酿酒酵母L-阿拉伯糖转化乙醇代谢工程的研究进展

L-阿拉伯糖是木质纤维素原料中一种重要的五碳糖组分,但传统的乙醇生产菌株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)不能利用L-阿拉伯糖。通过代谢途径工程手段,在酿酒酵母中引入L-阿拉伯糖初始代谢途径可以获得能利用L-阿拉伯糖乙醇发酵的重组菌株。并且,通过代谢途径的疏通以及吸收系统的优化可以强化重组菌株代谢L-阿拉伯糖的能力。笔者从以上角度综述了近年来酿酒酵母转化L-阿拉伯糖生产乙醇的研究进展。     

典型产纤维小体梭菌的遗传改造及其在纤维素乙醇中的应用研究进展简

以解纤维梭菌（ Clostridium cellulolyticum）和热纤梭菌（ Clostridium thermocellum）为代表的产纤维小体梭菌可以直接完成从木质纤维素原料到乙醇的生物转化,是用于通过整合生物加工技术生产纤维素乙醇的优良候选菌株。然而,这些产纤维小体梭菌的纤维素降解效率及乙醇产量尚不能满足工业化生产的要求,其遗传改造技术的不成熟严重制约了通过定向代谢工程改造提高生产性能的进程。针对这些典型的产纤维小体菌株,各国科学家近年来在基于二类内含子的嗜中温及嗜高温遗传改造平台建立方面取得了较大突破,并通过靶向代谢工程改造,显著提高纤维素乙醇的产量。笔者对这些前期研究工作以及国内外相关研究成果进行系统的总结,并对构建的遗传改造工具的应用前景进行展望。     

酿酒酵母人造纤维小体的研究进展简

纤维素乙醇的统合生物加工过程（consolidated bioprocessing,CBP）是将（半）纤维素酶生产、纤维素水解和乙醇发酵过程组合,通过一种微生物完成的生物加工过程。 CBP有利于降低生物转化过程的成本,受到研究者的普遍关注。酿酒酵母（ Saccharomyces cerevisiae）作为传统的乙醇生产菌株,是极具潜力的CBP底盘细胞。纤维小体是某些厌氧微生物细胞表面由纤维素酶系与支架蛋白组成的大分子复合物,它能高效降解木质纤维,在酿酒酵母表面展示纤维小体已成为构建CBP细胞的研究热点。笔者综述了人造纤维小体在酿酒酵母细胞表面展示组装的研究进展,重点阐述了纤维小体各元件的设计和改造,并针对酿酒酵母分泌途径的改造,提出提高人造纤维小体分泌组装的可能性策略。     

极端嗜热厌氧菌 Caldicellulosiruptor 木质纤维素降解研究简

随着能源危机的加剧,木质纤维素作为生产生物能源的重要原料得到人们的广泛关注。目前,极端嗜热厌氧菌Caldicellulosiruptor属已发现8个种,具有高效的木质纤维素降解能力,甚至可以作用于未经预处理的木质纤维素。自从20世纪80年代以来,人们在Caldicellulosiruptor属的菌株生理生化性质、木质纤维素降解机制及转化能力、基因组、转录组及蛋白质组、遗传转化体系等方面,都取得了一系列研究成果。笔者对嗜热厌氧菌Caldicellulosiruptor属木质纤维素降解的研究现状及前景进行综述及展望。     

木质纤维素酶基因资源挖掘及真菌酶系改造简

简述了木质纤维素酶基因资源挖掘的策略和方法及其在丝状真菌酶系改造中的应用。从候选基因的获取（木质纤维素酶基因资源的挖掘和高效利用）、外源基因的表达、酶系的复配和重构等方面综述了丝状真菌酶系改造的最新进展,并提出了丝状真菌酶系改造中亟须解决的关键问题。     

粗糙脉孢菌木质纤维素降解利用研究进展简

粗糙脉孢菌作为木质纤维素降解真菌,不仅具有完整的木质纤维素降解酶系,而且还拥有全基因组基因敲除突变体库,是研究丝状真菌纤维素酶表达分泌和木质纤维素降解机制的优秀体系。近年来,国内外利用粗糙脉孢菌系统,在木质纤维素降解机制方面取得了显著进展,包括纤维素酶信号传导、调控以及生物质降解后糖的转运利用等。笔者就相关方面的进展进行综述,并对利用粗糙脉孢菌研究木质纤维素降解利用进行展望,总结和分析木质纤维素降解机制研究的国际前沿动态,有助于加深本领域研究人员对真菌体系纤维素降解机制的理解。     

黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落的分析简

黄翅大白蚁（ Macrotermes barneyi）具有高效降解木质纤维素的能力,其后肠内存在着丰富的共生微生物。采用活性电泳和变形梯度凝胶电泳的方法对黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落进行分析。活性电泳实验证实了此微生物群落纤维素酶的存在（内切葡聚糖酶、β葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶）,变形梯度凝胶电泳实验鉴定出微生物组的群落结构,即7种细菌和3种真菌。本研究初步阐明了黄翅大白蚁后肠内与滤纸降解相关的微生物种类,为进一步了解黄翅大白蚁纤维素的降解机制以及生物质资源的高效利用提供了理论基础。     

高抗逆高丁比拜氏梭菌的选育及其性能考察简

以抗逆突变株Clostridium beijerinckii IB4为出发菌株,通过常压室温等离子体诱变（ ARTP ）,刃天青平板初筛,摇瓶发酵复筛,筛选出1株高抗逆高丁比的突变菌株C.beijerinckii IT111。发酵结果表明：该突变菌株利用多种C源时均展现其高丁醇比的特性,以玉米芯酸解糖液为C源时,溶剂产量达到10.5 g/L,丁醇8.0 g/L,丁醇比高达76％。抑制物抗逆性测试结果显示：糠醛和酸类对C.beijerinckii发酵影响较小,酚类物质对C.beijerinckii抑制作用较强,其中以香草醛为最。综上所述,C.beijerinckii IT111是1株极具潜力的利用木质纤维原料制备丁醇的菌株。     

螺带桨搅拌在木质纤维素酸预处理反应器中的应用简

在干式稀酸预处理的反应器中采用螺带桨搅拌器,对秸秆预处理体系进行混合。在带有螺带式搅拌的预处理过程中,在质量分数2.0％和2.5％的H2 SO4用量条件下,预处理后72 h秸秆的酶解糖化得率分别为77.55％和87.11％,比静态预处理得到的得率分别增长了7.6％和2.4％,抑制物的生成显著降低。通过计算流体力学方法验证,螺带桨搅拌器可以有效地改善玉米秸秆在稀酸预处理过程中的蒸汽和秸秆两相的混合情况。     

统合生物工艺与纤维素分解性高温菌乙醇转化的研究进展

生物乙醇是可再生的绿色能源,作为可以完全或部分替代化石能源的新型能源,近年来受到了世界各国的关注.木质纤维素作为生物乙醇的生产原料具有巨大的市场潜力,而统合生物工艺(CBP)能有效降低木质纤维素乙醇的生产成本,为纤维素乙醇的工业化生产提供了新的工艺思路.主要介绍利用高温纤维素分解菌的统合生物工艺策略以及国内外对高温纤维素分解茵代谢工程研究的最新进展.     

Accelerated ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with addition of activated carbon

Fermentation with the addition of activated carbon at 100 g l^–1 promoted the glucose consumption and ethanol production rates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 1.3 and 1.1 times, respectively. With fermentation using spent medium, the consumption rate was maintained at 90% of that in the fresh medium with the addition of activated carbon, while the rate without any addition decreased to about 70%.     

Stress effect of ethanol on fermentation kinetics by stationary-phase cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

When 4% (v/v) ethanol was added progressively to two strains exhibiting different fermentative abilities, K1 (a commercial wine strain) and V5 (a strain derived of a wine yeast), the fermentation rate correlated directly to the ethanol concentration for both strains. In contrast, the effect of sudden addition of 2%, 4% or 6% (v/v) ethanol was different depending on the strain. While the same effect was observed for K1 whatever the way of ethanol addition, V5 required an adaptation period after the shock addition of ethanol.     

Bioconversion of lignocellulose-derived sugars to ethanol by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and agro-industrial residues represents one of the most important renewable resources that can be utilized for the biological production of ethanol. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used for the commercial production of bioethanol from sucrose or starch-derived glucose. While glucose and other hexose sugars like galactose and mannose can be fermented to ethanol by S. cerevisiae, the major pentose sugars D-xylose and L-arabinose remain unutilized. Nevertheless, D-xylulose, the keto isomer of xylose, can be fermented slowly by the yeast and thus, the incorporation of functional routes for the conversion of xylose and arabinose to xylulose or xylulose-5-phosphate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can help to improve the ethanol productivity and make the fermentation process more cost-effective. Other crucial bottlenecks in pentose fermentation include low activity of the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes and competitive inhibition of xylose and arabinose transport into the cell cytoplasm by glucose and other hexose sugars. Along with a brief introduction of the pretreatment of lignocellulose and detoxification of the hydrolysate, this review provides an updated overview of (a) the key steps involved in the uptake and metabolism of the hexose sugars: glucose, galactose, and mannose, together with the pentose sugars: xylose and arabinose, (b) various factors that play a major role in the efficient fermentation of pentose sugars along with hexose sugars, and (c) the approaches used to overcome the metabolic constraints in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulose-derived sugars by developing recombinant S. cerevisiae strains.     

Improvement of very high gravity ethanol fermentation by media supplementation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The final ethanol concentration achieved was increased by 17% (to 103 g ethanol/l) when excess assimilable nitrogen was added to the batch very high gravity (VHG) ethanolic fermentations by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The supplementation of the media with 12 g yeast extract l–1, 0.3 g cell walls l–1, 3 g glycine l–1 and 20 g soya flour l–1 led to halving reduction of the fermentation time to 28 h. The ethanol productivity was enhanced by more than 50% (to achieved value 3.3 g l–1 h–1).     

乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母菌株选育的研究进展

酿酒酵母是工业发酵生产乙醇的重要菌种,但是其发酵产物乙醇对酿酒酵母有明显的抑制作用.选育乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母是克服高浓度乙醇的抑制作用,提高乙醇产量的一条重要途径.本文对近年来国内外选育乙醇耐受性酵母的研究作一综述,旨在为乙醇耐受性酵母的选育提供参考.     

Simultaneous saccharification of inulin and ethanol fermentation by recombinantSaccharomyces cerevisiae secreting inulinase

VariousSaccharomyces cerevisiae strains were transformed with a 2 μ-based multicopy expression plasmid, pYIGP, carryingKluyveromyces marxianus inulinase gene under the control ofGAPDH promoter. Among them two strains, SEY2102 and 2805, showed high levels of cell growth and inulinase expression, and were selected to study their fermentation properties on inulin. Jerusalem artichoke inulin was more effective for cell growth (10∼11 g-dry wt./L at 48 hr) and inulinase expression (1.0 units/mL with SEY2102/pYIGP and 2.5 units/mL with 2805/pYIGP) than other inulin sources such as dahlia and chicory. It was also found that maximal ethanol production of 9 g/L was obtained from Jerusalem artichoke inulin at the early stationary phase (around 30 hr), indicating that recombinantS. cerevisiae cells secreting exoinulinase could be used for the simultaneous saccharification of inulin and ethanol fermentation.     

Production of ethanol from L-arabinose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing a fungal L-arabinose pathway

The fungal pathway for L-arabinose catabolism converts L-arabinose to D-xylulose 5-phosphate in five steps. The intermediates are, in this order: L-arabinitol, L-xylulose, xylitol and D-xylulose. Only some of the genes for the corresponding enzymes were known. We have recently identified the two missing genes for L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase and L-xylulose reductase and shown that overexpression of all the genes of the pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enables growth on L-arabinose. Under anaerobic conditions ethanol is produced from L-arabinose, but at a very low rate. The reasons for the low rate of L-arabinose fermentation are discussed.     

重组肠道细菌作为产乙醇生物催化剂的研究进展

以木质纤维素水解液发酵生产的燃料酒精作为一种清洁的可再生能源引起人们极大的关注。本文介绍了燃料酒精工业发展的最新动态,并对多种产乙醇重组肠道细菌的研究进展作了综述。     

Improved ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains by increases in fatty acid unsaturation via metabolic engineering

To enhance the ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Arabidopsis thaliana FAD2 gene and/or the S. cerevisiae OLE1 gene were over-expressed in this yeast. The transformant over-expressing both these genes could not only synthesize dienoic fatty acids but also increased the unsaturated fatty acid content of membrane lipid and then showed the highest viability in the presence of 15% (v/v) ethanol.