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1.
Summary This study investigated the role of antioxidants and amino acids on somatic embryogenesis using the vegetative shoot apices
of three genotypes of mature Pinus patula trees. Apart from dithiothreitol at 0.1%, pretreatment of explants or incorporation of antioxidants in the basal nutrient
medium had a negative effect on the initiation of embryogenic cultures, somatic embryo production, and plantlet recovery.
Inclusion of an amino acid solution mixture, at a concentration of 10.0 mM, in the maturation medium tended to increase somatic embryo production. 相似文献
2.
Storability and germination of sodium alginate encapsulated somatic embryos of Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) cv. BMB-43 were tested on half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium fortified with coconut water (10% v/v). The frequency of regeneration from encapsulatd embryos was affected significantly by concentration of sodium alginate and the duration of exposure to calcium chloride. Embryos encapsulated with 2.5 % sodium alginate dissolved in MS basal salts solution recorded significantly higher germination than other treatments. A relatively short (5 min) incubation with calcium chloride solution provided uniform encapsulation of embryos that gave the highest percentage (65%) of germination. Synthetic seeds could be stored at 4üC for 50 days without reduction in viability as opposed to non - encapsulated somatic embryos which showed 6% viability after 20 days at 4°C. Germinated synthetic seeds produced normal plantlets. 相似文献
3.
Direct somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed production from<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Paulownia elongata</Emphasis> 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
We have developed a reproducible system for efficient direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf and internodal explants of Paulownia elongata. The somatic embryos obtained were subsequently encapsulated as single embryos to produce synthetic seeds. Several plant growth regulators [6-benzylaminopurine, indole-3-acetic acid, -naphthaleneacetic acid, kinetin and thidiazuron (TDZ)] alone or in combination were tested for their capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis. The highest induction frequencies of somatic embryos were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.6% Phytagel, 500 mg l-1 casein hydrolysate and 10 mg l-1 TDZ (medium MS10). Somatic embryos were induced from leaf (69.8%) and internode (58.5%) explants on MS10 medium after 7 days. Subsequent withdrawal of TDZ from the induction medium resulted in the maturation and growth of the embryos into plantlets on MS basal media. The maturation frequency of somatic embryos from leaf and internodal explants was 50.8% and 45.8%, respectively. Subculturing of mature embryos led to their germination on the same medium with a germination frequency of 50.1% and 29.8% from leaf and internode explants, respectively. Somatic embryos obtained directly on leaf explants were used for encapsulation in liquid MS medium containing different concentrations of sodium alginate with a 30-min exposure to 50 mM CaCl2. A 3% sodium alginate concentration provided a uniform encapsulation of the embryos with survival and germination frequencies of 73.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Storage at 4°C for 30 days or 60 days significantly reduced the survival and complete germination frequencies of both encapsulated and non-encapsulated embryos relative to those of non-stored somatic embryos. However, the survival and germination rates of encapsulated embryos increased following storage at 4°C. After 30 days or 60 days of storage, the survival rates of encapsulated embryos were 67.8% and 53.5% and the germination frequencies were 43.2% and 32.4%, respectively. These systems could be useful for the rapid clonal propagation and dissemination of synthetic seed material of Paulownia elongata.Abbreviations BAP 6-Benzylaminopurine - IAA Indole-3-acetic acid - NAA -Naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ ThidiazuronCommunicated by H. Lörz 相似文献
4.
A. K. Singh M. Sharma R. Varshney S. S. Agarwal K. C. Bansal 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2006,42(2):109-113
Summary A method was developed for plant regeneration from alginate-encapsulated shoot tips of Phyllanthus amarus. Shoot tips excised from in vitro proliferated shoots were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. The best gel complexation was achieved using 3% sodium alginate
and 75 mM CaCl2·2H2O. Maximum percentage response for conversion of encapsulated shoot tips into plantlets was 90% after 5 wk of culture on Murashige
and Skoog (MS) medium without plant growth regulator. The regrowth ability of encapsulated shoot tips was affected by the
concentration of sodium alginate, storage duration, and the presence or absence of MS nutrients in calcium alginate beads.
Plantlets with well-developed shoot and roots were transferred to pots containing an autoclaved mixture of soilrite and peat
moss (1∶1). The conversion of encapsulated shoot tips into plantlets also occurred when calcium alginate beads were directly
sown in autoclaved soilrite moistened with 1/4-MS salts. Encapsulation of vegetative propagules in calcium alginate beads
can be used as an alternative to synthetic seeds derived from somatic embryos. 相似文献
5.
Carica papaya L. (papaya) single somatic embryos (2.0 mm diameter) produced in a high-frequency liquid production system were encapsulated
in two different synthetic encapsulation compounds. The frequency of regeneration from encapsulated embryos was significantly
affected by (1) the concentration of sodium alginate, (2) the presence or absence of nutrient salts in the capsule, and (3)
the duration of exposure to calcium chloride. A 2.5% sodium alginate concentration in a half-strength MS salts base resulted
in significantly higher germination frequencies than other treatments. A relatively short (10 min) exposure to CaCl2 provided uniform encapsulation of embryos and the highest frequencies of successful germination (77.5%). Germinated artificial
seeds produced normal plantlets.
Received: 12 March 1997 / Revision recieved: 24 June 1997 / Accepted: 18 July 1997 相似文献
6.
A novel technique for the encapsulation of plant material in calcium alginate hollow beads was tested. The technique involves
suspending plant material (i.e. plant cells, tissues, organs, shoot tips, somatic embryos) in a solution containing carboxymethylcellulose
and calcium chloride and then dripping it into a stirred sodium alginate solution. In initial experiments with Daucus carota (carrot), it was found that after 14 days of cultivation, 100 % of seeds encapsulated in calcium alginate hollow beads would
germinate in the liquid core and that 13% would burst the capsules. Embryogenic calli developed inside hollow beads and formed
somatic embryos while calli in conventional calcium alginate beads became detached from the beads early in development, and
no somatic embryogenesis occurred. With Solanum tuberosum (potato), development of calli was observed in 50% of hollow beads. Eighty-one percent of shoot tips encapsulated in hollow
beads sprouted and grew out of the capsules.
Received: 28 October 1999 / Revision received: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 22 February 2000 相似文献
7.
Monika M. Lulsdorf Thomas E. Tautorus Susan I. Kikcio Terry D. Bethune David I. Dunstan 《Plant cell reports》1993,12(7-8):385-389
Interior spruce (Picea glauca engelmannii complex) and black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) cotyledonary somatic embryos were encapsulated in sodium alginate. Somatic embryo viability was retained, but germination occurred at a reduced frequency compared with the equivalent zygotic embryos. The addition of 0.5% (w/v) activated charcoal to the alginate capsule significantly enhanced root development and germination for somatic embryos but not for zygotic embryos. The possibility of developing an artiflcal endosperm was also investigated, by addition of Litvay (Litvay et al. 1981) nutrients with or without 90 mM sucrose to the alginate-charcoal capsule. This treatment significantly enhanced root development for all embryo categories with the exception of black spruce somatic embryos. Encapsulated and non-encapsulated somatic embryos survived one month cold storage at 4 °C without reduction in germination frequency.NRCC No. 35895 相似文献
8.
Kallahally Sugnanachar Nagesh C. Shanthamma N. Bhagyalakshmi 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2009,31(4):699-704
The occurrence of strong polarity towards shoot bud induction and the effect of cytokinin(s) on each segment of stem axis,
encapsulation and storability of de novo Shoot buds of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) have been documented in the present communication. Maximum number of shoot buds arising de novo from
the stem discs (cross section) explanted from proximal end on MS medium fortified with BAP and KIN 1 mg/L each. Stem discs
from distal end were less efficient in shoot bud induction. A combination of two cytokinins (BAP and KIN) as a synergistic
effect on shoot buds induction from each segment of stem axis. Stem discs in inverted position produced shoot buds from the
lower surface, showing strong polarity within the explant. Further, storability and shoot development of sodium alginate encapsulated
shoot buds of Curculigo orchioides were tested on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium fortified with coconut water (10% v/v). The frequency
of regeneration from encapsulated shoot buds was affected significantly by concentration of sodium alginate and the duration
of exposure to calcium chloride. Shoot buds encapsulated with 2.5% sodium alginate dissolved in MS basal salts solution recorded
significantly higher shoot development than other treatments. A relatively short (5 min) incubation with calcium chloride
solution provided uniform encapsulation of shoot buds that gave the highest percentage (68%) of shoot development. Encapsulated
shoot buds could be stored at 4°C for 50 days without reduction in viability as oppose to non-encapsulated shoot buds, which
showed 9.5% viability after 20 days at 4°C. Encapsulated shoot bud developed into normal shoots. Based on the present observations
an improved protocol may be developed for the rapid multiplication and conservation of the endangered species—C. orchioides. 相似文献
9.
Summary Cotyledonary Quercus robur L. somatic embryos from two cell lines were encapsulated in 4% (w/v) sodium alginate. An artificial endosperm was provided
by the addition of P24 medium plus 3% (w/v) sucrose. Oak somatic embryos and oak synthetic seeds were germinated on P24 medium plus 0.1 μM indole-3-butyric acid and 0.9 μM 6-benzylaminopurine or were dehydrated prior to germination. The highest conversion rates (26%) were obtained with encapsulated
somatic embryos as well as artificial endosperm-coated somatic embryos. Encapsulation improved the regeneration into oak plantlets
in one of the two cell lines tested. The artificial endosperm had no additional beneficial effect on conversion frequency,
but increased germination rate in one cell line tested. Significant higher conversion could be attributed to slow desiccation
compared to the non-encapsulated control. Cold storage as a post-maturation treatment had no influence on the germination
ability of oak synthetic seeds. Differences in the response of the cell lines with respect to conversion frequencies and timing
of germination were observed. Fifty-six well-developed plantlets regenerated 12 wk after germination, and 29 plants were transferred
to the greenhouse, where they have been successfully established in substrate. 相似文献
10.
Barkha Khilwani Amanpreet Kaur Ritika Ranjan Anil Kumar 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2016,127(2):433-442
Direct somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis were achieved from leaf explants excised from microshoots of Bacopa monnieri cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The maximum frequency of explants differentiated somatic embryos and shoot buds on MS medium supplemented with 12.5 µM BA and 1 µM 2,4-D. The frequency of explants differentiating somatic embryos decreased with increasing concentration of 2,4-D. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed direct differentiation of somatic embryos and shoot buds from explants, and various developmental stages of the somatic embryos were observed. Somatic embryos and apical shoot tips were encapsulated in sodium alginate gel to produce synthetic seeds. The storage of synthetic seeds produced by encapsulation was studied at 4 and 25?°C (room temperature) for a period of 140 days. Encapsulated somatic embryos were found to retain viability after 140 days of storage at both temperatures, whereas encapsulated apical shoot buds failed to germinate even after 40 days when stored at 4?°C. The viability of synthetic seeds was higher when stored at 25?°C. All amplified markers scored by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) were monomorphic for all the plants produced from synthetic seeds following different periods of storage, thus establishing the clonal fidelity of propagated plantlets. 相似文献
11.
Nicky B. Jones Johannes van Staden 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(5):543-549
Summary Embryogenic tissue from six genotypes of Pinus patula (Schiede et Deppe) was subjected to a number of treatments to improve both somatic embryo maturation and germination protocols.
The use of a slightly modified 240 medium supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEC) significantly improved both the number
and quality of embryos produced, especially at the 7.5 and 10% level. Various pre-germination treatments were tested to enhance
embryo germination. A partial drying treatment (PDT) at high relative humidity, lasting approximately 4 wk, gave the best
germination results. Despite the beneficial effects of the PDT, embryos that had been harvested from the 240 maturation treatment
containing no PEG gave the best germination responses when compared to the PEG-treated cultures. Plantlets were acclimatized
ex vitrum, but success rates were low. Latent PEG effects were observed in acclimatized somatic seedlings. 相似文献
12.
Summary Somatic embryos of carrot were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads to provide artificial carrot seeds. Alginate capsules with a hardness of 0.2 to 0.5 kg/cm2 were found to be suitable for germination of encapsulated somatic embryos. The germination frequencies were more than 95%, when grown aseptically on polyester fiber supports loaded with hormone-free Murashige-Skoog medium. 相似文献
13.
We report the encapsulation of in vitro-derived nodal cuttings or shoot tips of cassava in 3% calcium alginate for storage and germplasm exchange purposes. Shoot regrowth was not significantly affected by the concentration of sucrose in the alginate matrix while root formation was. In contrast, increasing the sucrose concentration in the calcium chloride polymerisation medium significantly reduced regrowth from encapsulated nodal cuttings of accession TME 60444. Supplementing the alginate matrix with increased concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine and alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid enhanced complete plant regrowth within 2 weeks. Furthermore, plant regrowth by encapsulated nodal cuttings and shoot tips was significantly affected by the duration of the storage period as shoot recovery decreased from almost 100% to 73.3% for encapsulated nodal cuttings and 94.4% to 60% for shoot tips after 28 days of storage. The high frequency of plant regrowth from alginate-coated micropropagules coupled with high viability percentage after 28 days of storage is highly encouraging for the exchange of cassava genetic resources. Such encapsulated micropropagules could be used as an alternative to synthetic seeds derived from somatic embryos. 相似文献
14.
Somatic embryos of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) were encapsulated in sodium alginate matrix provided with MS nutrients, growth regulators and protectants as synthetic endosperm to enhance germination and conversion capacity. The synthetic seeds with synthetic endosperm constituents of MS nutrient; sucrose (3%), IAA (0.5 mg l–1), NAA (0.5 mg l–1), BA (0.5 mg l–1) and charcoal (1.25%) gave a maximum germination (30%) and conversion (27%) of synthetic seeds. The inclusion of protectants, bavistin and streptomycin as constituents of synthetic endosperm had no effect on germination and conversion. The application of self-breaking gel beads technology increased the germination (52%) and conversion (47%) of synthetic seeds. 相似文献
15.
Summary This study compares the development of shoot apical meristems of white spruce somatic and zygotic embryos during germination.
In mature somatic embryos, the functional part of the shoot apical meristem was bi-layered. After partial drying, a normal
shoot meristem was formed from these two cell layers during germination. Other cells within the meristem were vacuolated and
separated by intercellular air spaces. In the absence of the partial drying treatment, somatic embryos enlarged in size primarily
due to vacuolation of cells and the formation of large intercellular air spaces. A majority of these somatic embryos failed
to form a functional shoot apical meristem. Compared with somatic embryos, the shoot apical meristem of a mature zygotic embryo
was well organized with a densely cytoplasmic apical layer. The cells within the meristem were tightly packed. Judging from
the cell profiles during germination, all cells within the meristem of the zygotic embryo took part in the formation of the
vegetative shoot apical meristem. 相似文献
16.
胡萝卜体细胞胚在人工种子制作中的分级分选 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用植物胚性细胞团分选仪进行了从胡萝卜非均匀性的悬浮培养物中分级分选体细胞胚。对该仪器分选体细胞胚的操作程序及参数进行了确定,对分离的三个等级的体细胞胚的数量、大小和形态进行了测定。该仪器分选胡萝卜成熟的体细胞胚的速度为每小时从100ml 悬浮培养物中分选出872个胚。按大小次序分级分离的三个等级的体细胞胚所制作的人工种子,在无菌培养基上的萌发率分别为87.3%、75.3%和55.5%。本研究的结果表明植物胚性细胞团分选仪用来分级分选胡萝卜体细胞胚的效果是良好的,成熟胚(第一、二级)制作的人工种子比未成熟胚(第三级)制作的人工种子萌发率有显著的提高。 相似文献
17.
Pieces of an embryogenic mass (EMS) induced in culture from immature fruits of pistachio, Pistacia vera L., were encapsulated into calcium alginate beads. Somatic embryos were also encapsulated individually into calcium alginate beads to produce synthetic seeds. The viability of the encapsulated EMS and somatic embryos was investigated immediately following encapsulation, and after storage for 60 days at 4°C. The encapsulated-stored EMS fragments recovered their original proliferative capacity after two months storage following two sub-cultures, but non-encapsulated-stored EMS failed to recover. The conversion frequency of synthetic seeds to seedling plants was 14% after storage for 60 days at 4°C, from which it may be concluded that encapsulation is a practical procedure for short-term storage of embryogenic pistachio tissue, and may be applicable to the preservation of desirable elite genotypes.Abbreviations BAP
Benzylaminopurine
- EMS(es)
Embryogenic mass(es)
- MS
Murashige and Skoog medium (Sigma M-0404)
- PGR(s)
Plant growth regulator(s) 相似文献
18.
19.
T. R. Ganapathi L. Srinivas P. Suprasanna V. A. Bapat 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(2):178-181
Summary Somatic embryos of banana cv. Rasthali (AAB genomic group) were encapsulated in 5% sodium alginate to produce synthetic seeds.
The frequency of germination of ecapsulated embryos varied considerably on different gel matrices and substrates used for
plant development. Maximum conversion frequency of 66% was noted from encapsulated embryos cultured on MS medium. Plantlets
developed from synthetic seeds were successfully trnasferred to soil. 相似文献
20.
A method to produce encapsulatable units for synthetic seeds was developed in L. indica. Somatic embryos were harvested from leaf derived embryogenic callus on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D, 0.5 mg/l), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP, 1 mg/l) and ascorbic acid (AA, 50 mg/l). The embryos were encapsulated in alginate beads and dehydrated. Germination ability of the artificial seeds were investigated. The frequency of regeneration from the encapsulated embryos was significantly affected by (i) the concentration of alginate (ii) the duration of storage, and (iii) the effect of different types of media. A 2% sodium alginate concentration on MS salts resulted in significantly higher germination frequencies than at other concentrations. L. indica showed maximum germination on MS medium (93.84%) after 6 weeks of culture. The germinated synthetic seeds with well developed roots and shoots were transferred successfully to green house. This is the first report on artificial seeds in Lagerstroemnia indica. 相似文献