宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究

宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究杜守宇田恩平,王占山（宁夏农业技术推广总站,银川７５０００１）（固原县农业技术推广中心,７５６０００）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＩｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄＳｔｅｒｅｏｓｃｏｐｉｃＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ－ＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＡｒｅａｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＮｉｎｇｘｉａ￥ＤｕＳｈｏｕｙｕ（ＣｅｌｌｅｒａｌＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆＮｉｎｇｘｉａ,Ｙｉｎｃｈｕａｎ７５０００１）,ＴｉａｎＥｎｐｉｎｇ,ＷａｎｇＺｈａｎｓｈａｎ（ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎＣｅｎｔｅｒｏｆＣｕｙｕａｎｃｏｕｎｔｙ,７５６０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３．１２（６）：１１－１６．ＴｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｒｅａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｆｏｒｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｂｙｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＨｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅａｎｄｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌｖａ     

我国北方地区裸胞壳属(Emericela)的种

对１４０２份来自于东北、华北及西北地区的土样进行裸胞壳属（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａ）菌的分离。结合菌落形态及扫描电镜下子囊孢子的形态将各菌鉴定到种。结果表明我国北方地区分布有８个种,１个变种,分别是无冠裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａａｃｒｉｓｔａｔａ）、皱折裸胞壳（４Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｃｏｒｒｕｇａｔａ）、茴香裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｆｏｅｎｉｃｕｌｉｃｏｌａ）、宫治裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｍｉｙａｊｉ）、构巢裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓｖａｒ．ｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ）、构巢裸胞壳宽脊变种（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓｖａｒ．ｌａｔａ）、四脊裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｑｕａｄｒｉｌｉｎｅａｔａ）、褶皱裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｒｕｇｕｌｏｓａ）及波状裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ）。除银川地区以Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａａｃｒｉｓｔａｔａ为优势菌外,各地区以Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ最为常见。文中对常见菌种进行了简要的概述,对在我国较少见的种进行了详细的描述和讨论     

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究张元培,朱南屏（湖南省水产科学研究所沅江４１３１００）（湖南省华容县血防站４１４２００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥＩｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ｂｙＲｃｔａｉｎｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒｉｎＢｌｏｏｄＦｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）Ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉ－ｂｌｅＲｅｇｉｏｎｓＡｒｏｕｎｄＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＹｕａｎｐｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｙｕａｎｊｉａｎｇ４１３１００）,ＺｈｕＮａｎｂｉｎｇ（ＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌＦｅｖｅｒＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＨｕａｒｏｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙ,ＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,４１４２００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：２３－２５．Ｉｎｂｌｏｏｄｆｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｂｌｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｌａｋｅｂｅａｃｈ,ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｉｎｕｎｄａｔｅｄｅｌｉｍｉ－ｎａｔｉｎｇｓｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ａｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｂｙｂｕｉｌ     

温度对麦长管蚜的影响

温度对麦长管蚜的影响汪世泽,郝树广（西北农业大学陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＧｒａｉｎＡｐｈｉｄ￥．ＷａｎｇＳｈｉｚｅ;ＨａｏＳｈｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｙａｎｇｌｉｎｇ,ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７１２１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：５３－５６．ＩｎａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｇｒａｉｎａｐｈｉｄ,ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｒａｔｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆａｐｔｅｒａｅ,ａｎｄｔｈｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆ４ｔｈｉｎｓｔａｒｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｔｈｅＩｏｗｅｓｔ．Ｔｈｅａｌａｔａｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｔｏｌｅｒ－ａｔｅａｗｉｄｅｒｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｂｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌｃｕｒｖｅｉｓａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｅｖｉｄｅｎｔｌｙｂｙｉｔ．Ａｔｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｔｈｅｃｕｒｖｅｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｓｓｌｏｗｌｙ,ｂｕｔａｔｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ     

农业生态系统的人类生态学分析模式探讨

农业生态系统的人类生态学分析模式探讨李季（北京农业大学农业生态环境科学系,１０００９４）ＡｎＡｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＡｇｒｏｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｆｒｏｍＨｕｍａｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙＰｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ￥．ＬｉＪｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ１０００９４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：２３－２４．Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｏｕｒｃｕｒｒｅｎｔａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｃｓｅａｒｃｈ,ａｎｅｗａｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｏｆａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｋｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｒｅｒｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｄ．Ｔｈｅａｉｍｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｉｓｔｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,ｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｅｘｐａｎｄｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ,ｂｕｔ     

生态交错带（Ecotone）理论研究进展

生态交错带（Ｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ）理论研究进展高洪文（东北师范大学草地研究所,长春１３００２４）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｂｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎＥｃｏｔｏｎｅ．￥ＧａｏＨｏｎｇｗｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄＲｅ－ｓｅａ...     

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究赵羿,吴彦明（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）邓百祥（辽宁省水利水电勘测设计研究院,沈阳１１０００６）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＬａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｉｎＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＺｈａｏＹｉ;ＷｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＤｅｎｇＢａｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎ－ｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＰｏｗｅｒＳｕｒｅｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：１－８。Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｌａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｐｒｉｃｅｌｅｓｓｐｏ－ｔｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｏｔ     

水稻内生联合固氮细菌的筛选,鉴定及其分布特性

利用乙炔还原法和固定１５Ｎ２ 活性测定法对分离自水稻（ Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）“越富”种子、根、茎和叶的内生细菌进行了筛选,获得２９ 株具有体外固氮能力的水稻内生联合固氮细菌。鉴定结果表明它们分属于根癌土壤杆菌（ Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ （Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｅｔ Ｔｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ） Ｃｏｎｎ） ,放射土壤杆菌（ Ａ． ｒａｄｉｏｂａｃｔｅｒ （Ｂｅｉｊｅｒｉｎｃｋ ｅｔ ｖａｎ Ｄｅｌｄｅｎ） Ｃｏｎｎ） ;阴沟肠杆菌（ Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｃｌｏａｃａｅ （Ｊｏｒｄａｎ） Ｈｏｒｍａｅｃｈｅ ｅｔ Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓ） ,成团肠杆菌（ Ｅ． ａｇｇｌｏｍｅｒａｎｓ （Ｂｅｉｊｅｒｉｎｃｋ） Ｅｗｉｎｇ ｅｔ Ｆｉｆｅ） ,坂崎肠杆菌（ Ｅ． ｓａｋａｚａｋｉｉ Ｆａｍｅｒ ｅｔ ａｌ．） ;皮氏产碱菌（ Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｐｉｅｃｈａｕｄｉｉ Ｋｉｒｅｄｊｉａｎ ｅｔ ａｌ．） ,反硝化产碱菌（ Ａ． ｄｅｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｎｓ （Ｌｅｉｆｓｏｎ ｅｔ Ｈｕｇｈ） Ｒｕｇｅｒ ｅｔ Ｔａｎ） ;类产碱假单胞菌（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ Ｓｔａｎｉｅｒ） ,产碱假单胞菌（ Ｐ． ａｌｃａｌ     

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展张壬午,计文瑛,孙鸿良（天津农业部环境保护研究所,３００１９１）（中国农科院,北京１０００８１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｕｒａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＲｅｎｗｕ;ＪｉＷｅｎｙｉｎｇ（Ａｇｒｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｌｉｏｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ,Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ３００１９１）,ＳｕｎＨｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｃｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１９—２０．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｂｒｉｅｆｌｙｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ＇＇ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ＇＇（ＳＡＲＤ）ｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＦＡＯ,Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａ－ｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙａｎｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ     

陆生脊椎动物生态学研究的过去,现在和将来

陆生脊椎动物生态学研究的过去、现在和将来（前苏联科学院动物进化形态学与生态学研究所,莫斯科）Ｐａｓｔ,ＰｒｅｓｅｎｔａｎｄＦｕｔｕｒｅｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＴｅｒｒｃｓｔｒｉａｌＶｃｔｅｂｒａｔｃｓ￥．（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｎｉｍａｌＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙＭｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ｔｈｅＦｏｒｍｅｒＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｌｅｎｃｅｓｏｆＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎ）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：６６－７１。Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｓｔａｇｅｓ,ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｉｔｅｍｓｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒｓｏｖｉｅｔＵ－ｎｉｏｎ．ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｗａｓｒｅｓｔｒｏｄｅｄｂｙｍａｎｙｓｕＵｅｃｔｉｖｅａｎｄｏＵｅｃｔｉｖｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｎｄｓｔｉｌｌｌａｇｓｂｅｈｉｎｄｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｌｅｖｅｌｉｎｍａｎｙａｓｐｅｃｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｔｈｅｏｒｙ,ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ,ｅｃｏ－     

森林生态系统发展和植物种群变化的热力学过程

随着生态学的发展,人们对自然生态系统的认识逐渐从对自然现象的记录、描述,发展为对机制的系统认识。热力学定律为人们提供了认识系统发展规律的理论基础,但在生态系统中的应用还处于起步阶段。基于前人关于生态系统可用能的研究。探讨了森林生态系统和植物种群变化的热力学过程。在生态系统水平上,把可用能耗散分为了植物耗散和环境耗散两个部分,并探讨了这两个过程之间的关系。第一次明确地提出蒸散是植物耗散的主要部分。在植物种群水平上,“可用能储存”与“可用能耗散”是决定植物竞争力的关键因子,在同一区域相同条件下,拥有更大可用能耗散能力的物种应当被优先选择。因此,群落中的优势物种应当比同层次的伴生种具有相对高的生长速度和更强的蒸腾能力。研究试图在热力学理论体系与实际生态系统的生理生态过程之间建立了纽带和桥梁,为开展森林生态系统的健康评估、深刻认识植物与环境的关系、以及评价物种竞争能力提供新的理论视野。     

湖泊水库结构生态动态模型

综述了湖泊水库结构生态动态模型的研究进展及其在湖泊水库环境生态模拟中的应用。结果表明,热力学理论为获取湖泊水库生态系统的特性提供了一条整体性的途径,热力学概念“Ｙｏｎｇ”可将生态学理论（达尔文理论）和热力学理论（最大Ｙｏｎｇ原理）很好地联系起来。引入Ｙｏｎｇ后,许多重要模型参数的目标函数可根据最大Ｙｏｎｇ原理获得,达尔文“达者生存”理论可被定量为一个生态约束条件用于发展湖泊水库结构生态结构模型,从     

海岸带生态系统健康评价中能质和生物多样性的差异——以江苏海岸带为例

生态系统健康评价是生态系统保护和监测研究的重要内容,该过程迫切需要综合性强、准确性高的指标,能质和生物多样性指标都是生态系统健康评估中的有效指标.以江苏省海岸带游泳和底栖生物群落为对象,沿海岸线从海州湾到长江入海口北岸选取15个站点,调查研究江苏省海岸带生态系统能质和生物多样性及其空间分布格局.结果表明:江苏海岸带除了中部地区能质和结构能质值较一致(都偏小)外,南北差异明显,生物多样性指数空间分布情况为南部Margalef指数略大于北部,中部较小,Shannon Wiener和Simpson指数空间分布都为南部＞中部＞北部;能质与生物多样性指标在高级生态系统中反映的生态系统健康状态一致,在中低级生态系统中差异明显;能质与生物多样性指标关联程度低,前者的测算侧重于生态系统中物种的等级,后者的测算侧重于物种的数量;总结能质和生物多样性指标在理论支撑、建立理论视角、与生态系统健康对应关系、应用模型以及局限性等方面的差异,研究结果在一定程度上可以丰富和完善生态系统健康评价研究理论与方法体系.     

基于生态流方法的土地整治项目对农田生态系统的影响研究

将土地整治活动作为外界对农田生态系统(项目区)集中性的外部激励,以陕西关中凤翔县典型土地整治项目为例,分析了项目实施前后生态流(物质流、能量流、信息流)变化状况,建立了土地整治生态影响概念性模型,明确了相应生态流的流向与路径关系,使用可用能法和能值法测算项目区外部输入及生态产品输出,应用生态流分析法,对土地整治项目生态流和系统效率进行了定量计算。根据设定的土地整治工程使用年限,评估了项目实施后区域净生态价值、自然资源依赖度、可更新资源依赖度、生态产出率、生态承载力和生态可持续度等指标的时间变化过程。得到以下研究结果:(1)可用能法和能值法测算出的系统生态效益均呈现由项目建设初期陡降为负值,而后指数增加,再趋于平稳的过程;(2)可用能法测算出项目实施后的第29年,生态效益由亏转盈,体现出系统从被扰乱后恢复自然平衡状态的过程;(3)能值法测算出项目实施后的第4年,生态系统趋于平衡状态;(4)研究区土地整治项目的经济效益为负,于项目实施3a后趋于平稳,总投资中农业生产年投入占资金总额的78.35%。通过可用能和能值方法的结合,可以定量计算系统稳定性,为土地整治项目的物质、劳动力和资金投资选择等提供借鉴。     

The effect of snow damage on self-organization in a primary subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Southwest China

At the beginning of 2015, a primary subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Southwest China experienced an extreme snow anomaly. We used a thermodynamic approach to evaluate the self-organization of the forest in response to snow disturbance. We found that the snow disturbance induced severe vegetation damage, as indicated by LAI significantly decreased by 33.19% and 40.85% in 2015 than the pre-disturbance years (2013–2014), respectively. The forest had the higher self-organization in 2015 with the higher ability of capture exergy (Rn/DR) and dissipation exergy (TRNc). The changes in vegetation patterns of the primary subtropical evergreen forest enhanced the ecosystem self-organization. Our finding was inconsistent with the general theory that the disturbance of natural systems reduces exergy capture ability and increases exergy dissipation.     

Exergy as an indicator: Observations of an aquatic ecosystem model

Exergy is considered as a goal function or ecological orientor. Normally at the edge of oscillation exergy reaches to its maximum value when the ecosystem had no adaptation on it. To study the variation of exergy in different states of ecosystem, a simple three species (phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish) food chain model has been considered. From the model it is shown that the system moves from steady state to chaotic state by decreasing zooplankton body volume in turn increasing its grazing rate. By the property of self-adaptability the system tries to overcome this situation. Two such possible processes are described here: (i) by the toxic effect of phytoplankton and (ii) by reducing half saturation constant of fishes. In both this cases exergy value reduces and the system reaches to stable state. Through the analysis of exergy variation in all these situations this paper shows that the system chose the process in which the reduction of exergy will be the minimum.     

Ecosystem growth and development

One of the most important features of biosystems is how they are able to maintain local order (low entropy) within their system boundaries. At the ecosystem scale, this organization can be observed in the thermodynamic parameters that describe it, such that these parameters can be used to track ecosystem growth and development during succession. Thermodynamically, ecosystem growth is the increase of energy throughflow and stored biomass, and ecosystem development is the internal reorganization of these energy mass stores, which affect transfers, transformations, and time lags within the system. Several proposed hypotheses describe thermodynamically the orientation or natural tendency that ecosystems follow during succession, and here, we consider five: minimize specific entropy production, maximize dissipation, maximize exergy storage (includes biomass and information), maximize energy throughflow, and maximize retention time. These thermodynamic orientors were previously all shown to occur to some degree during succession, and here we present a refinement by observing them during different stages of succession. We view ecosystem succession as a series of four growth and development stages: boundary, structural, network, and informational. We demonstrate how each of these ecological thermodynamic orientors behaves during the different growth and development stages, and show that while all apply during some stages only maximizing energy throughflow and maximizing exergy storage are applicable during all four stages. Therefore, we conclude that the movement away from thermodynamic equilibrium, and the subsequent increase in organization during ecosystem growth and development, is a result of system components and configurations that maximize the flux of useful energy and the amount of stored exergy. Empirical data and theoretical models support these conclusions.     

Does the intermediate disturbance hypothesis comply with thermodynamics?

A unique data set from Keszthely Bay, Lake Balaton has been applied to develop a dynamic structural model able to describe the observed changes in phytoplankton biomass and diversity. We tested whether the model reacts according to the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis and according to the hypothesis that ecosystem reactions attempt to maximize the thermodynamic function exergy under prevailing conditions. If the answer to these tests are confirmatory, it can be considered a support for IDH and for the use of the exergy maximization principle as a general principle to explain ecosystem reactions.     

Estimation of ecological exergy using weighing parameters determined from DNA contents of organisms – a case study

We studied the changes of exergy and specific exergy with data of benthic macrofauna communities, periodically sampled along an estuarine gradient of eutrophication in the Mondego estuary (Western Portugal). Exergy estimates were calculated from organism biomass, based on weighing factors for the relative content of exergy per unit of biomass determined from DNA contents of organisms. Results were discussed in terms of both the macrofauna biomass production and the structural organisation of the system. Estimates for the exergy indices provided useful indications for the evaluation of environmental impact due to the eutrophication process. Different average values for the indices of exergy and specific exergy were estimated relatively to areas with different levels of eutrophication, in the spatial gradient of eutrophication. Higher exergy levels and lower exergy content per unit of biomass (specific exergy) were associated to populations more stabilized or areas less perturbed. Additionally, the index of specific exergy seemed capable of providing indications for the qualitative alterations in the communities (in temporal and spatial terms) that go in the direction of the observations made in this ecosystem.     

湖泊生态系统健康定量评价方法

提出了湖泊生态系统健康定量评价的一种新方法生态系统健康指数法。该方法首先设计了一个0～100的生态系统健康指数作为定量尺度,然后通过评价指标选择、各指标生态系统健康分指数计算、各指标权重计算、生态系统健康综合指数计算等基本步骤,评价湖泊生态系统健康状态。以实用实例对意大利西西里湖泊群及单个湖泊进行了生态系统健康评价。结果表明,该方法原理简单,计算简便,结果可靠、直观,既可用于同一湖泊又可用于不同湖泊生态系统健康状态的定量评价与比较,是一种值得推广的定量评价方法。