柯萨奇病毒A6病毒样颗粒的制备及免疫原性初步研究

手足口病(Hand,foot,and mouth disease,HFMD)是一种常见传染病,以婴幼儿发病为主,柯萨奇病毒A组6型(Coxsackievirus A6,CV-A6)是引起HFMD暴发的主要病原体,其疫苗开发有待深入的研究,而病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)是潜在安全的候选疫苗。为制备CV-A6 VLPs,并研究其免疫原性,本研究利用Bac-toBac昆虫细胞杆状病毒表达系统共表达P1和3CD蛋白,制备并纯化CV-A6 VLPs,应用间接免疫荧光试验(Indirect immunofluscent assay,IFA)、SDS-PAGE、Western Blot、透射电镜法等方法鉴定。以Al(OH)3为佐剂,三种不同剂量CV-A6 VLPs免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用微量中和试验法检测小鼠血清中和抗体滴度。结果显示,重组有P1和3CD的杆状病毒质粒转染Sf9细胞,可形成CV-A6类病毒颗粒,直径约为26nm。SDS-PAGE和Western Blot结果说明P1前体蛋白被3CD作用切割产生了VP0、VP1和VP3,CV-A6 VLPs由这三个...     

EV71与CA16双价灭活疫苗诱导小鼠免疫原性研究

目的评价EV71和CA16双价灭活疫苗免疫小鼠诱导的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答。方法分别应用EV71和CA16双价疫苗、EV71和CA16单价疫苗按单针、两针(0,14 d)的程序免疫小鼠,采用细胞病变法检测血清第1针免疫后21 d时中和抗体效价,应用LUMINEX液相芯片技术检测小鼠脾单个核细胞体外经抗原刺激分泌细胞因子的水平。结果双价疫苗与EV71单价疫苗单针、两针免疫相比,EV71中和抗体几何平均值相近(118.8∶84.0;159.5∶156.8,P0.05)。双价疫苗与CA16单价疫苗单针免疫诱导的CA16中和抗体均为阴性;两针免疫CA16中和抗体几何平均值一致(30.0∶26.9,P0.05)。加强免疫7 d后,小鼠脾MNC经EV71抗原刺激,双价疫苗较EV71单价疫苗诱导Th2类细胞因子IL-4、5、6、10和炎症因子TNF-α的分泌水平显著增高(P=0.020,P=0.027,P=0.038,P=0.019,P=0.026);MNC经CA16抗原刺激,双价疫苗与CA16单价疫苗相比诱导细胞因子水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双价疫苗可诱导与单价疫苗相似的中和抗体应答水平,并可提高Th2类细胞因子应答,研究为EV71和CA16双价灭活疫苗的研发提供了实验依据。     

病毒样颗粒嵌合载体的研究进展

病毒样颗粒（Virus-like particles,VLPs）是由病毒的一种或几种结构蛋白自行装配而成的类似天然病毒形态的空心蛋白颗粒。VLPs直径约20～200nm,具有规整的空间结构和良好的生物相容性,其表面有带有活性基团的氨基酸,可以作为嵌合载体递呈和展示同源或外源的表位抗原、肽和药物等各种材料。VLPs作为嵌合载体在新型疫苗、基因治疗、药物的靶向运输、造影等方面具有重要作用。本文对病毒样颗粒作为嵌合载体的国内外研究进展进行概述,为其进一步研究和利用提供参考。     

柯萨奇病毒A5病毒样颗粒的制备、纯化和鉴定

目的构建柯萨奇病毒A5(coxsackievirus A5, CV-A5)病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles, VLPs),并对其进行纯化和鉴定。方法①将CV-A5 P1和3CD基因序列根据昆虫细胞密码子偏好性,对CV-A5-3487R4/CHN XY/2017株基因进行优化并合成,然后分别克隆至供体质粒pFastBacDual的多角体蛋白启动子(polyhedrin promotor, pPh)和pPl0启动子后,构建pFastBacDual-Pl/3CD重组质粒;②重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,)DH10 Bac~(TM)中,转座形成重组杆状病毒质粒(baculovirus plasmid, bacmid);③再将重组bacmid转染Sf9细胞,获得重组杆状病毒并表达CV-A5结构蛋白、组装VLPs。应用限制性酶切、PCR扩增、免疫荧光(immuno-fluorescence assay, IFA)技术对CV-A5 VLPs的蛋白进行鉴定;④再利用蔗糖垫底离心和氯化铯(CsCl)密度梯度离心的方法纯化CV-A5 VLPs,并用SDS-PAGE、Western Blot和透射电镜法进一步检测CV-A5 VLPs的浓度和纯度及颗粒形态。结果 pFastBacDual-P1/3CD重组质粒经限制性双酶切、重组Bacmid PCR鉴定、rCV-A5 VLs PCR鉴定结果显示,均在预期目标处有清晰条带。利用IFA检测重组病毒rBacCV-A5-P1/3CD蛋白,结果可见明显荧光。rCV-A5 VLPs经SDS-PAGE检测到VP0为39 000、VP1为34 000和VP3为27 000;Western Blot检测也可见相应特异性条带。利用透射电镜观察纯化rCV-A5 VLPs,可见直径为23～33 nm的颗粒,形态和大小均与CV-A5一致。结论成功构建了rBacCVA5-P1/3CD重组病毒,并在sf9细胞内成功表达了CV-A5 VLPs,为今后CV-A5 VLPs疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

病毒样颗粒抗原的表达、纯化、组装和鉴定

病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)是由一种或多种病毒结构蛋白组装成的的颗粒,具有与病毒颗粒相似的外部结构和抗原性,但不含病毒基因。以预防乙型肝炎病毒、乳头瘤病毒和戊型肝炎病毒感染为目的的三种VLP疫苗已被批准在人体应用。可采用细菌、酵母、昆虫细胞、哺乳动物细胞、植物细胞系统表达VLP抗原。表达的VLP抗原可经裂解、粗提、浓縮和精制四个基本步骤纯化。解聚/重组装处理可能增强VLP抗原的效力和稳定性。在研制和生产VLP疫苗的过程中要对VLP抗原的品质、含量、效力和纯度进行检测。     

NADC30-like猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒样颗粒的制备与鉴定

【背景】猪繁殖和呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)可以造成怀孕母猪的繁殖障碍及仔猪的呼吸系统疾病,近年来,NADC30-like谱系PRRSV已成为国内的优势流行毒株。【目的】研制针对NADC30-like谱系PRRSV的病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle,VLP)疫苗。【方法】将PRRSV NADC30-like毒株编码GP5蛋白开放阅读框5(open reading frame 5,ORF5)、ORF6(编码M蛋白)分别连接至pFastBac^TMDual载体P₁₀和P_H启动子下游多克隆位点,获得穿梭质粒pFB-30-ORF5及pFB-30-ORF6,酶切鉴定后,将ORF6基因插入到穿梭质粒pFB-30-ORF5 P_H启动子下游,构建穿梭质粒pFB-30-ORF5-OPF6。将上述3种穿梭质粒分别转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,通过蓝白斑筛选及PCR鉴定重组杆粒。再将获得的重组杆粒转染至SF9昆虫细胞,发现细胞病变后收获病毒液,继续盲传3代,在透射电镜下观察是否有病毒样颗粒。用第3代病毒液感染SF9细胞后,分别用GP5蛋白、His-tag、Flag-tag单克隆抗体作为一抗,通过免疫电镜、间接免疫荧光(indirect immunofluorescence assay,IFA)、Western blotting鉴定重组蛋白。【结果】成功构建了3种穿梭质粒pFB-30-ORF5、pFB-30-ORF6和pFB-30-ORF5-OPF6,酶切鉴定正确。通过蓝白斑筛选及PCR验证后获得重组杆粒,分别命名为Bacmind-30-ORF5、Bacmind-30-ORF6和Bacmind-30-ORF5-ORF6。重组杆粒感染SF9细胞120h时出现明显的细胞病变,收获病毒液后,在透射电子显微镜可观察到大小为50nm左右呈现球形结构的VLPs。免疫电镜可以观察到胶体金颗粒结合在VLPs周围;IFA结果显示实验组均出现了明显绿色的特异性荧光灶;Western blotting结果表明,3种VLPs均出现特异性条带,并与预期大小一致。【结论】制备了3种NADC30-like谱系PRRSV的病毒样颗粒,为针对PRRSV新谱系流行株疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

EV71 3C蛋白酶与ZMYM2相互作用及功能初探

肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)为小RNA病毒科肠道病毒属A组病毒的代表株,感染可引发手足口病(Hand-foot and mouth disease,HFMD),严重危害儿童健康.EV71 3C蛋白酶(3C)是其编码的主要蛋白酶之一,在病毒多蛋白加工过程中发挥关键作用,同时切割细胞蛋白以利于病毒复制.为进一步了解EV71与宿主间博弈关系,本课题组前期以3C为诱饵进行酵母双杂交实验,筛选与3C发生相互作用的可能底物,钓取到锌指MYM型蛋白2(Zinc finger MYM-type protein 2,ZMYM2).ZMYM2是一种具有锌指结构的转录因子,与细胞中重要的抗病毒小体PML核体(PML nuclear bodies,PML-NBs)的形成及稳定性相关.本文选择3C与ZMYM2关系展开研究,确证二者相互作用并初探生物学功能.首先通过免疫共沉淀实验确证3C与ZMYM2之间存在相互作用;随后分析功能,发现过表达ZMYM2抑制EV71复制;敲减内源ZMYM2有利于EV71的复制;分析3C对ZMYM2影响,发现3C剂量依赖性切割ZMYM2,ZMYM2上至少具有2个3C的识别位点.本研究为解析ZMYM2功能及进一步了解EV71与宿主先天免疫间博弈关系提供了新的实验证据.     

EV71类病毒颗粒的表达和免疫原性的初步评价

目的:运用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统构建EV71类病毒颗粒,并对形成的类病毒颗粒的免疫原性进行初步评价。方法:构建重组杆状病毒表达载体Bacmid-P1-3CD,转染昆虫细胞sf9细胞系,获得携带EV71病毒结构基因P1和3CD蛋白酶基因的重组杆状病毒AcMNPV-P1-3CD。采用免疫荧光、Western blot及电镜观察等方法检测重组病毒表达产物及形态学特征。表达产物免疫动物后用ELISA、中和试验的方法对其免疫效果进行初步评价。结果:免疫荧光证明有特异性表达产物,Western blot结果可见大小约为39kDa的VP1特异性条带。电镜结果可观察到大小约为27nm的颗粒。免疫动物的血清ELISA抗体效价为1:776,中和抗体效价为1:588。 结论:利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统能共表达EV71的P1和3CD基因,并能形成EV71类病毒颗粒。 经初步评价,形成的EV71 类病毒颗粒具有较好的免疫原性。     

EV71病毒样颗粒疫苗:改进生产条件增加疫苗收量

<正>为开发肠道病毒71(EV71)疫苗,我们先前构建了重组杆状病毒(Bac-P1-3CD)共表达EV71 P1(在多角体病毒启动子控制下)和3CD(在P10启动子控制下)蛋白。这些蛋白由3CD蛋白酶引起P1的分解,并在Sf-9细胞里自装配成病毒样颗粒(VLPs)。假定降低3CD的表达可减少在P1表达的竞争并提高VLPs的收率,因此我们构建了表达3CD的Bac-P1-C3CD和Bac-P1-I 3CD(分别受控     

EV71-B5亚型在亚太地区流行病学及进化分析

EV71-B5亚型自2003年首次报道以来,在亚太地区频繁引发手足口病(Hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)疫情,并可引起部分婴幼儿重症表现甚至死亡。为了阐明EV71-B5亚型在亚太地区的流行病学规律及进化特征,本文采用分子生物学软件(主要包括BioEdit、MEGA 5.0、Jmodeltest2.1.7、BEAST1.8.2、Tracer1.5、FigTree1.4.3、SPREAD1.0.7),对60条亚太地区的EV71-B5亚型序列进行进化分析及系统发育地理学分析。分析结果显示EV71-B5亚型可在同一地区(中国台湾、泰国等)频繁流行,最近共同祖先的起源时间为2000年9月(95%CI:1999年8月~2001年9月),平均进化速度为4.045×10~(-3)(95%CI:3.222×10~(-3)~4.909×10~(-3));此外,迁移图谱表明EV71-B5亚型在亚太地区具有明显的迁移传播现象,中国厦门EV71-B5亚型分离株(JN964686)推测来源于新加坡地区(BF=3.17)。这种现象提示我国需要加强对该亚型的监测力度,以免发生大范围暴发。     

Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against EV71 screened from mice immunized with yeast-produced virus-like particles

Periodic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) occur in children under 5 years old, and can cause death in some cases. The C4 strain of enterovirus 71(EV71) is the main pathogen that causes HFMD in China. Although no drugs against EV71 are available, some studies have shown that candidate vaccines or viral capsid proteins can produce anti-EV71 immunity. In this study, female BABL/c mice(6–8 weeks old) were immunized with virus-like particles(VLPs) of EV71 produced in yeast to screen for anti-EV71 antibodies. Two hybridomas that could produce neutralizing antibodies against EV71 were obtained. Both neutralizing m Abs(D4 and G12) were confirmed to bind the VP1 capsid protein of EV71, and could protect 95% cells from 100 TCID50 EV71 infection at 25 μg/m L solution(lowest concentration). Those two neutralizing m Abs identified in the study may be promising candidates in development for m Abs to treat EV71 infection, and utilized as suitable reagents for use in diagnostic tests and biological studies.     

Construction and characterization of infectious cDNA clones of enterovirus 71(EV71)

<正>Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71),a member of the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae,is a single-stranded,positive-sense RNA virus that usually causes mild handfoot-mouth disease(HFMD)in children,with symptoms such as fever,diarrhea,and herpangina(Liu et al.,2013).However,certain strains of EV71 infection can cause severe neurological complications,such as SDLY107(Sun et al.,2014).EV71 is classified into three distinct genotypes(A–C);the B and C genotypes are further divided into B1–B5 and C1–C5 genotypes,respectively,based on     

Expression and purification of enterovirus type 71 polyprotein P1 using Pichia pastoris system

Enterovirus type 71(EV71) causes severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) resulting in hundreds of deaths of children every year; However, currently, there is no effective treatment for EV71. In this study, the EV71 poly-protein (EV71-P1 protein) gene was processed and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPIC9k and then expressed in Pichia pastoris strain GS115. The EV71 P1 protein with a molecular weight of 100 kD was produced and secreted into the medium. The soluble EV71 P1 protein was purified by column chromatography with a recovery efficiency of 70%. The result of the immunological analysis showed that the EV71 P1 protein had excellent immunogenicity and could stimulate the production of EV71-VP1 IgG antibody in injected rabbits. We suggest that EV71-P1 protein is an ideal candidate for an EV71 vaccine to prevent EV71 infection.     

肠道病毒EV71 IgM抗体参考品的建立

目的建立肠道病毒EV71 IgM抗体检测用参考血清盘。方法通过收集手足口病感染早期患者的咽拭子和血清,对咽拭子病毒进行分离、鉴定、基因分型,通过血清中和试验及酶联免疫吸附试验(捕获法)的验证,确定EV71 IgM抗体阳性样品,组建EV71 IgM抗体参考血清盘,并经3家实验室对该参考血清盘进行协同标定和确认。结果 12名患儿的咽拭子中均分离到EV71病毒,在RD细胞上引起细胞病变。通过套式PCR扩增、序列测定后进化树分析确认均为流行的C4基因亚型。每名患儿的双份血清均可中和EV71病毒,抗体效价为1∶512~1∶2048。通过捕获法进行EV71 IgM抗体检测结果均为阳性。以此12份样品为原料制备EV71 IgM抗体阳性参考品,同时以12份EV71 IgM抗体阴性血清制备阴性参考品,建立了由12份阳性参考品、12份阴性参考品、1份最低检出限参考品和1份精密性参考品组成的肠道病毒EV71 IgM抗体参考血清盘。通过3家实验室协同标定,各实验室间差异均无统计学意义。结论建立了EV71 IgM抗体检测参考血清盘,为相关检测试剂的质量控制和评价提供了参考标准。     

EV71诱导人神经细胞SH-SY5Y自噬的分子机制

【背景】EV71感染所致的重症手足口病易导致神经系统并发症,使患儿预后较差,甚至死亡。【目的】从EV71可诱导神经细胞自噬这一现象出发,探索该病毒诱导神经细胞自噬的miRNA机制,探讨EV71损伤神经细胞可能的分子机制。【方法】通过RT-PCR及Westernblot技术,在感染EV71病毒的人神经母细胞瘤细胞SH-SY5Y中检测细胞自噬变化;通过芯片分析细胞感染前后差异表达的miRNA分子,再使用miRNA mimics调节工具明确与EV71诱导神经细胞自噬有关的miRNA分子。【结果】EV71可诱导SH-SY5Y细胞自噬增加,下调细胞内miRNA29b(miR29b)分子的表达水平;当上调细胞内miR29b的表达后,EV71诱导细胞自噬增加的现象可被逆转,病毒复制水平下降。【结论】EV71诱导神经细胞自噬是通过下调miR29b分子的表达水平实现;miR29b不仅与自噬相关,它与EV71病毒复制也存在密切关系。因此,该研究不仅有助于阐明EV71导致神经系统损伤的具体分子机制,还为miR29b成为治疗EV71感染可能的新药物靶点奠定了理论基础。     

Myristoylation of EV71 VP4 is Essential for Infectivity and Interaction with Membrane Structure

Virologica Sinica - The Enterovirus 71 (EV71) VP4 is co-translationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue. However, the role of this myristoylation in the EV71 life...     

中国EV71病毒VP1蛋白生物信息学分析

以肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus71,EV71)VP1蛋白基因序列为基础,利用生物软件对EV71病毒中国分离株VP1蛋白进行进化树、N-糖基化位点、二级结构及抗原位点的预测和分析。结果显示国内分离株多为C4亚型,有3株湖南分离株为A型,提示疫苗的研发应着重于预防C4b亚型EV71疫苗的研发。     

EV71 infection induces cell apoptosis through ROS generation and SIRT1 activation

Several studies have substantiated the correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Normally, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is associated with severe clinical manifestations and death. However, the effect of EV71 on the induction of cellular death and the interplay between ROS/SIRT1 in cell death has not been confirmed yet. In the current study, an increase in the number of apoptotic cells was observed as soon as the EV71 infection was initiated in cells and mice. Furthermore, EV71 infection also promoted a rise in the levels of three commonly known proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. During EV71-induced apoptosis in the different cell lines, ROS generation and SIRT1 downregulation were observed. Further investigations showed that the administration of ROS inhibitor, N-acetyl- l -cysteine (NAC), reduced the level of apoptosis and inflammation, reduced EV71 propagation, and increased SIRT1 expression in EV71-infected cells. In addition, combined administration of NAC and EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) restored apoptosis in the EV71-infected cells, which was reduced due to NAC. This data demonstrated that ROS generation is positively associated with EV71-induced apoptosis and inflammation, while this effect could be reversed by SIRT1 inhibition. Collectively, we have shown that EV71 induces apoptosis and inflammation by promoting ROS generation and reducing SIRT1 expression.     

Overproduction and partial purification of the Norrie disease gene product, norrin, from a recombinant baculovirus

Abnormal vascularization of the peripheral retina and retinal detachment are common clinical characteristics of Norrie disease (ND), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, Coats' disease, and retinopathy of prematurity. Although little is known about the molecular basis of these diseases, studies have shown that all of these diseases are associated with mutations in the ND gene. In spite of this, little is known about norrin, its molecular mechanism of action, and its functional relationship with the development of abnormal retinal vasculature. To obtain a large quantity of norrin for structural and functional studies, we have overproduced it in insect cells. For this purpose, a cDNA fragment (869 bp) was isolated from a human retinal cDNA library by amplification and was cloned into an expression vector. The purified plasmid was co-transfected with wild-type linearized Bac-N-Blue DNA into S. frugiperda Sf21 insect cells. The recombinant virus plaques were purified and clones were selected based on the level of recombinant protein expressed in Sf21 cells infected with a purified recombinant virus. From these, a high-titer stock was generated and subsequently used to prepare a fused protein on a large scale. The protein was partially purified by the process of immobilized metal affinity chromatography and the use of ion exchange chromatography