14种中国典型极小种群野生植物繁育特性和人工繁殖研究进展

繁殖是植物种群更新与维持的重要环节。包括极小种群野生植物在内的受威胁物种, 其濒危原因是在长期演化过程中自身繁育力的衰退、生活力的下降等内在因素和人类的过度采挖和生境的破坏等外在因素共同作用的结果。对极小种群野生植物进行高效的人工繁殖, 能扩大种群数量并应用于迁地保护、自然回归和满足商品市场的需求, 有利于其种质资源的保护和可持续利用。为了保持物种的遗传多样性, 采用种子繁殖育苗是有效的方法, 扦插、嫁接和组织培养技术等无性繁殖方法则可用于对难以用种子繁殖的种类进行快速繁殖。本文对14种中国典型极小种群野生植物的繁殖特性和已有的人工繁殖方法进行了综述, 并简要介绍在其种苗繁殖研究方面取得的进展。其中利用播种繁殖成功的物种有12种, 共繁殖230,000株种苗; 利用扦插繁殖成功的物种有5种, 共繁殖33,100株种苗; 华盖木(Manglietiastrum sinicum)、河北梨(Pyrus hopeiensis)和黄梅秤锤树(Sinojackia huangmeiensis)采用嫁接繁殖出了2,415株种苗; 9个物种的组织培养技术获得成功, 共繁殖了24,850株种苗。这些种苗有些已应用于迁地保护和自然回归。上述研究结果为这14种极小种群野生植物的保护和利用提供了理论和技术基础, 也能为其他极小种群野生植物的保护和利用提供参考。     

木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖

本文对38种木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖进行了试验,全部嫁接成功,平均成活率为44．0％。不同属的木兰科植物之间有较大的亲和力,多数种可进行属间嫁接。嫁接时间和砧木选择是影响木兰科植物嫁接成活率的主要因素,嫁接方法对成活率也有一定的影响。木兰科植物的嫁接苗比实生苗具有更强的适应性和速生性。     

金花茶的繁殖及栽培试验

<正> 有关金花茶Camellia chrysantha(Hu)Tuyama的繁殖试验,曾有过报导,本文着重将嫁接繁殖及栽培的试验的结果整理报导,供有关方面参考。 一、嫁接繁殖试验 我们对金花茶作了一些摸索性的嫁接试验,结果如下: 1.嫁接方法与金花茶成活率的关系。接穗4月采自防城县防城公社野生母树隔年秋梢顶枝,留1—2片1/4叶及1—2个顶芽,砧木为本所6年生普通油茶实生苗,径粗0.5—1     

经济植物无性繁殖讲座（三）果树的砧木

树木插条 繁殖是很省工 的繁殖方法, 但是大多数果 树扦插很难生 根,要发展无 性系必须采用嫁接方法。果树嫁接具有扦插所没有的优点,例如能引起树体的矮化,提早结果,提高果树对不良环境的抵抗能力。嫁接繁殖首先要繁殖砧木而后嫁接,砧木作为树体的根系部分,必然会影响到地上部分。选用良好的砧木可以使树体生     

4种五针松过氧化物酶同工酶表型分析

1　材料供试的 4种五针松均采自黑龙江省森林植物园。红松引自伊春林区 ,高 3 8ｍ ,偃松引自大兴安岭 ,高 1 5ｍ ,西伯利亚红松是由伊春林科所从新疆阿尔泰引进的种子 ,经播种后长出的实生苗引进而来 ,高 0 5ｍ ,兴安松采自由大兴安岭图强林业局采下的枝条嫁接于樟子松上而成活了嫁接苗 ,高 0 8ｍ ,生长状况良好。2　实验原理及方法2 1　实验原理 :本实验采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续体系盘状电泳 (垂直管电泳 )分离过氧化物同工酶 ,是由单体丙烯酰胺Ａｃｒｙｌａｍｉｄｅ和交联剂甲叉双丙烯酰胺Ｂｉｓａｃｒｙｌａｍｉｄｅ在催化剂的作用…     

浅谈芽苗砧嫁接技术

浅谈芽苗砧嫁接技术王玉欣（山东省沂南县第四中学,２７６３００）芽苗砧嫁接是项新技术。就是以尚未展叶或刚展叶的芽苗作砧木,嫁接所需繁殖对象的一项无性繁殖新方法。近十几年来,该项技术在我们沂蒙山区先后在核桃、山茶、板栗、银杏等多种树木的良种繁殖中取得了成...     

仙人掌类嫁接繁殖技术

本文介绍仙人掌类嫁接技术的具体操作方法,指出影响嫁接成活率的主要因素,认为嫁接是仙人掌类繁殖的重要手段。     

我国松树蜂雌虫的生殖潜力研究

松树蜂Sirex noctilio是一种严重危害松属植物Pinus spp.的入侵生物,其扩散和繁殖能力强,为了明确我国松树蜂的繁殖力及其影响因素,本研究调查统计了不同个体大小、不同线虫侵染状态、不同产卵次数对松树蜂怀卵量的影响。结果表明,松树蜂怀卵量与前胸背板宽呈指数相关;有线虫侵染的松树蜂怀卵量均值略小于无线虫侵染的松树蜂怀卵量均值,但两者差异不显著;未产卵的初羽化雌虫怀卵量为147.80±10.22粒,产卵至死的松树蜂怀卵量为50.22±5.46粒,推算松树蜂死亡时已产卵30次左右,松树蜂单头雌虫一生平均产卵97.58粒。在观察时段17.49~23.15℃温度范围内,其产卵次数与温度呈强相关,随温度升高产卵次数增多,温度下降产卵次数减少。此外还改进了松树蜂繁殖力公式,进行了我国松树蜂的繁殖力估算。本研究明确了松树蜂的繁殖力和个体大小、线虫侵染的关系以及环境温度对其产卵繁殖的影响,为评估松树蜂危害、预测松树蜂种群扩散和制定松树蜂防控措施提供了重要参考。     

板栗嫁接与成活率

板栗嫁接繁殖,能提高产量和品质。建立新的板栗园,可以先定植板栗实生苗作砧,砧木长到粗1.5—2厘米时,就地嫁接。可以达到成园块,结果早的目的。这一技术在江苏各地生产中正在推广应用。就地嫁接成活率高低,关系到新的板栗园的成败以及林相的整齐度。几年来,我们对影响板栗嫁接成苗率的主要因子,作了摸索总结。     

红花深山含笑形态变异与繁殖应用

红花深山含笑是2007年发现并快速繁殖应用的木兰科种类。本文在野外调查的基础上,结合文献资料,对红花深山含笑的发现历程、形态性状变异、繁殖推广应用现状进行分析。结果表明,红花深山含笑是优良的乡土树种,发现时野外数量极少;实生苗间存在一定的性状差异,是资源开发的优良种质资源;目前红花深山含笑繁殖主要以嫁接为主,通过正确的嫁接方法及良好的后期管理可有效繁殖苗木。     

Characteristics of gene pools of three Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel populations at the range margins

Genetic variation of Siberian dwarf pine Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel was characterized in three marginal populations in southwestern, southern and eastern parts of the natural species range (Transbaikalia, Primorye, Kamchatka) using isozyme analysis. Analysis involving 16 isozyme loci encoding ten enzyme systems was conducted. Our results confirm that P. pumila is among the most polymorphic species in the family Pinus. Three marginal populations exhibited high genetic variation (P95 = 68.8%, Ho = 0.247, He = 0.291). Populations heterogeneity and significantly high level of divergence in coniferous (F(ST) = 0.050, D(N) = 0.044) reflect their genetic originality. In summary, it was shown that the level of genetic variation characteristic for P. pumila in other parts of the not only is reproduced in the populations examined but even is close to maximum there.     

Dynamics of allozyme heterozygosity in Siberian dwarf pine Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel populations of the Russian Far East: comparison of embryos and maternal plants

Siberian dwarf pine, or Japanese stone pine, Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel is widespread in eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East; the species is bird-dispersed and has a unique spreading or shrub living form. A mixed mating system (predominant outcrossing with self-pollination and matings of close relatives) leads to the formation of partly inbred progenies in P. pumila, as in the majority of other conifers. The question arises as to whether inbred individuals persist in the reproductive part of a population, which can have negative genetic consequences. The ADH, FDH, FEST, GDH, GOT, IDH, LAP, MNR, MDH, PEPCA, 6-PGD, PGI, PGM, SKDH, and SOD isozyme systems were analyzed to study the dynamics of heterozygosity in four P. pumila natural populations from the Pacific region, optimal for the species. Samples were collected in northern Koryakia, southern Kamchatka (two samples), and the Kunashir Island (Kurils). Wright's fixation index was used to estimate the level of inbreeding in embryos from dormant seeds resulting from free pollination and in maternal plants. A substantial level of inbreeding (F(IS) = 0.124-0.342) was observed in the embryo samples but not in three out of the four adult samples. The inbreeding level at the reproductive age was high only in the sample from Koryakia, which was explained by a relatively young age of plants in the population frequently affected by fires. A general increase in heterozygosity, characteristic of other conifers as well, was attributed to elimination of inbred progenies and by balancing selection for heterozygotes, which is a key factor maintaining allozyme polymorphism in populations.     

Genetic structure of hybrid zones between Pinus pumila and P. parviflora var. pentaphylla (Pinaceae) revealed by molecular hybrid index analysis

Pinus species have three differently inherited genomes: paternal chloroplast, maternal mitochondrial, and biparental nuclear. Our previous study on the hybrid zones between alpine Pinus pumila and montane to subalpine P. parviflora var. pentaphylla demonstrated contrasting patterns of introgression of two cytoplasmic genomes, i.e., the paternal cpDNA flowed from P. parviflora var. pentaphylla to P. pumila, and the maternal mtDNA flowed in the reverse direction. In the present study, we developed codominant nuclear DNA markers diagnostic or mostly diagnostic for each parental species by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, using expressed sequence tag (EST) primers of Pinus taeda. To describe the introgressive patterns of the nuclear genes, the molecular hybrid index (MHI) showing the overall proportion of alleles inferred to be derived from P. pumila was determined for each plant collected in hybrid zones on Mt. Asahidake and Mt. Higashiazuma, Japan. At Mt. Asahidake, the MHI values changed clinally according to the altitudes at which the plants were collected. However, at Mt. Higashiazuma, there was a gap in the MHI values between the plants above and below the Abies and Tsuga forest zone (alt. 1800-1900 m). This suggested that the zone plays a role in creating an effective barrier to gene flow in the hybrid zone.     

Needle traits of an evergreen, coniferous shrub growing at wind-exposed and protected sites in a mountain region: does Pinus pumila produce needles with greater mass per area under wind-stress conditions?

Snow depth is one of the most important determinants of vegetation, especially in mountainous regions. In such regions, snow depth tends to be low at wind-exposed sites such as ridges, where stand height and productivity are limited by stressful environmental conditions during winter. Siberian dwarf pine ( Pinus pumila Regel) is a dominant species in mountainous regions of Japan. We hypothesized that P. pumila produces needles with greater mass per area at wind-exposed sites than at wind-protected sites because it invests more nitrogen (N) in cell walls at the expense of N investment in the photosynthetic apparatus, resulting in increased photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE). Contrary to our hypothesis, plants at wind-exposed site invested less resources in needles, as exhibited by lower biomass, N, Rubisco and cell wall mass per unit area, and had higher photosynthetic capacity, higher PNUE and shorter needle life-span than plants at a wind-protected site. N partitioning was not significantly different between sites. These results suggest that P. pumila at wind-exposed sites produces needles at low cost with high productivity to compensate for a short leaf life-span, which may be imposed by wind stress when needles appear above the snow surface in winter.     

马蔺组织培养快繁技术体系研究

以成熟且具活力的马蔺种子为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,与不同浓度比例的2,4-D、BA、NAA、KT等植物生长调节剂构成愈伤组织诱导、分化、生根等培养基的组合方案,对马蔺组织培养快繁技术开展系统研究。结果表明,不同植物生长调节剂组合的培养基对愈伤组织的诱导率有显著影响,MS+2,4-D 4 mg·L^-1+BA2 mg·L^-1、MS+2,4-D 4 mg·L^-1+BA5 mg·L^-1和MS+2,4-D 2 mg·L^-1+KT1.5 mg·L^-1为最佳诱导培养基,诱导出愈率均在58%以上,显著高于其它培养基组合方案（p<0.05）;最佳分化培养基为MS+BA4 mg·L^-1和MS+BA1 mg·L^-1+NAA0.15 mg·L^-1,绿苗分化率高达100%,生长势好,状态叶和分化芽丛质量好;适宜继代增殖培养基为MS+BA2 mg·L^-1+NAA0.1 mg·L^-1、MS+BA1 mg·L^-1+NAA0.2 mg·L^-1;1/2MS为最适宜的生根培养基,1/2MS+IBA0.5 mg·L^-1、1/2MS+IBA0.5 mg·L^-1+NAA0.5 mg·L^-1两种组合也相对较好;试管苗不需炼苗可直接出瓶移栽于V_田土∶V_河沙=2∶1的土壤基质,成活率在95%以上。从而为马蔺提供了一套从“成熟种胚—诱导愈伤组织—绿苗分化—继代增殖—生根—试管苗移栽”等整个过程中各环节的最佳培养基和操作规程的组培快繁体系。     

Ecogeographic variability and differentiation of Japanese dwarf pine populations in Kamchatka Krai with respect to the characters of generative organs

The assessment of ecogeographic variability and differentiation of 22 cenopopulations of Japanese dwarf pine Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (Pinaceae) on the Kamchatka Peninsula and in Koryakia has been carried out in regard to morphological and phenotypic characters of mature seed cones. The viability of seeds in the cones of ten populations has been determined by a radiographic method. A latitudinal nature of phenotypic differentiation of cenopopulations in the region has been revealed. Lower seed viability related to a high percent of seeds without embryos or with underdeveloped embryos has been recorded in the northeastern populations. The average share of viable seeds in the region is 52% and in the northeastern populations it reaches only 6–24%.     

新疆药用延胡索资源调查

作者对新疆维吾尔自治区的9个市、县进行了药用延胡索的资源调查,采集植物标本70余份,弄清药用种类主要是3种,即Corydalis glaucescens Regel,C.ledebouriana Kir.et Kar.和C.schanginii(Pall.)Fedtsch.;初步了解了3种药用延胡索植物的分布状况,并对块茎中总生物碱的含量作了分析。     

薜荔榕小蜂与薜荔生活期的配合

薜荔榕小蜂(Ｗｉｅｂｅｓｉａｐｕｍｉｌａｅ(Ｈｉｌｌ)Ｗｉｅｂ.)与薜荔(ＦｉｃｕｓｐｕｍｉｌａＬ.)的形态结构特点及其共生关系已有报道[1]。本文仅就在福建泉州市区对薜荔榕小蜂的出飞及其与薜荔在生活期的配合所进行的观察,作一初步分析,为深入研究它们之间的共生关系以及在生产实践上的应用提供基础资料。1　泉州市区的自然条件与地带性植被类型　　泉州市区位于福建省东南沿海,北纬24°49′～25°18′,东经118°29′～118°41′,属南亚热带季风性湿润气候,年均温206℃,最冷月(2月)均温119℃,最热月(7月)均温285℃,年降雨量12525ｍｍ…     

贺兰山马鹿冬季食性分析

2003年11月-2004年2月在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区和内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区,利用粪便显微组织学分析技术结合野外啃食调查对马鹿阿拉善亚种(Cervus elaphus alxaicus)冬季食性进行了研究.从7个沟系中一共收集了219堆马鹿粪便中捡拾粪粒,组成14个复合样本进行分析,其结果表明,灰榆(27.37%)、山杨(11.75%)、蒙古扁桃(9.83%)、金露梅(8.12%)、锦鸡儿(6.52%)等植物的当年枝和落叶以及禾本科草本植物(7.51%)是马鹿冬季主要食物,其中灰榆为大宗食物,针叶树种(杜松、油松、青海云杉)和其他草本植物所占比例均较小.马鹿对灰榆、山杨、蒙占扁桃、金露梅、锦鸡儿和杜松有正选择性;而对禾本科草本植物、油松和青海云杉有负选择性.马鹿对它们选择性的强弱顺序为:山杨＞杜松＞锦鸡儿＞蒙古扁桃＞金露梅＞灰榆＞禾本科草本植物＞油松＞青海云杉.马鹿取食乔木36.8%、灌木44.7%、禾本科草本植物8.0%和非禾本科草本植物10.5%,这4类植物的利用性与可利用性存在极显著差异,乔木和灌木的利用性高于可利用性;禾本科草本植物和非禾本科草本植物的利用性低于可利用性,说明马鹿的食物以木本植物镲为主,草本植物为辅.Spearman相关分析得出马鹿对食物的选择性与水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和无氮浸出物之间无明显的相关关系.被啃食植物中粗蛋白含量较高,蛋白质不是越冬马鹿的限制因子,而能量可能是影响冬季马鹿采食较为关键的因子.马鹿冬季采食策略主要是以最小的能量消耗获取最大的能量收益.     

若干种子处理方法对偃松种子生活力的影响

为了提高偃松种子生活力,采用水浸、NaOH溶液浸泡、PEG6000（PEG,聚乙二醇）溶液浸泡、低温冷冻、吸湿/回干5种方法对偃松种子进行处理,研究不同处理中各因素（如溶液浓度、处理时间与温度）对偃松种子生活力的影响,并采用靛蓝染色法测定偃松种子的生活力。结果表明：10%PEG6000溶液、初始温度60℃、浸泡36 h时,偃松种子生活力最强;水浸、低温处理和吸湿/回干处理方法也能提高偃松种子生活力;然而4%~12%NaOH溶液浸泡处理会导致偃松种子生活力下降。因此可将PEG6000溶液处理种子的方法应用于偃松种子萌发及人工种苗培育的实践中,使偃松资源得到更好的可持续开发与利用。