神经内分泌和免疫系统之间的相互调节作用(一)

我们一般认为机体各器官、系统的功能都处于神经系统和内分泌系统的调节和控制之下。神经系统和内分泌系统是机体内起主导作用的调节系统。它们密切联系 ,互相配合 ,维持内环境相对稳定。这一传统的观念近年来受到了挑战。新的观点认为 ,免疫系统也是机体内一个重要感受和调节系统。神经内分泌和免疫系统之间的相互作用 ,对机体在不同条件下稳态的维持起有决定性的作用。因此 ,在谈到机体的功能调节时 ,如果不谈免疫系统的作用 ,将是一种缺陷。目前这方面的研究已经发展成为一门独立的边缘学科 :神经免疫调节学、神经免疫内分泌学或神经免疫…     

代谢产物非“废物”——新的代谢分子调节系统北大核心CSCD

机体自稳态是在神经、内分泌和免疫这三大调节系统相互作用下实现的。其中神经系统主要通过递质、调质以反射弧的方式进行调节,内分泌系统通过激素进行体液调节,而免疫系统则通过体液和细胞免疫和产生细胞因子等而发挥作用[1]。对上述三大系统研究的成果有力地推动了生理学和相关疾病发病机制研究与防治的进展。     

心理应激对女性生殖内分泌系统的影响

随着社会生活节奏的加快,人们承受的心理压力越来越大,心理应激已经成为威胁机体身心健康不可忽视的因素之一。心理应激可对机体多个系统带来不良影响,例如神经系统、免疫系统、心血管系统和生殖内分泌系统等。女性在工作和家庭的双重压力下,极易受到心理应激的危害,心理应激对女性生殖内分泌系统的影响越来越受到国内外学者的关注。本文就心理应激对女性生殖内分泌系统的影响及其作用机制的研究现状进行论述,为改善和提高女性生殖健康提供理论依据。     

神经内分泌讲座(一)——神经内分泌学研究的历史与现状

神经内分泌学是神经学和内分泌学之间的一门边缘学科。它主要是研究神经系统与内分泌系统之间的相互关系,例如,神经系统怎样调节内分泌系统的活动,特别是下丘脑如何调节垂体的活动;下丘脑与脑的其它部位的结构与功能联系;内分泌系统的激素对中枢神经系统的影响等。半...     

神经免疫调节研究的新进展

神经免疫调节(NIM)为近十年发展起来的神经科学新概念之一,它协调神经系统、内分泌系统、免疫系统的相互作用,构成机体整合系统。神经系统通过神经内分泌、神经递质、神经肽类组成下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴与交感神经与副交感神经系统对淋巴器官的调控作用。淋巴细胞向中枢神经系统通过淋巴因子输送免疫性信息,构成双向性调节环路。     

人体内的钙

钙是人体内含量最高的矿物质,钙代谢平衡对于维持生命和健康至关重要。主要介绍了钙在运动系统、神经系统、血液循环系统和内分泌系统中的作用。     

职业倦怠与焦虑的相关性及其生物学基础研究

职业倦怠作为当前社会从业人员普遍存在的心理现象,其生理机制主要与长期过度应激引起神经系统的紊乱相关,焦虑与职业倦怠关系密切,都受到神经系统和内分泌系统共同调节。神经系统中神经递质及其受体:如5-羟色胺,去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的异常,导致焦虑的发生,可能诱发了职业倦怠。本文从激素水平、分子水平、基因水平三个方面分别阐述了职业倦怠发生和焦虑发生的机制以及两者之间相互作用的生物原理,为今后职业倦怠的心理预防以及基因治疗提供了生物医学研究相关的基础理论,也为职业倦怠易感人群,尤其是女性易感人群的焦虑情绪产生的机制研究奠定了详尽的生物医学方面的基础。     

关于昆虫的激素控制生殖的一些问题

昆虫的生殖虽然受外界环境因子的影响,但同样重要的是昆虫体内有内分泌调节系统,能控制昆虫生殖腺的发育。外在因素的作用,常先刺激昆虫的感受器官,所产生的冲动传入神经系统,由此影响内分泌系统的活动,内分泌系统的化学信息传递到生殖器官,使     

APUD系统的现状

本文对APUD系统的基本概念及最新研究进展,从生理、生化、组织、胚胎发生、病理等方面做了一个简要叙述。目前APUD系统包括分布于体内各器宫中的四十余种细胞,可产生35种不同的肽类物质和7种胺类物质。其中有23种肽类物质既存在于神经系统又发现于周围组织中。由于APUD系统在功能和形态上与神经系统非常相似,目前认为,它可被看作是神经系统中除躯体运动神经和植物性神经以外的第三个分支——散播的神经内分泌系统。     

肠道细菌微生态与人类疾病关系研究进展

寄居在人类肠道的数以亿计的肠道细菌,已被证实与人类多种疾病有关。就肠道细菌与内分泌系统疾病、消化系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、神经系统疾病、获得性免疫缺陷综合征以及特应性疾病等的关系研究进展进行综述。     

The renin-angiotensin system and the central nervous system.

One of several factors affecting the secretion of renin by the kidneys is the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic input is excitatory and is mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors, which are probably located on the membranes of the juxtaglomerular cells. Stimulation of sympathetic areas in the medulla, midbrain and hypothalamus raises blood pressure and increases renin secretion, whereas stimulation of other parts of the hypothalamus decreases blood pressure and renin output. The centrally active alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine decreases renin secretion, lowers blood pressure, inhibits ACTH and vasopressin secretion, and increases growth hormone secretion in dogs. The effects on ACTH and growth hormone are abolished by administration of phenoxybenzamine into the third ventricle, whereas the effect on blood pressure is abolished by administration of phenoxybenzamine in the fourth ventricle without any effect on the ACTH and growth hormone responses. Fourth ventricular phenoxybenzamine decreases but does not abolish the inhibitory effect of clonidine on renin secretion. Circulating angiotensin II acts on the brain via the area postrema to raise blood pressure and via the subfornical organ to increase water intake. Its effect on vasopressin secretion is debated. The brain contains a renin-like enzyme, converting enzyme, renin substrate, and angiotensin. There is debate about the nature and physiological significance of the angiotensin II-generating enzyme in the brain, and about the nature of the angiotensin I and angiotensin II that have been reported to be present in the central nervous system. However, injection of angiotensin II into the cerebral ventricles produces drinking, increased secretion of vasopressin and ACTH, and increased blood pressure. The same responses are produced by intraventricular renin. Angiotensin II also facilitates sympathetic discharge in the periphery, and the possibility that it exerts a similar action on the adrenergic neurons in the brain merits investigation.     

Erythropoietin processing in erythropoietic system and central nervous system

We describe possible functions of carbohydrates attached to growth factors and strategies to examine the functions, concentrating on erythropoietin, a major regulator of erythropoiesis. Erythropoietin in erythropoiesis functions as an endocrine hormone; it is produced by kidney cells and transferred into the circulation to hemopoietic sites. In the brain, erythropoietin acts on neurons in a paracrine fashion. Comparison of glycosylation has been made between kidney and brain erythropoietins.Abbreviations BHK Baby Hamster Kidney - Epo Erythropoietin - Epo-R erythropoietin receptor     

Renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system in cardiac pressure-overload hypertrophy

Angiotensin II and norepinephrine (NE) have been implicated in the neurohumoral response to pressure overload and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to determine the temporal sequence for activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems in the rat after 3-60 days of pressure overload induced by aortic constriction. Initially on pressure overload, there was transient activation of the systemic renin-angiotensin system coinciding with the appearance of left ventricular hypertrophy (day 3). At day 10, there was a marked increase in AT(1) receptor density in the left ventricle, increased plasma NE concentration, and elevated cardiac epinephrine content. Moreover, the inotropic response to isoproterenol was reduced in the isolated, perfused heart at 10 days of pressure overload. The affinity of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor in the left ventricle was decreased at 60 days. Despite these alterations, there was no decline in resting left ventricular function, beta-adrenergic receptor density, or the relative distribution of beta(1)- and beta(2)-receptor sites in the left ventricle over 60 days of pressure overload. Thus activation of the renin-angiotensin system is an early response to pressure overload and may contribute to the initial development of cardiac hypertrophy and sympathetic activation in the compensated heart.     

Calcitonin and prostaglandin system

It has been repeatedly reported that calcitonin treatment in various diseases with high levels of bone resorption is associated with an antalgic effect, the mechanism of which is far from been clarified. The involvment of prostaglandins and thromboxane in hyperalgesia prompted us to consider the possibility that calcitonin induces its antalgic effect through on interference with prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Guinea pig lung which, perfused with arachidonic acid releases in the perfusate a mixture of thromboxane and prostaglandins, each measurable on a separate smooth muscle tissue (rabbit aorta and rat stomach strip), was used as a test system. Calcitonin added to the perfusion fluid was shown to inhibit the synthesis both of prostaglandins and thromboxane. The concentration of calcitonin (salmon) which decreased the activity of arachidonic acid by 50% (KB) was 0.27 and 0.40 nmoles for prostaglandins and thromboxane respectively. In the experiments carried out using Ca⁺⁺ concentration in the perfusion fluid 50% higher than normal (0.28 g/l), calcitonin inhibition of prostaglandins and thromboxane was unchanged (KB = 0.23 and 0.36 nmoles respectively). The reported results by indicating that calcitonin has an influence on cyclooxygenase as indomethacin (used as reference standard) whose it is well known the activity at this level, support the interesting possibility that the antalgic effect consequent to the treatment with the hormone is due, at least in part, to a mechanism involving the prostaglandin synthetase system.     

眼镜蛇毒注射液对动物心血管系统神经系统及呼吸系统影响的研究

本文报告眼镜蛇毒注射液对动物的神经系统无不良影响;不影响猫、大鼠的血压;注射三种剂量后对家兔、猫、大鼠三种动物的心电图波形不产生影响,可使心律稍有降低,但在２．５小时后恢复正常;眼镜蛇毒注射液低剂量组对动物呼吸频率无不良影响,中高剂量组槿使呼吸频率销有下降,但在２．５小时后恢复正常。     

Nervous system and gastric cancer

The nervous system has been recently shown to exert impact on gastric cancer directly and indirectly. Gastric cancer cells invade nerve fibers to induce outgrowth and branching of neural cells, and nerve fibers in turn infiltrate into tumor microenvironment to promote progression of gastric cancer. Additionally, the neuro-immune interaction also plays an important role in gastric cancer development. The interplay of nerves and gastric cancer is mediated by many nervous system-associated factors, which can not only be synthesized and released by both cancer cells and nerve terminals, but also participate in regulation of many aspects of gastric cancer such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis and recurrence. Furthermore, clinical researches indicate that some of these factors are significant diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers for gastric cancer. Herein, we reviewed recent advances and future prospects of the interaction between nervous system and gastric cancer.