土壤中外源锌对不同植物毒性的敏感性分布

采用逻辑斯蒂克分布(log-logistic distribution)模型结合物种敏感性分布方程Burr-III分析,研究了2种不同土壤中添加不同水平的外源Zn后对8种不同植物毒性的剂量-效应关系及不同植物对外源Zn毒害的敏感性差异。结果表明,土壤中添加低浓度(<100mg·kg-1)Zn能对植物生长产生刺激效应,而过量的Zn则产生明显毒害作用。土壤中Zn毒性的阈值浓度(ECx)在不同植物间有较大差异,这主要与植物种类及土壤性质差异有关。不同土壤中Zn植物毒性的敏感性分布结果表明,不同植物对Zn毒性的敏感性频次分布有明显差异,其中叶菜类植物对土壤中Zn的毒害较为敏感,而禾本科类植物(如玉米)对Zn具有较强的抗性,不同类型植物对土壤中Zn毒害的敏感性分布频次顺序与土壤性质无关。     

嫁接对铜胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生理特性的影响

以南瓜‘京欣砧三号’为砧木、薄皮甜瓜‘IVF09’为接穗,以自根苗为对照,研究了嫁接对铜胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明: 在铜胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗的生理特性受到抑制.与自根苗相比,嫁接苗的生物量、叶片中光合色素、葡萄糖和果糖含量及光合参数,蔗糖磷酸合成酶、中性转化酶、酸性转化酶活性均显著提高.嫁接改善了养分吸收,有效增加了K、P、Na等的含量,减少了Cu含量,在800 μmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺胁迫下,嫁接苗叶片和根部Cu含量分别比自根苗降低31.3%和15.2%;嫁接改善了植株内源激素平衡,嫁接苗叶片中生长素含量、过氧化物酶活性高于自根苗,脱落酸、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性低于自根苗.表明嫁接减弱了铜胁迫对甜瓜幼苗生理特性的抑制作用,从而提高了幼苗对铜胁迫的抵抗能力.     

金属硫蛋白和植物螯合肽在植物重金属耐性中的作用

植物螯合肽和金属硫蛋白广泛存在于植物界中,它们对植物耐重金属特别重要,能够与重金属形成复合物,以缓解重金属对植物的危害。本文就这两种金属螯合蛋白的结构、生物合成和基因调控,以及在植物体内缓解重金属毒害的作用方面作了简要介绍。     

植物螯合肽及其在抗重金属胁迫中的作用

植物螯合肽(PCs)广泛存在于植物体中,与植物抗重金属胁迫关系密切。植物螯合肽及其复合物是一类富含半胱氨酸的低分子量化合物。现有研究证明,PCS由谷胱甘肽(GSH)为底物的酶促反应合成,其合成受相关基因的调控,从模式植物拟南芥的突变体中已分离到与PCS合成有关的几个基因。植物螯合肽首先与重金属离子结合形成低分子量(LMW)复合物,以此形态经由细胞质进入液泡后,再与一个分子的植物螯合肽结合,形成对植物组织毒性较小的高分子量(HMW)复合物,从而达到缓解重金属对植物的危害作用。就植物螯合肽及其复合物的结构、生物合成、基因调控及重金属解毒机理等进行了综述,并对今后的研究方向提出了一些看法。     

植物螯合肽及其在重金属胁迫下的适应机制

概述了植物螯合肽的组成,结构、功能、生物合成过程以及分子生物学的研究进展。     

细胞壁在植物重金属耐性中的作用

植物细胞壁主要是由多糖、蛋白质和木质素等组成的一个复合体,广泛参与植物生长发育及对各种逆境胁迫的响应,是重金属离子进入细胞质的第一道屏障。本文主要综述了植物细胞壁主要成分,包括细胞壁多糖、细胞壁蛋白质和木质素,在响应重金属胁迫反应中的作用及其参与重金属耐性的机制,以期能对植物细胞壁在重金属耐性中的作用有更深入的了解。     

植物螯合肽及其功能

植物螯合肽（phytochelatin,PC）是一类富含Cys、由PC合酶以GSH为底物催化合成的小分子多肽,能通过Cys的-SH络合重金属.研究PC的合成机理及其重金属解毒机制、研究PC合酶和PC合酶基因的表达模式及其功能对于运用植物修复技术治理重金属污染的土壤和水体具有重要意义.     

miRNA在植物重金属胁迫应答中的作用

microRNA （miRNA）是一种新型的长度为20~24 nt的非编码RNA,通过对靶基因的表达调节进而参与调控植物体的多种生理代谢活动。重金属是一类重要的环境污染物,严重危害植物的生长发育,甚至导致植物死亡。植物在长期的进化过程中形成了抵御重金属胁迫的多种机制,如miRNA对特定基因转录后水平的调控就在逆境胁迫应答中发挥重要作用。本文综述了植物中参与重金属胁迫应答miRNA的种类及作用机制,为揭示重金属胁迫条件下基因表达调控机制,以及利用基因工程手段改良植物对重金属的耐受性提供了线索和依据。     

有机酸在植物对重金属耐性和解毒机制中的作用

植物对重金属的耐受和解毒机制可分为外部排斥和内部耐受两大类。该文综述了有机酸作为一类金属配位体, 在植物对重金属的这两大类机制中的重要作用。在重金属的外部排斥过程中, 植物根系分泌有机酸, 与金属离子形成稳定的金属配位体复合物, 改变重金属的移动性和生物可利用性, 阻止金属离子进入植物体内或避免其在根部敏感位点累积。此外, 有机酸还可与进入植物体内的金属离子螯合, 使其转化为无毒或毒性较小的结合形态, 缓解重金属的毒害效应, 实现植物对重金属的内部耐受。     

植物螫合肽及其在重金属胁迫下的适应机制

概述了植物螯合肽的组成、结构、功能、生物合成过程以及分子生物学的研究进展.     

重金属胁迫下内生菌对宿主植物的解毒机制

采用内生菌联合植物修复是土壤重金属污染修复理论研究和应用实践的新思路。较之根际促生菌,内生菌因生存环境稳定且与植物联系更加紧密,在实际应用中具有更大价值。在重金属胁迫下,部分具有特定功能的细菌可进入植物体内成为内生菌,这些内生菌通常在重金属吸收、耐受和解毒方面具有优良的特性,而且可以协同宿主植物耐受重金属胁迫,表现在直接或间接降低植物体内重金属胁迫强度和提高植物本身对重金属的耐受性两方面。系统分析了内生菌对宿主植物的解毒机制,综述了近年来内生菌增强植物重金属耐受性的研究,展望了重金属胁迫下植物和内生菌互作机制的研究思路和方向。     

Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants

Plants experience oxidative stress upon exposure to heavy metals that leads to cellular damage. In addition, plants accumulate metal ions that disturb cellular ionic homeostasis. To minimize the detrimental effects of heavy metal exposure and their accumulation, plants have evolved detoxification mechanisms. Such mechanisms are mainly based on chelation and subcellular compartmentalization. Chelation of heavy metals is a ubiquitous detoxification strategy described in wide variety of plants. A principal class of heavy metal chelator known in plants is phytochelatins (PCs), a family of Cys-rich peptides. PCs are synthesized non-translationally from reduced glutathione (GSH) in a transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase (PCS). Therefore, availability of glutathione is very essential for PCs synthesis in plants at least during their exposure to heavy metals. Here, I reviewed on effect of heavy metals exposure to plants and role of GSH and PCs in heavy metal stress tolerance. Further, genetic manipulations of GSH and PCs levels that help plants to ameliorate toxic effects of heavy metals have been presented.     

植物络合素和植物络合素合酶的研究

植物络合素（Phytochelatins,PCs)是由于重金属离子诱导而在植物体内合成的一类小分子多肽,其结构式为（γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly,(n=2-11);PCs能够螯合重金属,从而起到对对重金属解毒的作用,PCs并非基因的直接产物,而是由植物络合素合酶（phytochelatin syn-thase,PCS),以GSH为底物催化合成的;植物络合素合酶基因的表达是组成型的,重金属离子能够活化PCS,诱导PCs的合成。1989年,人们首次报道得到了部分纯化的PCS,10年后,3个研究小组分别于1999年同时克隆和鉴定了编码PCS的基因,这些结果不仅对于研究PCs的合成途径和模型的建立及植物抗重金属机制的探讨有重要意义,而且在利用基因工程改良植物抗重金属能力和净化环境污染方面有应用前景。     

超富集植物吸收富集重金属的生理和分子生物学机制

与普通植物相比,超富集植物在地上部富集大量重金属离子的情况下可以正常生长,其富集重金属的机理已经成为当前植物逆境生理研究的热点领域．尤其是近两年,随着分子生物学等现代技术手段的引人,关于重金属离子富集机理的研究取得了一定进展．通过与酵母突变株功能互补克隆到了多条编码微量元素转运蛋白的全长cDNA;也从分子水平上研究了谷胱甘肽、植物螯合素、金属硫蛋白、有机酸或氨基酸等含巯基物质与重金属富集之间的可能关系．本文从植物生理和分子生物学角度简要评述超富集植物对重金属元素的吸收、富集、整合及区室化的机制．     

Possible roles of phytochelatins and glutathione metabolism in cadmium tolerance in chickpea roots

The possible roles of phytochelatin (PC) and glutathione (GSH) in the heavy metal detoxification in plants were examined using two varieties (CSG-8962 and C-235) of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The seedlings were grown for 5 days and the roots were treated with 0–20 μM CdSO₄ for 3 days. The CSG-8962 seedlings exhibited more Cd-tolerant characteristics than did the C-235, where the roots, rather than shoots, suffered from more toxic effects by Cd. Both the seedlings synthesized the large amounts of PCs and homo-phytochelatins (hPCs) in roots, but only a little in shoots in response to Cd. The Cd treatments also caused a marked increase in the levels of GSH and cysteine in both the root and shoot tissues, suggesting that Cd may activate the GSH biosynthesis and, hence, enhance PC synthesis in the plants. Such a Cd-sensitive PC synthesis in chickpea plants does not explain the difference in Cd sensitivity in the varieties, but can be used as a biochemical indicator for Cd contamination in various environments. In the chickpea plants, possible PC-dependent and independent mechanisms for Cd tolerance are discussed. Electronic Publication     

Phytochelatins and heavy metal tolerance

The induction and heavy metal binding properties of phytochelatins in heavy metal tolerant (Silene vulgaris) and sensitive (tomato) cell cultures, in water cultures of these plants and in Silene vulgaris grown on a medieval copper mining dump were investigated. Application of heavy metals to cell suspension cultures and whole plants of Silene vulgaris and tomato induces the formation of heavy metal–phytochelatin-complexes with Cu and Cd and the binding of Zn and Pb to lower molecular weight substances. The binding of heavy metal ions to phytochelatins seems to play only a transient role in the heavy metal detoxification, because the Cd- and Cu-complexes disappear in the roots of water cultures of Silene vulgaris between 7 and 14 days after heavy metal exposition. Free heavy metal ions were not detectable in the extracts of all investigated plants and cell cultures. Silene vulgaris plants grown under natural conditions on a mining dump synthesize low molecular weight heavy metal binding compounds only and show no complexation of heavy metal ions to phytochelatins. The induction of phytochelatins is a general answer of higher plants to heavy metal exposition, but only some of the heavy metal ions are able to form stable complexes with phytochelatins. The investigation of tolerant plants from the copper mining dump shows that phytochelatins are not responsible for the development of the heavy metal tolerant phenotypes.     

芦竹对不同重金属耐性的研究

研究芦竹(Arundo donax)在不同重金属污染湿地中的耐毒性能,测定了不同生长时段芦竹的生物性状和叶绿素含量,以及土壤中重金属含量的变化.结果表明,芦竹分别在浓度为100 mg·kg^-1左右的CuCu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺、Hg²⁺和50 mg·kg^-1以下的Cr⁶⁺污染环境中能正常成活,在40 d的生长期内,植物体内叶绿素有不同程度降低,下降比率在20%～56%,植物出现叶片软化,叶尖枯黄等症状,但植株仍呈现增长趋势.与对照植物相比较,在重金属胁迫下,植株细长,茎、叶呈黄绿色,除Cr⁶⁺、Hg²⁺外,植物高度基本不受重金属胁迫的影响.芦竹在高浓度(100mg·kg^-1)Cr⁶⁺污染环境中耐性较弱,表现出生长缓慢,部分地下茎腐烂,叶片短时间内出现枯萎等症状.结果还表明,土壤中重金属浓度随植物生长期增长而降低,除被植物吸收,植物挥发外,还存在着重金属向根际圈环境迁移的趋势,根周边湿土中重金属含量,明显高于试验缸外围湿土中重金属含量.可以认为,芦竹具有生物量大,根系发达,适应性强等特点,对修复湿地重金属污染蕴藏着巨大潜力,研究芦竹在植物修复技术中的应用,具有一定的现实意义.     

Conocarpus biochar as a soil amendment for reducing heavy metal availability and uptake by maize plants

The objective of this study was to assess the use of Concarpus biochar as a soil amendment for reducing heavy metal accessibility and uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.). The impacts of biochar rates (0.0, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0% w/w) and two soil moisture levels (75% and 100% of field capacity, FC) on immobilization and availability of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb to maize plants as well as its application effects on soil pH, EC, bulk density, and moisture content were evaluated using heavy metal-contaminated soil collected from mining area. The biochar addition significantly decreased the bulk density and increased moisture content of soil. Applying biochar significantly reduced NH₄OAc- or AB-DTPA-extractable heavy metal concentrations of soils, indicating metal immobilization. Conocarpus biochar increased shoot dry biomass of maize plants by 54.5–102% at 75% FC and 133–266% at 100% FC. Moreover, applying biochar significantly reduced shoot heavy metal concentrations in maize plants (except for Fe at 75% FC) in response to increasing application rates, with a highest decrease of 51.3% and 60.5% for Mn, 28% and 21.2% for Zn, 60% and 29.5% for Cu, 53.2% and 47.2% for Cd at soil moisture levels of 75% FC and 100% FC, respectively. The results suggest that biochar may be effectively used as a soil amendment for heavy metal immobilization and in reducing its phytotoxicity.     

The metal distribution and the change of physiological and biochemical process in soybean and mung bean plants under heavy metal stress

Soybean [Glycine max (Linn.) Merrill] and mung bean [Vigna radiate (Linn.) Wilczek] plants were challenged with 5 kinds of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg)] in a hydroponic system. We applied 4 different metal treatments to study the effects of heavy metals on several physiological and biochemical parameters in these species, including root length, heavy metal concentrations and allocation in different organs, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein and chlorophyll. The data showed that the growth of the roots of soybean and mung bean was equally sensitive to external Hg concentrations. Soybean was more sensitive to external Cd concentrations, and mung bean was more sensitive to external Cr, Cu and Pb concentrations. Normal concentrations of heavy metal would not cause visible toxic symptoms, and a low level of heavy metal even slightly stimulated the growth of plants. With the rise of heavy metal concentration, heavy metal stress induces an oxidative stress response in soybean and mung bean plants, characterized by an accumulation of MDA and the alternation pattern of antioxidative enzymes. Meanwhile, the growth of plants was suppressed, the content of chlorophyll decreased and leaves showed chlorosis symptoms at high metal concentrations.     

Chloroplast targeting of phytochelatin synthase in Arabidopsis: effects on heavy metal tolerance and accumulation

The enzymatically synthesized thiol peptide phytochelatin (PC) plays a central role in heavy metal tolerance and detoxification in plants. In response to heavy metal exposure, the constitutively expressed phytochelatin synthase enzyme (PCS) is activated leading to synthesis of PCs in the cytosol. Recent attempts to increase plant metal accumulation and tolerance reported that PCS over-expression in transgenic plants paradoxically induced cadmium hypersensitivity. In the present paper, we investigate the possibility of synthesizing PCs in plastids by over-expressing a plastid targeted phytochelatin synthase (PCS). Plastids represent a relatively important cellular volume and offer the advantage of containing glutathione, the precursor of PC synthesis. Using a constitutive CaMV 35S promoter and a RbcS transit peptide, we successfully addressed AtPCS1 to chloroplasts, significant PCS activity being measured in this compartment in two independent transgenic lines. A substantial increase in the PC content and a decrease in the glutathione pool were observed in response to cadmium exposure, when compared to wild-type plants. While over-expressing AtPCS1 in the cytosol importantly decreased cadmium tolerance, both cadmium tolerance and accumulation of plants expressing plastidial AtPCS1 were not significantly affected compared to wild-type. Interestingly, targeting AtPCS1 to chloroplasts induced a marked sensitivity to arsenic while plants over-expressing AtPCS1 in the cytoplasm were more tolerant to this metalloid. These results are discussed in relation to heavy metal trafficking pathways in higher plants and to the interest of using plastid expression of PCS for biotechnological applications.