长,但仍能进行IAA的生物合成,每毫升菌体密度等于10的突变株菌体的IAA合成量为224μg。对突变株AT63的研究表明在A1501中至少存在两条IAA合成途径：一条以色氨酸为合成前体,另一条以吲哚-3-磷酸甘油为前体。Southern杂交结果表明突变株中Tn5插入位点可能位于编码色氨酸合成酶基因上。     

Capsulation and virulence in Erwinia amylovora

Evidence is presented that capsulation may be one virulence determinant for Erwinia amylovora, the fireblight pathogen. When 15 virulent and seven avirulent strains were grown on a medium containing asparagine as the only source of carbon and nitrogen, or yeast peptone agar, or on a sugar medium containing an inorganic source of nitrogen, capsule production and virulence were not correlated. However, if a sugar or sugar alcohol was added to the asparagine medium or to yeast peptone agar all the virulent strains produced some or many capsulated cells whereas six of the avirulent ones did not. Capsules were also produced by all the virulent strains during infection. The existence of a seventh avirulent strain which was capsulated on all media except unsupplemented asparagine agar, suggested that capsule production was not the only virulence determinant.     

Optimization of medium for indole-3-acetic acid production using Pantoea agglomerans strain PVM

Aims: To optimize the medium components for the production of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) by isolated bacterium Pantoea agglomerans strain PVM. Methods and Results: Present study deals with the production of an essential plant hormone IAA by a bacterial isolate P. agglomerans strain PVM identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The medium containing 8 g l^?1 of meat extract and 1 g l^?1 of l ‐tryptophan (precursor) at optimum pH 7, 30°C and 48‐h incubation gave the maximum production of IAA (2·191 g l^?1). Effect of IAA synthesized on in vitro root induction in Nicotiana tobacum (leaf) explants was compared with that of control. IAA was characterized by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Conclusions: Pantoea agglomerans strain PVM was a good candidate for the inexpensive and utmost production of IAA in short period, as it requires simple medium (meat extract and l ‐tryptophan). Significance and Impact of the Study: The present report first time showed the rapid, cost‐effective and maximum production of IAA. No reports are available on the optimization of particular medium components for the production of IAA. This study demonstrates a novel approach for in vitro root induction in N. tobacum (leaf) explants.     

Statistical Screening of Medium Components for Recombinant Production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 Rhamnolipids by Nonpathogenic Cell Factory Pseudomonas putida KT2440

Rhamnolipids (RLs) produced by the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered as potential candidates for the next generation of surfactants. Large-scale production of RLs depends on progress in strain engineering, medium design, operating strategies, and purification procedures. In this work, the rhlAB genes extracted from a mono_RLs_producing strain of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) were introduced to an appropriate safety host Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The capability of the recombinant strain was evaluated in various media. As a prerequisite for optimal medium design, a set of 32 experiments was performed in two steps for screening a number of macro-nutritional compounds. In the experiments, a two-level fractional factorial design resolution IV was followed by a two-level full factorial one. By means of this approach, it was observed that glycerol, yeast extract, and peptone have significant positive influence on recombinant RLs production while the yeast extract/peptone two-factor and glycerol/yeast extract/peptone three-factor interactions have considerable negative effects. A wide range of variation from 0 to 570 mg/l was obtained for RLs production during the screening experiments indicating the importance of medium optimization. The results point out the opportunity for possible higher yields of RLs through further screening, mixture/combined mixture designs, and high-cell-density cultivations.     

Effect of purine derivatives, papaverine hydrochloride, and imidazole on enterotoxin formation by Clostridium perfringens type A

The percentage sporulation and enterotoxin specific activity were improved for all of five Clostridium perfringens strains, and numbers of heat-resistant spores were improved for four of five strains by replacing proteose peptone with peptone in Duncan-Strong (DS) medium. When raffinose replaced starch in DS, peptone was superior to proteose peptone in increasing percentage sporulation, numbers of heat-resistant spores, and enterotoxin formation for four of five strains. Enterotoxin levels for a strain varied when different lots of the same peptone were used. Additional experiments were conducted with three C. perfringens strains grown in DS medium with peptone. Enterotoxin specific activity was increased for three strains by adding papaverine (hydrochloride crystalline), for two strains by adding each of caffeine and 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine, for one strain by adding each of theophylline, 6-mercaptopurine, and 2-amino-6-mercaptopurine, and for none of the strains by adding imidazole. When enterotoxin formation was improved for a strain by one of the compounds, percentage sporulation increased, but growth decreased. Effective compounds also increased numbers of heat-resistant spores for strains H6 and R42, but slightly or not at all for strain E13. The action of these compounds was concentration dependent, with the optimal concentration differing between compounds and between strains grown in the presence of the same compound.     

Characterization of Esterases Produced by a Ruminal Bacterium Identified as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens

A method of obtaining clones of Tetrahymena pyriformis on solid medium has been developed. The medium consists of a basal layer of 1.5% agar topped with 2 ml of 0.3% agar in sterile, plastic petri plates (100 by 15 mm). Both agar layers contain either 2% proteose peptone and 0.1% liver extract (complex medium) or defined medium supplemented with proteose peptone. After drying, 0.5 ml of liquid culture is spread evenly over the top agar, and the plates are then sprinkled lightly and evenly with autoclaved dry Sephadex G-25 (fine). Cell colonies can be observed after 5 days of incubation either by viewing with a microscope or without the aid of a microscope after staining. Plating efficiency is high on either complex or defined medium with a number of strains of Tetrahymena, both micronucleate and amicronucleate. Colonies can be picked and transferred to liquid culture for further growth. The existence of clones was demonstrated by plating a mixture of two different drug-resistant mutants. The method should prove useful in selective procedures for the isolation of mutants and for determining survival after treatments such as ultraviolet irradiation.