中国东北样带（NECT）东部森林区的植被与表土花粉的定量关系

基于中国北东样带东部森林区８个植被样方和表土花粉资料,定量分析了每种植物与表土花粉类型的关系。结果表明：花粉类型与植物关系密切,在α＝０．０５的显性水平上,相关系数（ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ）Ｃ值大都在０．５以上;表土花粉组合与植物群落间有较大的相似性,相似系数（ＣＣ）大于５０％。采用定量描述花粉与植物关系的参数：联合指数（ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎｄｅｘ）Ａ、超代表性指     

东北长白山垂直林带下现代表土花粉与植被关系

在长白山北坡5个垂直植被带的林下采集29个表土(苔藓)样品进行孢粉分析，同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明，除个别样品，在长白山垂直植被带的孢粉组合中乔木花粉占优势，其中以松属和桦木属最多，在各植被带均有分布。松属花粉最高含量出现在以红松为主的针阔混交林带的孢粉组合中；桦木属花粉则大量见于亚高山岳桦林带和以栎桦为主的阔叶落叶林带，但前者伴有耐寒、旱的小灌从杜鹃花属花粉，而在后者中则见有大量蕨类孢子。阔叶落叶林带的孢粉组合是以类型多、百分含量高的落叶乔木花粉和大量蕨类饱子为特征。亚高山针叶林带的孢粉组合中出现数量众多的云杉属花粉。在高山苔原带孢粉组合中虽然乔木花粉略占优势，但极少或不见蕨类孢子，与其他植被带比较，草本植物和小灌丛花粉明鲜较多，其中杜鹃属花粉含量在草本中占优势，其中出现苔原带的指示花粉——仙女木属。     

青藏高原南部米拉山东、西坡表土花粉与现代植被关系研究

本文通过分析西藏米拉山东、西坡不同植被类型23个表土花粉样品,结合现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了米拉山地区表土花粉组合与现代植被的关系。结果显示,米拉山地区的表土花粉组合特征基本上能够反映出现代植被类型特征,但是在科属类别,组成方面又存在一定的差异性。同时,米拉山地区主要花粉类型代表性R值分析结果表明,灌木植物花粉杜鹃属具有低代表性,草本植物花粉蒿属、禾本科具有超代表性,而莎草科与蓼属则具有低代表性,这为本地区及相似地区古气候重建提供了基础和验证资料。     

新疆表土中云杉花粉与植被的关系

通过对新疆天山、阿尔泰山、昆仑山、塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地不同植被带中所取的 131个表土样中云杉花粉含量进行百分比统计分析 ,从而确定了影响表土中云杉花粉含量的主要因素是距云杉林地距离、海拔高度、气流和水流等。进而指出在荒漠、荒漠草原表土中云杉花粉含量稳定在 5 %以下 ;林带内表土中云杉花粉含量稳定在 30 %以上 ;在森林线以上的亚高山、高山草甸、高山垫状植被以及高山流石滩植被中表土中云杉花粉含量主要受气流的影响 ,而平原河谷林和平原低地草甸表土中的云杉含量则受水流的制约。     

中国西天山北坡表土花粉与区域植被关系

天山是横亘中国西北的著名山系之一,将新疆分为南、北两个独立的地理区域,其自身也构成了一个完整的自然地理单元.因其山体海拔高,径向跨度大,纬向延伸长,气候、土壤和植被等自然地理要素各方面的区域差异,这对花粉搬运、传播、保存与沉积产生了显著影响.本文根据对西天山北坡采集的50个表土样品花粉分析,结合野外考察资料,揭示了该区...     

天山南坡阔克沙勒岭地区表土花粉分布特征

表土花粉组合及其与现代植被分布的对应关系,是利用地层花粉开展古植被与古气候重建的基础。本文通过对阔克沙勒岭地区60个表土花粉样品,运用聚类分析和降趋势对应分析方法研究探讨天山南坡表土花粉分布规律及影响因素。结果表明,(1)蒿属(Artemisia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)花粉呈超代表性,蒿属/藜科值的大小可指示湿度变化,还可用于区分荒漠和荒漠草原植物群落;麻黄属(Ephedra)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)花粉代表性较好,在表土花粉组合中优势明显;禾本科(Poaceae)代表性偏低,推测与其自身花粉产量、群落物种多样性等因素有关;(2)阔克沙勒岭地区各植被带花粉组合特征显著,灌木/半灌木荒漠带麻黄属、藜科花粉含量高,蒿属、白刺属(Nitraria)、柽柳属(Tamarix)在各自分布区得到应有体现;禾本科花粉由于低代表性而在荒漠草原带、高寒草原带的优势不明显,在高寒草原带含量略高;莎草科花粉在嵩草草甸带组合中含量居首位,体现出了其在该植被带中的优势;(3)聚类分析和降趋势对应分析在阔克沙勒岭表土花粉研究中能划分识别植被带,降趋势对应分析揭示湿度是影响植被分布的主要因素...     

青藏高原南部拉萨半干旱河谷表土花粉与区域植被的关系研究北大核心CSCD

对拉萨半干旱河谷表土花粉和冲积物样品进行对比分析,结果表明,拉萨半干旱河谷的表土花粉组合能较好反映样方植被群落特征,而河流冲积物表层花粉样中,拉萨河中游样品花粉组合能较好地反映其中上游流域植被的总体面貌,下游段河流冲积物花粉组合主要反映河道周围湿地植被群落特征。主成分分析(PCA)结果说明,前两个因子轴的累计贡献率为41.9%,较好地解释了该区域花粉种属的分布与两个轴之间的关系。同时,研究区表土花粉莎草科/(禾本科+蒿属)Cy/(G+A)值由拉萨河中游至下游逐渐减小,反映该流域的湿度从东到西逐渐降低。     

云南丽江-大理地区现代表土花粉垂直分布特征

文章主要研究云南丽江-大理地区不同海拔高度表土花粉。虽然松属花粉在各个植被带都占有优势,但是建群种花粉含量相对较高。降趋对应分析法（detrended correspondenc eanalysis,简称DCA）分析显示,表土花粉的分布和海拔之间具有非常密切的关系,DCA第一轴的值和海拔高度之间的线性相关系数达0．82（r^2=0．82）。此次研究表明,在云南山地,可以通过含量相对较高的花粉来重建古植被。     

过去4000年中国降水与森林变化的数量关系

历史时期陆地森林覆被的变化是影响气候变化的重要因素。通过应用历史回推、理论推导和统计分析方法,研究了过去4000a中国降水与森林变化的数量关系。结果表明:近4000a来全国年均降水量由918mm,下降为20世纪70-80年代的612mm,再提高到21世纪初年的628mm。全国森林厚度约由9.38mm,减少到20世纪70年代的1.03mm,再恢复到21世纪初的1.58mm。由于森林相对农田、草原、城市等土地利用类型具有更强大的蒸散作用,加之中国东南季风的特殊气候动力条件,致使中国的森林对降水有重要影响。森林厚度每变化1mm,则影响降水变化37mm。中国20世纪70-90年代出现的罗布泊干涸、青海湖水位降至历史顶点、黄河断流、土地沙漠化扩大等气候干旱现象不是偶然的,从大尺度上说,是我国近4000a来森林资源破坏达于极点而导致气候干旱化达于极点的必然结果。历史上森林破坏时空上的不均匀性可能导致了气候变化的阶段性和突变,280-1230年,受人口南迁和人口数量增长的影响,中国南方亚热带和热带森林受到大规模破坏,致使在此期间中国气候表现为持续干旱化。可见我国南方森林影响全国尤其是北方气候变化的作用值得重视。治理中国北方地区的沙漠化在根本上要靠森林资源的增加,不仅要提高森林覆盖率,更要增加森林厚度。中国土地沙漠化加剧的主要原因在于气候的干旱化,而气候干旱化的主要原因则是中国森林资源的减少。在未来,只要中国森林的厚度增加了,全国年均降水量就会增加起来,中国的沙漠化就会得到治理,西北地区大面积土地的生产潜力就会逐渐得到挖掘和发挥。     

天龙山木本群落种间关系的研究

采用χ^2检验方法和相关分析等方法对山西天龙山木本植物群落进行了种间关系分析．结果表明木本植物群落的种间关系以正相关为主,但是负关联的比重也较大,而且还有一定的独立格局存在,表明物种间的关系不大稳定,群落正处于发展演替之中,同时也表明物种对环境资源的竞争并不激烈,物种资源比较丰富。     

Quantitative relationship between zinc transport and plant uptake

Summary The importance of the Zn buffer power and its influence on the Zn concentration in soil solution was investigated in a simulatory experiment where the soil in question, previously treated with Zn and compacted to known bulk density, was eluted with 0.01M CaCl₂ under constant hydraulic head. The data so obtained were correlated with Zn, uptake by maize. The correlation coefficient for effluent Znvs total Zn uptake improved, remarkably when the corresponding Zn buffer power was also incorporated into the computations. It is concluded from this and the earlier investigation² that the Zn buffer power is the most important parameter governing Zn uptake by maize.     

Seasonal changes in the relationship between plant species richness and community biomass in early succession

We analysed the relationship between plant species richness and productivity on first-year-old fields at two similar sites in central Europe. At both sites, a wide range of productivity levels was available resulting from different long-term fertilisation. In order to identify underlying mechanisms of the species richness–productivity relationship we included the seasonal dynamics and the number of individuals of each species in our analysis. We sampled 10 and 21 plots, respectively, at the two sites in May, June and July by harvesting all aboveground parts of vascular plants in 0.25 m² subplots. Species richness, number of individuals of each species and community biomass as a surrogate of productivity were recorded in each sample.At one site, the relationship between species richness and biomass was significantly positive in the May and June harvest. This relationship disappeared in the July harvest due to a reduction in species richness at high productivity levels. The relations between species richness and number of individuals and between number of individuals and biomass paralleled the species richness–productivity relation but the individual number–biomass relationship remained positive until the last harvest. Between-species differences in individual number–community biomass relationships and their seasonal dynamics revealed “interspecific competitive exclusion” even though the species richness–biomass relationships were not negative or hump-shaped. At the second site, species richness was not related to productivity or to number of individuals. Our study demonstrated the importance of temporal dynamics and regional processes in understanding species richness–productivity patterns.     

A comparison of statistical approaches to analyzing community convergence between natural and constructed oyster reefs

Evaluating the success of habitat creation or restoration depends primarily on the selection of appropriate goals, relevant metrics and robust analytic approaches. For intertidal oyster reefs, the goal of restoring ecological function often is as important as the production of harvestable oysters, especially since oysters are the habitat. Assessing differences in resident faunal composition between created and natural reefs is one possible metric for evaluating ecological success. Yearly changes in the resident faunal composition on constructed and natural intertidal oyster reefs at one South Carolina restoration site were analyzed with a variety of statistical approaches to determine the most effective method(s) for documenting possible convergence in the similarity of reef assemblages over time. Two datasets were defined by the level of taxonomic identification, all taxa or a subset of common taxa, and the level of taxa reduction; all taxa, taxa > 1% of total abundance, and taxa significantly contributing to variation. Data were analyzed using “classic” multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), null model analysis of co-occurrence (ECOSIM), nonparametric analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), and permutation tests for multivariate analysis of similarity (PERMANOVA). Taxa abundance was used to weight MANOVA and ECOSIM analyses, while the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index was used to weight ANOSIM and PERMANOVA analyses. Initial constraints on the analytic design and data manipulations resulted in only one test where convergence of the constructed and natural reef assemblages was indicated. Prescribed reductions in the suite of taxa considered did not alter appreciably the results. The analytic approaches varied in suitability and effectiveness at discriminating among changes in compositional similarity, even when initial constraints were relaxed. MANOVA results indicated either no difference or a significant difference in resident faunal composition between reefs, but were compromised by the inability to transform the data sufficiently to test for multivariate homogeneity violations even in analyses with reduced taxa numbers. Interpretation of ECOSIM results suggested fewer taxa in common even on natural reefs and were affected by a lack of design alternatives and the possible inflation of Type I error that weighting by abundance may cause. ANOSIM results identified no significant reef treatment effects and also suffered from design constraints and an inability to generate enough permutations to test for significant differences in datasets with relatively small sample sizes. All test results from PERMANOVA analyses except one indicated unambiguously that resident faunal assemblages on constructed reefs generally were not yet similar to natural reefs even after 7 years. Convergence of constructed and natural reef resident assemblages was suggested by PERMANOVA tests only for the dataset with the fewest taxa. The negligible limitations of PERMANOVA, flexible design options, and ability to generate significance tests for small sample sizes make the approach powerful. The ongoing development of effective statistical approaches for testing the significance of taxonomic compositional changes among habitats makes the determination of whether restoration projects are successful less dependent on the choice of analytic technique. More critical, biological questions including whether convergence of taxa abundance and composition is a valid indicator of similar ecological function remain to be answered.     

Modelling the distribution and compositional variation of plant communities at the continental scale

Aim

We investigate whether (1) environmental predictors allow to delineate the distribution of discrete community types at the continental scale and (2) how data completeness influences model generalization in relation to the compositional variation of the modelled entities.

Location

Europe.

Methods

We used comprehensive datasets of two community types of conservation concern in Europe: acidophilous beech forests and base‐rich fens. We computed community distribution models (CDMs) calibrated with environmental predictors to predict the occurrence of both community types, evaluating geographical transferability, interpolation and extrapolation under different scenarios of sampling bias. We used generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) to assess the role of geographical and environmental drivers in compositional variation within the predicted distributions.

Results

For the two community types, CDMs computed for the whole study area provided good performance when evaluated by random cross‐validation and external validation. Geographical transferability provided lower but relatively good performance, while model extrapolation performed poorly when compared with interpolation. Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed a predominant effect of geographical distance on compositional variation, complemented with the environmental predictors that also influenced habitat suitability.

Main conclusions

Correlative approaches typically used for modelling the distribution of individual species are also useful for delineating the potential area of occupancy of community types at the continental scale, when using consistent definitions of the modelled entity and high data completeness. The combination of CDMs with GDM further improves the understanding of diversity patterns of plant communities, providing spatially explicit information for mapping vegetation diversity and related habitat types at large scales.

     

盐城滨海湿地植物群落种间格局与竞争的关系研究

盐城滨海湿地植物群落种间格局与竞争关系发生变化,导致湿地景观结构与格局发生变化。以江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区核心区为典型研究区,利用1992、1997、2000、2011、2017年TM影像作为数据源,结合GIS技术,运用景观生态学方法分析了滨海湿地植物群落种间格局与竞争关系的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)1992—2017年,植物群落结构变化呈现出芦苇群落和互花米草群落持续扩张的特征,其面积百分比到2017年分别达到37.06%和34.50%;碱蓬群落整体上呈现持续萎缩的特征,到2017年仅占5.09%。(2)1992—2017年,香农多样性指数(SHDI)和边缘密度(ED)值分别先上升至1.482和14.391,再逐渐下降至1.283和11.967,最大斑块指数(LPI)和聚集度指数(AI)先增大再减小,均反映了植物群落竞争关系从单一化走向多元化再到单一化的趋势。(3)1992—2017年,芦苇-碱蓬群落之间竞争的空间位置先向海方向推进,后向陆方面后退;碱蓬-互花米草群落竞争的位置先向海、再向陆方向、再向海方面演进;芦苇-碱蓬-互花米草群落种间竞争的位置由区域的南部向中部演进。研...