五虎汤对咳嗽变异性哮喘大鼠血清IL-33和TSLP水平的影响及机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨与研究五虎汤对咳嗽变异性哮喘大鼠血清白介素（Interleukin,IL）-33和胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素（Thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP）水平的影响及机制。方法：咳嗽变异性哮喘大鼠（n=48）随机平分为三组-模型组、孟鲁司特钠组与五虎汤组,模型组给予蒸馏水10 mL/(kg?d)灌胃,孟鲁司特钠组给予孟鲁司特钠10 mg/(kg?d)灌胃,五虎汤组给予五虎汤药液50 g/(kg?d)灌胃,1次/d,持续4周。结果：孟鲁司特钠组与五虎汤组治疗第2周、第4周的1min内桡鼻、打喷嚏次数少于模型组（P<0.05）,五虎汤少于孟鲁司特钠组(P<0.05)。孟鲁司特钠组与五虎汤组治疗第4周、第8周的白细胞计数及嗜酸性粒细胞百分率少于模型组,五虎汤少于孟鲁司特钠组（P<0.05）。孟鲁司特钠组与五虎汤组治疗第4周、第8周的血清IL-33、TSLP含量少于模型组（P<0.05）,五虎汤少于孟鲁司特钠组（P<0.05）。孟鲁司特钠组与五虎汤组治疗第4周、第8周的肺组织紧密连接蛋白-1（Zonula occludens-1,ZO-1）、钙粘附蛋白E（E-cadherin）蛋白相对表达水平高于模型组（P<0.05）,五虎汤组高于孟鲁司特钠组（P<0.05）。结论：五虎汤在咳嗽变异性哮喘大鼠的应用可能通过上调ZO-1、E-cadherin蛋白的表达,抑制血清IL-33和TSLP水平的表达,能促进缓解症状,降低白细胞计数及嗜酸性粒细胞百分率。     

维生素A缺乏大鼠致敏后免疫功能低下对肺炎的影响机制

目的探讨维生素A（VA）缺乏对致敏后免疫细胞发育、功能的影响机制。方法：低VA饲料喂养大鼠8周时用卵蛋白致敏并分组。VAS组隔天口服vA100u,治疗3次;VAD组与正常组口服大豆油。用免疫组织化学法观察细胞角蛋白19（CK19）、病理学检查肺与脾病理变化、ELISA法检查血清Th因子水平等。结果VAD组胸腺萎缩,胸腺上皮细胞（TEC）肥大、聚集、CK19少。血IL—10、IL-4、胸腺索a-1升高。肺感染病灶多,肺泡隔浸润细胞较少与红细胞渗出多。VAS组胸腺细胞增生,TEC内CK193上调,血IFN—γ水平较低、IL-4、IL-10明显下调。小气道单层纤毛柱状上皮正常,管壁淋巴细胞浸润较重,肺泡区巨噬细胞多、渗出红细胞少。结论VA缺乏并致敏后胸腺TEC、胸腺细胞等发育和功能异常。补充VA改善胸腺TEC结构、促进淋巴细胞增生与非特异免疫功能,保护呼吸道黏膜与肺泡上皮。     

上皮源性细胞因子IL-33、IL-25和TSLP在哮喘发病机制中的作用

哮喘(asthma)是一种以气道高反应性、慢性气道炎症、气道重塑和可逆性的气流受阻为特征的常见慢性呼吸系统疾病。近年来,研究发现气道上皮细胞在霉菌、尘螨、花粉、病毒感染、空气污染物等各种损伤因素的作用下,可释放细胞因子白细胞介素-33(interleukin-33,IL-33)、白细胞介素-25(interleukin-25,IL-25)和胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP),这些细胞因子不仅可作用于2型辅助性T细胞(type 2 helper T cells,Th2 cells),同时也可作用于固有淋巴样2型细胞(group 2 innate lymphoid cells,ILC2s),通过释放Th2型细胞因子,参与哮喘的发生与发展。尽管这3种细胞因子在哮喘的发生与发展中均起到重要作用,但其在哮喘病理、生理学效应及作用方式上并非完全相同。现就这3种上皮源性细胞因子IL-33、IL-25和TSLP在哮喘发病机制中的作用作一概述。     

布地奈德对A549细胞胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素表达作用的研究

目的:观察细胞因子刺激气道上皮细胞胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)表达是否涉及核因子κB(NF-κB),并探讨糖皮质激素布地奈德对气道上皮细胞TSLP表达和NF-κB核转位的影响.方法:A549细胞与细胞因子白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素4(IL-4)和布地奈德共同孵育,以不加任何细胞因子或布地奈德培养的A549细胞为对照组,采用RT-PCR方法测定TSLP mRNA表达,细胞免疫荧光方法检测TSLP和NF-κB的表达情况.结果:与对照组比较,IL-1β(10 ng/ml)及IL-4(10 ng/ml)显著刺激A549细胞TSLP mRNA表达,且NF-κB(p65)核转住增加(均P＜0.05).布地奈德干预后TSLP mRNA的表达和NF-κB(p65)的核转位显著减少(P＜0.05).结论:细胞因子促进气道上皮细胞诱导性表达TSLP与NF-κB激活有关,抑制TSLP表达和NF-κB激活可能是布地奈德治疗哮喘的重要机制.     

哮喘大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞蛋白激酶C-α表达及丹参对其影响

探讨蛋白激酶 C (Protein Kinase-α,PKCα)在大鼠哮喘模型肺泡巨噬细胞中的表达及丹参的治疗作用。哮喘模型大鼠分为四组。 A组正常对照 ;B组即刻激发组 ;C组哮喘发作一周组 ;D组丹参治疗组。每组分别测定肺功能 ,支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BAL F) ,分离巨噬细胞作免疫细胞化学染色 ,观察 PKCα在大鼠哮喘模型肺泡巨噬细胞中的表达及丹参对其影响。结果发现 A组中肺泡巨噬细胞见 PKCα少量表达 ,而 B、 C、 D组则见大量巨噬细胞 PKCα表达 ,但 D组巨噬细胞 PKCα表达比例显著低于 B、 C组 (P<0 .0 1 )。四组肺泡巨噬细胞 PKCα表达百分比分别为 A组 3.49± 2 .40 % ,B组 85 .0 6± 5 .46 % ,C组 90 .2 3± 2 .87% ,D组 37.89± 7.2 1 %。且 A、 B、 C组肺泡巨噬细胞 PKCα表达比例与气道阻力呈正相关 (n=2 1、 r=0 .74　 P<0 .0 1 ) ,结果说明丹参对哮喘大鼠 BAL F中巨噬细胞 PKCα表达有抑制作用 ,提示肺泡巨噬细胞 PKCα表达参与哮喘发病过程 ,而丹参则对这一过程有抑制作用。     

维生素A缺乏对大鼠肺脏发育的影响

目的探讨维生素A缺乏（vitamin A deficiency,VAD）对大鼠肺脏发育的影响及其可能的机制。方法建立VAD大鼠模型,取出生后2周正常及VAD幼鼠肺脏,HE、Weigert染色分别观察其肺脏组织形态变化和弹力纤维变化;Image Pro Plus5．0软件做肺脏形态学定量分析,蛋白质免疫印记检测大鼠肺组织MMP-9及TIMP-1蛋白含量变化。结果①VAD组大鼠肺上皮细胞堆积,出现明显的肺气肿,并发弥散的间质性肺炎,肺组织弹力纤维显著减少;②VAD组大鼠肺MMP-9的蛋白质表达水平明显高于对照组,TIMP-1水平变化不大,MMP-9与TIMP-1的比值升高。结论VAD导致大鼠肺脏正常发育受损,肺脏组织形态异常,可能通过上调MMP-9的表达诱发大鼠肺气肿。     

维生素A、D治疗毛细支气管炎和儿童支气管哮喘的临床效果研究

目的:探讨维生素A、D治疗毛细支气管炎和儿童支气管哮喘的临床效果。方法:选取2016年1月-2018年1月本院住院治疗的毛细支气管炎患儿120例、门诊就诊的支气管哮喘患儿120例、儿童保健门诊查体的健康患儿40例(近1年均无服用维生素AD史)作为研究对象。将毛细支气管炎组、哮喘组分别随机分为治疗组40例(常规治疗+口服维生素AD组)和对照组40例(常规治疗组)。治疗组补充口服维生素AD1粒qd,疗程共6个月。分别比较三组血清维生素A、D水平,随访6个月、1年内喘息的控制情况(喘息发作次数、持续时间、咳嗽程度、有无夜间症状或夜间憋醒、有无活动受限)及肺功能(第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1/FVC),哮喘组≥4岁患儿进行儿童哮喘控制测试(C-ACT)评分评价哮喘的控制情况。结果:观察组与对照组患儿血清维生素A、D水平无显著性差异(P0.05);观察组、对照组患者维生素A、D水平显著低于健康组患儿(P0.05);观察组患儿喘息发作次数、喘息发作时间、夜间症状、夜间憋醒、活动受限发生情况均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组各肺功能指标较治疗前均显著升高(P0.05),观察组FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC水平及C-ACT评分均明显高于对照组(P0.05),观察组进展支气管哮喘的发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:维生素A、D治疗毛细支气管炎和儿童支气管哮喘的临床效果显著。     

维生素A对免疫功能的影响

维生素A已经作为一种营养补充剂用在临床治疗和日常膳食中,对机体的免疫系统有重要意义。近年来许多关于维生素A与免疫的关系和机制探讨也随着分子生物学的发展取得了很大进步。该介绍维生素A在体内、体外试验中对细胞免疫、体液免疫的作用,在临床应用中的效用,以及不同剂量作用于免疫系统产生的不同结果等。     

维生素A辅助治疗儿童支气管哮喘的临床疗效及其对血清炎症因子和T淋巴细胞水平的影响

目的：探讨维生素A在辅助治疗儿童支气管哮喘中,对临床疗效、血清炎症因子,以及T淋巴细胞水平的影响。方法：收集2020年2月—2021年2月在我院收治的98例支气管哮喘患儿为研究对象,按照随机数字表随机均分为观察组和对照组各49例,2组患者间性别、年龄、病程、疾病程度无差异,具有可比性。对照组患儿给予沙丁胺醇气雾剂和布地奈德吸入气雾剂常规治疗,观察组患儿在给予常规治疗的基础上,每天给予维生素A辅助治疗,2组患儿均接受为期3个月的治疗。观察并比较2组患儿治疗前后肺功能指标第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）及FEV1/FVC%,患儿咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音等症状和体征消失的时间差异;比较2组患儿治疗前后血清炎症因子白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平,以及T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+水平变化情况。结果：经维生素A辅助治疗后,患儿咳嗽、喘息和肺部啰音消失时间均短于对照组患儿,FEV1、FVC和FEV1/FVC改善情况更为显著,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。且维生素A辅助治疗组患儿血清IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α降低水平均高于对照组患儿,血清CD4+增高水平、CD8+下降水平和CD4+/CD8+增高水平均高于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：维生素A辅助治疗儿童支气管哮喘临床疗效显著,可有效缩短咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音等症状消失时间,改善患儿肺功能,降低血清炎症因子水平,改善T细胞水平,促进支气管哮喘患儿康复。     

Role of licochalcone A on thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression: Implications for asthma

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the infiltration and accumulation of memory-like Th2 cells and eosinophils. Viral infection has emerged as the most common cause of severe episodes of asthma. For the treatment of bronchial asthma, the root of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been used as a traditional medicine in the East and West. Licochalcone A is the predominant, characteristic chalcone in liquorice root. To determine whether licochalcone A possesses an anti-inflammatory effect, we tested its effect on the expression and production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in BEAS 2B cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells. We found that polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC)-induced TSLP expression was suppressed by treatment with licochalcone A in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We also found that poly-IC-induced mRNA expression of other proinflammatory mediators such as MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 was suppressed by licochalcone A. Furthermore, licochalcone A suppressed poly-IC-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity by suppressing the Iκβ kinase (IKK) activity but not by direct phosphorylation of p65 at serine 276. Collectively, our findings suggest that licochalcone A suppresses poly-IC-induced TSLP expression and production by inhibiting the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of virus-exacerbated asthma. Further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these observations can help develop therapeutic strategies for virally induced asthma.     

Homeotic regeneration of eye in amphibian tadpoles and its enhancement by vitamin A

After removal of both the lateral eyes of external gill stage tadpoles of the toadBufo melanostictus, the pineal organ gets transformed into a median eye. This type of transformation occurrs in tadpoles of both control and vitamin A treated groups. However, vitamin A increases the likelihood of homeotic regeneration (57% in the control group and 71% in the vitamin A treated group). Histological studies showed that the newly transformed median eye developed from the pineal organ. The pineal eye so developed possessed all components of a normal eye such as a retina, sensory cells and lens.     

Differential effect of prior influenza infection on alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: involvement of interferon-gamma production

The influenza A virus is one of the main causes of respiratory infection. Although influenza virus infection alone can result in pneumonia, secondary bacterial infection combined with the virus is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, while influenza infection increases susceptibility to some bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Haemophilus influenzae, other bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae are not associated with influenza infection. The reason for this discrepancy is not known. In this study, it was found that prior influenza virus infection inhibits murine alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of S. aureus but not of E. coli. Here, the mechanism for this inhibition is elucidated: prior influenza virus infection strongly increases interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production. Furthermore, it was shown that IFN-γ differentially affects alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of S. aureus and E. coli. The findings of the present study explain how influenza virus infection increases susceptibility to some bacteria, such as S. aureus, but not others, and provides evidence that IFN-γ might be a promising target for protecting the human population from secondary bacterial infection by influenza.     

The effect of selenium and vitamin E on microvascular permeability of rat organs

The effects of dietary sodium selenite and vitamin E on the microvascular permeability of rat organs such as heart, brain, kidney, liver and eye were investigated by using the Evans blue leakage method. Combined deficiency of selenium and vitamin E caused an increase in the permeability of the heart and eye with respect to their controls while it had no considerable effect on the permeability of other organs. On the other hand, toxic levels of selenium (4.2 mg/kg) in diet decreased the permeabilities in kidney, liver, and eye whereas this parameter of brain increased in the same animal group. These results suggested that low or high sodium selenite and vitamin E contents in diet could alter the microvascular permeability of different organs in different manners. It might be important to give reasonable explanations for the pathophysiology of some diseases that are characterized with organ damage and /or disfunction originated from selenium deficiency or toxicity.     

Antioxidant effect of conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin A during non enzymatic lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes and mitochondria

In the study reported here the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin A on the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, chemiluminescence and peroxidizability index of microsomes and mitochondria isolated from rat liver was analyzed. The effect of CLA on the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of native microsomes was evidenced by an statistically significant p < 0.007 decrease of linoleic acid C18:2 n6, whereas in mitochondria it was observed a decrease p < 0.0001 of arachidonic acid C20:4 n6 when compared with vitamin A and control groups. Docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n3 in mitochondria was reduced p < 0.04 in CLA and vitamin A groups when compared with control. After incubation of microsomes or mitochondria in an ascorbate (0.4 mM)-Fe⁺⁺ (2.15 M) system (120 min at 37°C) it was observed that the total cpm/mg protein originated from light emission: chemiluminescence was lower in liver microsomes or mitochondria obtained from CLA group (received orally: 12.5 mg/daily during 10 days) than in the vitamin A group (received intraperitoneal injection: daily 0.195 g/kg during 10 days). CLA reduced significantly maximal induced chemiluminescence in microsomes relative to vitamin A and control groups, whereas in mitochondria the effect was observed relative to control group The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of liver microsomes or mitochondria changed by CLA and vitamin A treatment. The polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly affected when microsomes native and peroxidized from control group were compared were linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids, while in vitamin A group linoleic and arachidonic acid were mainly peroxidized, whereas in CLA group only arachidonic acid was altered. In mitochondria obtained from the three groups arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid showed a significant decrease when native and peroxidized groups were compared. As a consequence the peroxidizability index, a parameter based on the maximal rate of oxidation of fatty acids, show significant changes in the CLA group compare vitamin A and control groups. The simultaneous analysis of peroxidizability index, chemiluminescence and fatty acid composition demonstrated that CLA is more effective than vitamin A protecting microsomes or mitochondria from peroxidative damage.     

Keratinization and the effect of vitamin A in aggregates of a squamous carcinoma cell line NBT II

Summary The terminal differentiation, keratinization, of a rat bladder tumor cell line, NBT II, occurred in multicellular aggregates. After aggregation, these cells did not undergo a round of mitosis before keratinization. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine added to the monolayer cell culture 2 days before aggregation completely prevented this differentiation; it was ineffective when added at the time of cell aggregation. Vitamin A prevented the keratinization of NBT II cells in aggregates but did not inhibit aggregate formation; it enhanced the number of cells engaged in DNA synthesis. This model appears to be very useful for analyzing the mechanisms of terminal differentiation and its modulation by vitamin A in tumor cells. This research was supported by Institutional Research Grant 731-01-E from the American Cancer Society and in part by Research Grant CA 14137 from the National Cancer Institute to Dr. J. Leighton.     

The effect of vitamin A (retinoids) on pattern formation implies a uniformity of developmental mechanisms throughout the animal kingdom

Retinoids are low molecular weight, lipophilic derivatives of vitamin A which have a profound effect upon the development of a diverse array of animals. Here, I review these effects on Invertebrates: a colonial hydroid, a colonial ascidian, and Vertebrates: the regenerating amphibian limb, the developing chick limb bud, the regenerating amphibian tail, the anteroposterior axis of the early embryo, the developing chick embryo skin. There is a striking uniformity of effect of retinoids on pattern formation when applied to these diverse organisms. The majority react by being posteriorized in their development, although additional effects can also be seen. Several hypotheses which can explain these results are discussed along with the deduction that they lead to: retinoids may be components of a universal developmental mechanism or they may simply act in a similar way to alter a universal developmental mechanism. In either case the experimental analysis of retinoid effects on development has important implications for the evolution of developmental mechanisms.