生物转化高浓度甘油生产1,3-二羟基丙酮及分批发酵动力学

以生物柴油生产的高浓度副产物甘油为唯一碳源筛选甘油高耐受性1,3-二羟基丙酮(DHA)高产菌株,运用响应面与正交试验优化菌株产DHA条件,提高DHA产量。分子生物学鉴定表明:筛选的高产DHA菌种G40为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)菌株,DHA产量为29.46g/L。响应面分析和正交试验优化后,在甘油224.22g/L、K_2HPO_41.60g/L、NaCl0.5g/L、KH_2PO_40.5g/L、(NH_4)_2SO_40.5g/L、酵母膏1.60g/L和pH7.2、35℃、200r/min的条件下,G40菌株发酵60h产生DHA86.84g/L,比优化前提高了194.8%。实验建立了一种利用高浓度甘油高效率发酵生产DHA的方法。     

多粘类芽胞杆菌利用生物柴油副产物粗甘油生产乙偶姻

研究多粘类芽胞杆菌利用廉价底物生物柴油副产物粗甘油批次发酵生产乙偶姻,考察不同pH条件、不同转速下乙偶姻、2,3-丁二醇和乙酸3种主要产物的产量,根据发酵结果设计一种三阶段溶氧调节的方法,结果表明:经76h批次发酵,乙偶姻产量为14.62 g/L,副产物2,3-丁二醇和乙酸分别为1.24和2.93 g/L;副产物量低,且易于分离,可以有效减少后期分离提取产物的成本。     

聚羟基丁酸路径在克雷伯氏菌中的构建

以生物柴油的副产物甘油生产高附加值的1,3-丙二醇,现已成为提升生物柴油产业链经济性的重要途径,而中间代谢产物3-羟基丙醛积累造成细胞死亡,发酵异常终止是生物法生产1,3-丙二醇过程中的关键问题。不同于传统的降低3-羟基丙醛积累的思路,本文从增强克雷伯氏菌对3-羟基丙醛的抗逆性出发,改善克雷伯氏菌1,3-丙二醇的生产性能,首次将聚羟基丁酸路径引入克雷伯氏菌中,构建了新型基因工程菌,并对其1,3-丙二醇发酵性能及聚羟基丁酸代谢进行了初步的研究。经IPTG诱导,工程菌中检测到聚羟基丁酸,其含量随IPTG浓度增加而增大。优化的IPTG浓度为0.5 mmol/L。初始甘油50 g/L时,野生菌可正常发酵生产1,3-丙二醇,1,3-丙二醇浓度达到22.1 g/L,其质量得率为46.4%。当初始甘油达到70 g/L时,由于高浓度3-HPA积累,野生菌发酵终止,而工程菌可正常发酵生产1,3-丙二醇,PDO产量可达31.3 g/L,其质量得率为43.9%。同时检测到聚羟基丁酸积累。研究结果有助于加深对克雷伯氏菌1,3-丙二醇代谢机理的认识,为克雷伯氏菌的进一步优化提供了新的思路。     

克雷伯杆菌诱变菌株利用生物柴油副产物甘油制备3-羟基丙醛

应用克雷伯杆菌诱变菌株(Kp8)分别在游离与固定化态下转化生物柴油副产物甘油(粗甘油)制备3-羟基丙醛(3-HPA)。结果发现,Kp8在含30 g/L粗甘油发酵培养基(实验条件I)中较初始克雷伯杆菌(Kp0)在含30 g/L纯甘油培养基(实验条件II)中发酵产3-HPA的相对产率提高了13.75%;Kp8与Kp0经溶胶-凝胶法固定后分别在实验条件I、II下发酵,前者3-HPA相对产率为游离Kp0的73.75%,后者为65.6%;固定化细胞分别进行了7个批次的发酵,实验条件I中3-HPA相对产率由80%降至60%,3-HPA总得率从0.321 g/g降到0.243 g/g,3-HPA转化率从40.1%降到30.4%,实验条件II中3-HPA相对产率维持在70%~80%水平,3-HPA总得率维持在0.315 g/g~0.276 g/g,3-HPA转化率维持在39.4%~34.5%。     

pH与溶氧控制对解淀粉芽胞杆菌发酵粗甘油生产2,3-丁二醇的影响

首次利用一株安全菌株解淀粉芽胞杆菌发酵生物柴油副产物粗甘油生产2,3-丁二醇。溶氧和pH是影响微生物法生产2,3-丁二醇的最主要因素。结果表明,发酵过程中不控制pH更有利于2,3-丁二醇合成;采用三阶段控制搅拌转速策略,2,3-丁二醇产量最大值达到?38.1?g/L,生产强度达到1.06?g/(L·h),与恒定转速获得的最好结果相比较,分别提高了14.8%和63.1%。采用脉冲流加发酵时,2,3-丁二醇产量达到71.2 g/L,2,3-丁二醇生产强度达到0.99 g/(L·h),这是目前报道的利用粗甘油合成2,3-丁二醇的最高产量。     

高产二羟基丙酮重组菌株的构建

旨在构建一株过量表达编码膜系甘油脱氢酶的sld AB基因的重组菌株,以提高二羟基丙酮产量。以氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌ATCC621H的基因组DNA为模板,运用PCR方法扩增得到基因sld AB,并连接到p BBR1MCS-2质粒上,构建表达载体p BBR1MCS-2-sld AB。通过电转化将载体p BBR1MCS-2-sld AB转化进入氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌ATCC621H内,得到重组菌株GOX205。结果显示,重组菌株构建成功,其甘油脱氢酶的酶活力较之于出发菌株提高了26%。在甘油初始浓度100 g/L的甘油发酵培养基中,较之于出发菌株,GOX205的生长状况良好,发酵52 h时DHA浓度达到94.1 g/L,较之于出发菌株提高了19.7%,甘油残量降低了15.1 g/L。     

红曲菌利用生物柴油废液生产红曲色素

对生物柴油废液作简单处理,利用红曲茵发酵生物柴油废液中副产物甘油生产红曲色素。通过响应面方法确定最佳发酵培养基为：甘油48．49g/L,蛋白胨3．12g／L,K2HPO4·3H202．01g/L,MgSO4 0．48g／L,ZnSO4·7H2O 0．04g／L,MnSO4·H2O 0．03g／L,玉米浆13mL／L,植物油10mL／L,起始pH为6。发酵结果表明：在接种量6％（v／v）,转速140r／min,35℃的条件下发酵培养6d,红曲色素最高产量到达204U／mL。说明用生物柴油废液中的粗甘油为原料生产红曲色素是基本可行的。可望为生物柴油废液的资源化提供一条环境友好型的途径。     

弗氏葡糖杆菌产核糖醇脱氢酶研究

目的:研究弗氏葡糖杆菌产核糖醇脱氢酶的培养条件.方法:采用单因素实验研究了葡萄糖、氮源、金属离子Zn2+和Fe3+以及诱导物核糖醇对弗氏葡糖杆菌产酶的影响,并用优化的条件培养产酶进行核糖醇生物转化反应.结果:对于弗氏葡糖杆菌核糖醇脱氢酶的生产,当葡萄糖浓度2.5％、氮源玉米浆粉为1.0％、Zn2+浓度为4 μmol/L、Fe3+浓度为2 μmol/L时,对应的核糖醇脱氢酶活力分别为0.45U/mg、0.43U/mg、0.25U/mg和0.18 U/mg,生物转化验证实验表明反应30 h后核糖醇的转化率达97.73％,质谱分析表明产品符合L-核酮糖的结构.结论:实验获得的优化条件可进一步用于指导生产.     

一株以甘油为底物产二羟丙酮(DHA)微生物菌种的筛选及鉴定

甘油为微生物可利用的理想碳源, 从自然界筛选出21株以甘油为唯一碳源产二羟丙酮(DHA)的菌株, 经初步发酵测定发酵液中DHA含量, 其中菌株6-8 DHA产量最高达6.4 g/L。对其进行常规生理生化鉴定实验, 并结合16S rDNA基因分析, 比对结果表明, 菌株6-8与Acinetobacter sp. 相似性最高, 达99.7%, 在细菌分类学上属于假单胞菌目莫拉菌科不动杆菌属。将其命名为Acinetobacter sp.6-8。     

高效液相色谱测定发酵液中1，3－二羟基丙酮（DHA）方法的建立

摘要：本文建立了简单且准确的测定1,3-二羟基丙酮（DHA）的高效液相色谱（HPLC）方法。以Alltima C18（5μm,250×4.6mm）为分离柱,5％甲醇水溶液（0.05％H3PO4调pH至3.0）,流速为1mL/min,用紫外检测器在200nm处检测DHA。结果测得DHA标准样品的保留时间为6.2min,并测得DHA的线性范围为0.1～10.0 g/L。用HPLC法测得以甘油为底物发酵产DHA发酵液中DHA含量为6.2 g/L。并证明高效液相色谱法可有效应用于产DHA发酵过程中产物的检测。     

Use of a Gluconobacter frateurii mutant to prevent dihydroxyacetone accumulation during glyceric acid production from glycerol

To prevent dihydroxyacetone (DHA) by-production during glyceric acid (GA) production from glycerol using Gluconobacter frateurii, we used a G. frateurii THD32 mutant, ΔsldA, in which the glycerol dehydrogenase subunit-encoding gene (sldA) was disrupted, but ΔsldA grew much more slowly than the wild type, growth starting after a lag of 3 d under the same culture conditions. The addition of 1% w/v D-sorbitol to the medium improved both the growth and the GA productivity of the mutant, and ΔsldA produced 89.1 g/l GA during 4 d of incubation without DHA accumulation.     

毕赤酵母发酵产S-腺苷蛋氨酸的甘油-甲醇混合流加策略

在毕赤酵母发酵生产S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)的诱导阶段,以不同甘油-甲醇比例的甘油-甲醇混合培养基进行诱导培养,结果表明以10%(w/v)甘油含量的甘油-甲醇混合培养基进行诱导培养时最有利于SAM的表达,SAM产量达6.09 g/L,比0%甘油含量条件下的SAM产量提高了20.4%。对诱导方式进行优化,先以100%甲醇诱导24 h,然后再连续流加10%(w/v)甘油含量的甘油-甲醇混合培养基,SAM产量可达7.94 g/L,在此基础上,进一步改进诱导方式,SAM产量得到进一步的提高,达到9.80 g/L。     

A laboratory study of producing docosahexaenoic acid from biodiesel-waste glycerol by microalgal fermentation

Crude glycerol is the primary by-product in the biodiesel industry, which is too costly to be purified into to higher quality products used in the health and cosmetics industries. This work investigated the potential of using the crude glycerol to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) through fermentation of the microalga Schizochytrium limacinum. The results showed that crude glycerol supported alga growth and DHA production, with 75–100 g/L concentration being the optimal range. Among other medium and environmental factors influencing DHA production, temperature, trace metal (PI) solution concentration, ammonium acetate, and NH₄Cl had significant effects (P < 0.1). Their optimal values were determined 30 mL/L of PI, 0.04 g/L of NH₄Cl, 1.0 g/L of ammonium acetate, and 19.2 °C. A highest DHA yield of 4.91 g/L with 22.1 g/L cell dry weight was obtained. The results suggested that biodiesel-derived crude glycerol is a promising feedstock for production of DHA from heterotrophic algal culture.     

Fermentation of biodiesel-derived glycerol by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: effects of co-substrates on 2,3-butanediol production

Cultivation in glycerol instead of sugars inhibits 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In this study, we report that B. amyloliquefaciens readily produces 2,3-BD from biodiesel-derived glycerol in the presence of beet molasses as a co-substrate. Unexpectedly, the molasses stimulated 2,3-BD production and simultaneously reduced the duration of fermentation. Productivity of 2,3-BD was enhanced at the start of fermentation, and yields increased under continuous molasses supply. Subsequently, 2,3-BD production in molasses-supplemented fed-batch culture was observed. Prior to inoculation of fed-batch fermentation culture, 15 g/l of molasses was added to the bioreactor. After 6 h of incubation, the bioreactor was fed with a solution containing 80 % glycerol and 15 % molasses. The 2,3-BD concentration, yield, and productivity significantly improved, reaching 83.3 g/l, 0.42 g/g, and 0.87 g/l·h, respectively. To our knowledge, these results are the highest report for 2,3-BD fermentation from biodiesel-derived glycerol.     

Production of erythritol and mannitol by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast in media containing glycerol

Glycerol is a by-product generated in large amounts during the production of biofuels. This study presents an alternative means of crude glycerol valorization through the production of erythritol and mannitol. In a shake-flasks experiment in a buffered medium, nine Yarrowia lipolytica strains were examined for polyols production. Three strains (A UV'1, A-15 and Wratislavia K1) were selected as promising producers of erythritol or/and mannitol and used in bioreactor batch cultures and fed-batch mode. Pure and biodiesel-derived crude glycerol media both supplemented (to 2.5 and 3.25?%) and not-supplemented with NaCl were applied. The best results for erythritol biosynthesis were achieved in medium with crude glycerol supplemented with 2.5?% NaCl. Wratislavia K1 strain produced up to 80.0?g?l(-1) erythritol with 0.49?g?g(-1) yield and productivity of 1.0?g?l(-1)?h(-1). Erythritol biosynthesis by A UV'1 and A-15 strains was accompanied by the simultaneous production of mannitol (up to 27.6?g?l(-1)). Extracellular as well as intracellular erythritol and mannitol ratios depended on the glycerol used and the presence of NaCl in the medium. The results from this study indicate that NaCl addition to the medium improves erythritol biosynthesis, and simultaneously inhibits mannitol formation.     

Application of Oxygen-Enriched Aeration in the Conversion of Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone by Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293

Gluconobacter melanogenus 3293 converts glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA) during exponential growth on a yeast extract-phosphate medium at pH 7. The efficiency of this conversion in 25-liter batch fermentations has been found to increase over threefold, when oxygen tension is controlled by increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the aeration. Conversion of glycerol to DHA does not occur under oxygen-limited fermentation conditions. When the dissolved oxygen tension was maintained at 0.05 atmospheres (using oxygen-enriched air), quantitative conversion of up to 100 g of glycerol/liter to DHA was obtained in 33 h. The amount of glycerol converted can be increased without increasing impeller speed or aeration rate. This increase is not the result of increased production of cell mass. The specific conversion of glycerol to DHA increased from 12.2 g of DHA/g of cell mass at the point of maximum conversion to 35.8 with oxygen enrichment. This increased specific production occurred even though the specific growth rate during the period of oxygen enrichment decreased from 0.23 to 0.06/h.     

Production of 1,3-propanediol by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clostridium butyricum</Emphasis> growing on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol through a non-sterilized fermentation process

The aim of the present study was to investigate the production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO) under non-sterile fermentation conditions by employing the strain Clostridium butyricum VPI 1718. A series of batch cultures were performed by utilizing biodiesel-derived crude glycerol feedstocks of different origins as the sole carbon source, in various initial concentrations. The strain presented similarities in terms of PDO production when cultivated on crude glycerol of various origins, with final concentrations ranging between 11.1 and 11.5 g/L. Moreover, PDO fermentation was successfully concluded regardless of the initial crude glycerol concentration imposed (from 20 to 80 g/L), accompanied by sufficient PDO production yields (0.52–0.55 g per gram of glycerol consumed). During fed-batch operation under non-sterile culture conditions, 67.9 g/L of PDO were finally produced, with a yield of 0.55 g/g. Additionally, the sustainability of the bioprocess during a continuous operation was tested; indeed, the system was able to run at steady state for 16 days, during which PDO effluent level was 13.9 g/L. Furthermore, possible existence of a microbial community inside the chemostat was evaluated by operating a polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis, and DGGE results revealed the presence of only one band corresponding to that of C. butyricum VPI 1718. Finally, non-sterile continuous cultures were carried out at different dilution rates (D), with inlet glycerol concentration at 80 g/L. Maximum PDO production was achieved at low D values (0.02 h⁻¹) corresponding to 30.1 g/L, while the elaboration of kinetic data from continuous cultures revealed the stability of the bioprocess proposed, with global PDO production yield corresponding to 0.52 g/g.     

Continuous culture of the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol for producing docosahexaenoic acid

Crude glycerol is a major byproduct of the biodiesel industry; previous research has proved the feasibility of producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n − 3) through fermentation of the algae Schizochytrium limacinum on crude glycerol. The objective of this work is to investigate the cell growth kinetics, substrate utilization efficiency, and DHA production of the algae through a continuous culture. Steady-state biomass yield, biomass productivity, growth yield on glycerol, specific glycerol consumption rate, and fatty acid composition were investigated within the range of dilution rate (D) from 0.2 to 0.6 day⁻¹, and the range of feed crude glycerol concentration (S₀) from 15 to 120 g/L. The maximum specific growth rate was determined as 0.692 day⁻¹. The cells had a true growth yield of 0.283 g/g but with a relatively high maintenance coefficient (0.2216 day⁻¹). The highest biomass productivity of 3.88 g/L-day was obtained at D = 0.3 day⁻¹ and S₀ = 60 g/L, while the highest DHA productivity (0.52 g/L-day) was obtained at D = 0.3 day⁻¹ and S₀ = 90 g/L due to the higher DHA content at S₀ = 90 g/L. The biomass and DHA productivity of the continuous culture was comparable to those of batch culture, while lower than the fed-batch culture, mainly because of the lower DHA content obtained by the continuous culture. Overall, the results show that continuous culture is a powerful tool to investigate the cell growth kinetics and physiological behaviors of the algae growing on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol.     

Enhancement of carotenoids and lipids production by oleaginous red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507

Bioconversion of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol into carotenoids and lipids was investigated by a microbial conversion of an oleaginous red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507. The methanol content in crude glycerol (0.5%, w/v) did not show a significant effect on biomass production by strain KM281507. However, demethanolized crude glycerol significantly supported the production of biomass (8.64?±?0.13?g/L), lipids (2.92?±?0.03?g/L), β-carotene (15.76?±?0.85?mg/L), and total carotenoids (33.67?±?1.28?mg/L). The optimal conditions suggested by central composite design were crude glycerol concentration (55.04?g/L), initial pH of medium (pH 5.63) and cultivation temperature (24.01°C). Under these conditions, the production of biomass, lipids, β-carotene, and total carotenoids were elevated up to 8.83?±?0.05, 4.00?±?0.06?g/L, 27.41?±?0.20, and 53.70?±?0.48?mg/L, respectively. Moreover, an addition of olive oil (0.5???2.0%) dramatically increased the production of biomass (14.47?±?0.15?g/L), lipids (6.40?±?0.09?g/L), β-carotene (54.43?±?0.95?mg/L), and total carotenoids (70.92?±?0.51?mg/L). The oleic acid content in lipids was also increased to 75.1% (w/w) of total fatty acids, indicating a good potential to be an alternative biodiesel feedstock. Meanwhile, the β-carotene content in total carotenoids was increased to 76.7% (w/w). Hence, strain KM281507 could be a good potential source of renewable biodiesel feedstock and natural carotenoids.