人工长白落叶松树干边材、心材和树皮密度预测模型

基于黑龙江省林口林业局、东京城林业局和东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场的35株人工长白落叶松的解析样木数据,构建长白落叶松的边材、心材和树皮密度的Beta回归模型,采用赤池信息准则、决定系数、平均绝对偏差、均方根误差和似然比检验对模型的拟合优度进行比较评价,进而选取边材、心材和树皮密度的最优模型,最后采用刀切法对选择出的最优模型进行检验,评价模型预测能力。结果表明: 边材、心材和树皮密度的最优模型的自变量不完全相同,其中,边材密度与树木年龄、树高、相对高度和相对高度的平方关系较好,而心材密度最优模型的自变量为年生长量、相对高度和相对高度的平方,树皮密度最优模型的自变量为树木年龄、年生长量、相对高度和相对高度的平方。对最优模型分析可知,从树干基部到树梢,边材密度逐渐减小,心材密度先减小后增加,树皮密度先增加后减小。本研究所建立的Beta回归模型可以预估该研究区域的人工林内长白落叶松的边材、心材和树皮任意位置的木材密度,为树干平均密度和生物量的研究奠定基础。     

基于beta回归的长白落叶松树干含水率预测模型

为探究人工长白落叶松边材、心材、树皮、树干含水率沿树干的纵向变化规律,本研究结合样地、样木效应,构建了基于beta回归的含水率混合效应模型,采用不限定相对高度(方案Ⅰ)和限定高度在2 m以下(方案Ⅱ)2种抽样方式对模型进行校正。结果表明：边材、树干含水率沿树干向上逐渐增加;心材含水率沿树干向上先略减后增大;树皮含水率沿树干向上先增大后趋于平缓,然后再增加。相对高度、活冠高、林分每公顷胸高断面积、年龄和林分优势高是显著影响长白落叶松木材含水率的因子。方案Ⅰ下,随机抽取2～3个圆盘的含水率测量值来校准模型可以得到稳定的预测精度,树干含水率的平均绝对误差百分比(MAPE)可达7.2%(随机抽取2个),边材、心材、树皮含水率的MAPE可达7.4%、10.5%、10.5%(随机抽取3个);方案Ⅱ下,抽取1.3和2 m圆盘的含水率测量值校准模型最适宜,边材、心材、树皮和树干含水率的MAPE分别达到7.8%、11.0%、10.4%和7.1%。所有beta混合效应回归模型的预测精度都明显优于基础模型。包含样地、样木效应的两水平beta混合效应回归模型可以很好地预测长白落叶松各部位的含水率。     

三种针叶树种节子属性通用方程的构建

以2020年在黑龙江省林口林业局与孟家岗林场选取的3种典型针叶树种红松、长白落叶松、樟子松为研究对象,对节子直径、疏松节长度、健全节长度3种属性构建基础模型、哑变量模型和混合模型,分析不同树种节子属性的差异,简化模型的建模工作。首先通过剖析法收集相关节子属性数据,结合相关文献,转换模型形式以及替换相关变量,构建基础模型;将树种作为定性因子,转化为哑变量,引入基础模型中,构建相关属性的哑变量模型;在构建混合模型时,引入样木与样地水平的随机效应,通过比较赤池信息准则(AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)等评价指标,选出拟合效果最佳的混合模型。之后对基础模型、哑变量模型、混合模型的拟合精度进行对比,选出最优的通用方程。结果表明：3种模型中,哑变量模型与混合模型的拟合精度均大于基础模型。AIC、BIC等评价指标显示,混合模型对节子属性的拟合效果优于哑变量模型。模型对比结果中,健全节长度、疏松节长度、节子直径混合模型的R²相较于基础模型分别提升了13.2%、84.8%、40.3%。不同树种3种节子属性基础模型的预测精度均大于90%,哑变量模型与混合模型的预测精度均在94%以上...     

Changes in log quality at different decay stages in an alpine forest

倒木是高寒森林生态系统重要的碳(C)库和养分库,其不同分解阶段的质量变化,是认识倒木分解过程中C和养分释放的重要基础。以一个分解序列的岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)倒木为研究对象,研究了心材、边材和树皮在5个分解阶段的C:N:P化学计量特征,以及木质素和纤维素含量动态。结果显示:I至III分解阶段,随着分解程度加深,树皮C含量升高,而心材和边材C含量降低,从IV分解阶段开始倒木各组分C含量均开始显著降低。除III分解阶段的心材外,倒木各组分N含量总体表现为随着分解程度加深而增加的趋势,除边材N含量在V分解阶段时显著升高外,其余组分均未达到显著性水平。心材和树皮P含量表现为先降后升的变化趋势,最小值分别出现在III和II分解阶段;边材P含量表现为随着分解程度加深而增加。在同一分解阶段,树皮相对于边材和心材均具有最低的C:N:P化学计量比,易分解比例Fm也表明树皮更易于分解。边材在I和II分解阶段的C:N:P化学计量比最高,心材在III到V分解阶段C:N:P化学计量比最高。心材C:P、树皮和边材的C:N和C:P临界值与N和P的初始值成反比。纤维素含量随着倒木分解而降低,不同分解阶段的纤维素含量表现为:心材>边材>树皮;但木质素含量随着分解程度加深而增加,表现为:树皮>边材>心材;倒木3个组分纤维素含量下降均快于木质素,此外,IV和V分解阶段的树皮木质素与纤维素比值显著增高,且一直处于较高水平。统计分析结果表明:倒木N含量显著影响不同分解阶段木质素和纤维素分解。由生态化学计量学理论推测:树皮分解前期易受N限制,整个分解阶段均易受P限制,心材和边材在整个分解阶段均易受N和P限制。     

高寒森林倒木在不同分解阶段的质量变化

倒木是高寒森林生态系统重要的碳(C)库和养分库, 其不同分解阶段的质量变化, 是认识倒木分解过程中C和养分释放的重要基础。以一个分解序列的岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)倒木为研究对象, 研究了心材、边材和树皮在5个分解阶段的C:N:P化学计量特征, 以及木质素和纤维素含量动态。结果显示: I至III分解阶段, 随着分解程度加深, 树皮C含量升高, 而心材和边材C含量降低, 从IV分解阶段开始倒木各组分C含量均开始显著降低。除III分解阶段的心材外, 倒木各组分N含量总体表现为随着分解程度加深而增加的趋势, 除边材N含量在V分解阶段时显著升高外, 其余组分均未达到显著性水平。心材和树皮P含量表现为先降后升的变化趋势, 最小值分别出现在III和II分解阶段; 边材P含量表现为随着分解程度加深而增加。在同一分解阶段, 树皮相对于边材和心材均具有最低的C:N:P化学计量比, 易分解比例F_m也表明树皮更易于分解。边材在I和II分解阶段的C:N:P化学计量比最高, 心材在III到V分解阶段C:N:P化学计量比最高。心材C:P、树皮和边材的C:N和C:P临界值与N和P的初始值成反比。纤维素含量随着倒木分解而降低, 不同分解阶段的纤维素含量表现为: 心材>边材>树皮; 但木质素含量随着分解程度加深而增加, 表现为: 树皮>边材>心材; 倒木3个组分纤维素含量下降均快于木质素, 此外, IV和V分解阶段的树皮木质素与纤维素比值显著增高, 且一直处于较高水平。统计分析结果表明: 倒木N含量显著影响不同分解阶段木质素和纤维素分解。由生态化学计量学理论推测: 树皮分解前期易受N限制, 整个分解阶段均易受P限制, 心材和边材在整个分解阶段均易受N和P限制。     

大花序桉心边材变异规律和候选基因挖掘研究

为探究大花序桉(Eucalyptus cloeziana)心材比例差异显著的不同家系间心边材变异规律,挖掘心材变异相关的候选基因,为珍贵用材树种高效培育及育种利用提供基因资源。以18 a生的2个心材比例差异显著的大花序桉家系为材料(家系1和2),各制作解析木3株,沿着树干以1 m为区间分段截取圆盘,测量东西和南北2个方向的带皮直径、去皮直径、总年轮数、边材年轮数、边材直径,并开展心材和边材径向和轴向分析。同时利用各解析木胸径处初生木质部样品进行DNA混池测序,发掘等位基因频率差异显著的SNP位点并挖掘相关功能基因。结果表明,大花序桉边材宽度和心材半径的方位变异中家系2大于家系1,平均差值分别为0.7和5.5 cm,在随树高的变异中,家系1和2的心材半径和心材年轮数的下降速率分别为0.40和0.64及0.43和0.36。两家系间基本密度差异显著,家系1为0.80～0.82 g/cm³,家系2为0.75～0.78 g/cm³。基本密度与树高、横截面半径和心材半径呈显著负相关,与顺纹抗拉强度、弦面硬度和部分力学性质呈显著正相关。利用DNA混池测序共...     

温带不同材性树种树干非结构性碳水化合物的径向分配差异

温带森林不同树种具有不同的非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)存储和利用策略, 树干是成年树木NSC主体储存库。但树干NSC径向变异和种间差异仍不清楚, 无孔材(裸子植物)、散孔材和环孔材(被子植物)所代表的木材孔性功能群对树干NSC浓度的影响尚缺乏定论。为探索温带森林主要树种树干NSC浓度随树木木材孔性和组织的变化特征, 该研究在黑龙江省穆棱市的东北典型阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林中选择32个树种, 采集胸高位置树皮、边材和心材3种组织, 分析NSC浓度随木材孔性和组织的变化特征。结果表明: (1)树种、组织和木材孔性均显著影响树干的NSC浓度。3种组织可溶性糖、淀粉、总NSC浓度和糖/淀粉的种间变异较大, 变异系数最低为37% (树皮总NSC浓度), 最高达到101% (心材淀粉浓度), 树干组织、树种及其交互作用均显著影响NSC浓度。(2)总体上可溶性糖、淀粉和总NSC浓度均随径向深度增加而降低。无孔材树皮的可溶性糖浓度和糖/淀粉显著高于散孔材和环孔材, 而边材中的淀粉和总NSC浓度为环孔材>散孔材>无孔材。(3)无孔材可溶性糖、淀粉和总NSC浓度边材和心材比均在1左右, 显著低于散孔材和环孔材, 而且无孔材边材和心材之间淀粉浓度相关较紧密, 表明被子植物的边材、心材功能分化较裸子植物更为明显。研究结果表明木材孔性影响了温带树种树干NSC存储策略, 研究整树NSC以及树木生理生态学功能需要区分树干组织。     

16个粗皮桉种源遗传特征分析及选优

为选择优良种源及家系,对广西东门林场不同种源8 a生粗皮桉(Eucalyptus pellita)生长和与纸浆材相关的材性性状的遗传特征进行研究.结果表明,粗皮桉的木材平均纤维长度为590.9μm,平均纤维宽度为28.9μm,纤维长宽比为20.34,扭结指数为0.29,边材纤维的长宽比、扭结指数比心材的大.胸径与树高,...     

高山森林林窗位置和附生植物去除对倒木总酚和缩合单宁含量的影响

倒木分解是森林生态系统中重要的养分循环过程,倒木中的难分解物质对土壤有机质积累具有积极作用。但关于森林林窗和附生植物对倒木难分解物质含量的影响还不清晰。为了理解林窗更新及附生植物生长对倒木总酚和缩合单宁含量的影响,2013年8月在川西高山原始森林进行样地布置,在进行3年附生植物去除处理后,2016年8月在不同林窗位置（林窗、林缘和林下）下两种处理（附生植物去除和保留）不同腐解等级（I-V）进行岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）倒木不同结构（心材、边材和树皮）样品采集,分析其总酚和缩合单宁含量。结果表明：树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量显著高于心材和边材,树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量随腐解等级变化差异不显著;森林林窗对Ⅲ-V腐解等级心材和边材总酚含量具有显著影响,但对心材和边材缩合单宁影响差异不显著,林窗对倒木树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量影响差异极显著且两者含量特征均表现为林窗 > 林缘 > 林下;附生植物去除处理降低了心材缩合单宁和边材总酚含量,增加了倒木边材缩合单宁含量。附生植物去除处理对树皮影响和林窗位置存在交互作用,林缘和林下的倒木附生植物去除显著降低了树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量。此外,不同林窗位置的温度差异是导致树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量变化的主要原因,附生植物去除对倒木pH的影响也可能是影响倒木总酚和缩合单宁含量的原因之一。由此可见,高山森林林窗更新及附生植物生长会显著影响倒木难分解物质含量变化特征,为进一步了解倒木分解过程在养分循环及对环境的响应提供了新的角度。     

腐烂等级、径级对典型阔叶红松林红松倒木物理化学性质的影响

倒木是森林生态系统的重要组成部分, 在地力维护、生物多样性保持以及碳(C)和养分循环等方面具有重要意义, 但倒木物理化学性质随其腐烂等级和径级而变化。为了深入理解腐烂等级和径级对倒木物理化学性质的影响, 该研究以典型阔叶红松林的建群种——红松(Pinus koraiensis)的倒木为研究对象, 将其每个腐烂等级(I-V)下的倒木分为4个径级(径级i ≤ 10.0 cm、径级ii 10.1-30.0 cm、径级iii 30.1-50.0 cm、径级iv >50.0 cm), 研究了不同腐烂等级、径级及两者交互作用对倒木心材和边材物理化学性质的影响。结果表明: 心材和边材具有相似的变化规律。倒木心材和边材含水率随着腐烂等级增加而增加, 而木材密度随腐烂等级和径级的增加均呈下降趋势; 边材C含量以及心材和边材的氮(N)、磷(P)含量随腐烂等级增加呈上升趋势, 心材N、P含量随径级增加呈先增加后减少的趋势; 纤维素含量随腐烂等级增加呈下降趋势, 而木质素含量呈上升趋势, 纤维素和木质素含量随径级增加没有明显变化规律。倒木含水率与C、N、P、木质素含量(除心材P含量)显著正相关, 与纤维素含量显著负相关; 木材密度与C、N、P、木质素含量显著负相关, 与纤维素含量显著正相关。由此可见, 倒木物理化学性质受不同腐烂等级和径级的影响有各自的变化规律, 且倒木的物理性质(含水率和木材密度)是影响化学含量变化的重要因素。     

A statistical model for the prediction of the number of sapwood rings in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Dendrochronology is a well-established dating method for wooden objects, but due to surface processing of construction timber or natural degradation the dating of historical wood often relies on a prediction of the number of missing rings based on sapwood statistics. Since Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most common tree species in north-western Europe, the absence of reliable sapwood statistics and models for the prediction of missing sapwood rings for pine samples is remarkable. We have therefore produced sapwood statistics based on data from 776 pine trees with ages from 15 to 345 years. The material consists of both living trees and historical timber, with varying growth rates, geographic settings, and from different soil types. When the whole material is considered, the average age of the trees is 103 years, and the number of sapwood rings is 54 ± 15 (1 SD), but range from 18 to 129. Trees less than 100-years in age contained 46 ± 11 (1 SD) sapwood rings and had an average tree-ring width (TRW) of 1.76 mm. With increasing age, the average TRW decreased while the number of sapwood rings increased. The average TRW of 101–200-year-old trees is 0.99 mm while the samples contained 63 ± 12 (1 SD) sapwood rings. For trees older than 201 years, the average TRW is 0.64 mm while the number of sapwood rings increased to 85 ± 16 (1 SD). The two most important factors in determining the number of sapwood rings for a given tree when only heartwood statistics are available proved to be (i) the number of heartwood rings and (ii) the average TRW of the heartwood rings. For incomplete samples, we have therefore developed a statistical model based on the sample’s heartwood rings (number and average width) to compute a prediction interval for the total number of rings. The sapwood and heartwood statistics suggest a statistical model for the number of sapwood rings with mean that increase with the number of heartwood rings. Furthermore, the average number of sapwood rings decreases with the mean width of the heartwood rings. However, the predictive power of the mean width is limited when the number of heartwood rings has already been taken into account. Thus, we suggest making predictions for the number of sapwood rings using only the number of heartwood rings. Predictions of the number of sapwood rings based on the statistical model where convincing in the case of the three different datasets that were analysed. The certainty in these predictions was such that the width of the 80% and 95% prediction intervals ranged 28–34 and 45–52 sapwood rings, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate how make predictions when there is information about the number of remaining sapwood rings in a given sample. To make the sapwood model available, we present a free online R package for fitting our models and an online software dashboard.     

Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of oak Quercus spp. logs after five years of decomposition

Decomposition of oak Quercus spp. logs (25 35 cm diameter, 3 m long) was compared among log substrates in Oregon, Minnesota. Kansas and North Carolina during the first five years on the ground. Decomposition of whole logs (weighted by substrate) averaged 0.069 yr^-1 (±0.16 SD). but followed a 2-exponential model (k = 0.12 yr^-1 year 1 and k = 0.06 yr ^-1 years 2 5), reflecting qualitative differences among log substrates (outer and inner bark, sapwood and heartwood). Rapid loss from bark substrates contributed to the initial rapid decay rate. Sapwood decay rate averaged 0.15 yr^-1 and dominated the second log decay rate. Heartwood lost only 6% mass during the first five years, for an overall decay rate of 0.012 yr^-1 that likely will represent a longer-term third exponential decay rate.
Carbon loss amounted to ca 5 kg yr^-1 per 170 kg log. Nutrient concentrations generally declined during the first five years, but nitrogen, sulfur, and sodium accumulated in sapwood and heartwood during this period. Sulfur content increased in all substrates and doubled in whole logs during this 5-yr period. Complex patterns of nutrient content suggest patterns of microbial colonization and nutrient utilization. Polynomial models were developed to describe rates of carbon and nutrient flux in log substrates.     

Radial and vertical variation of wood nutrients in Bornean tropical forest trees

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in woody tissue are poorly documented, but are necessary for understanding whole-tree nutrient use and storage. Here, we report how wood macronutrient concentrations vary radially and along the length of a tree for 10 tropical tree species in Sabah, Malaysia. Bark nutrient concentrations were consistently high: 2.9–13.7 times greater than heartwood depending on the nutrient. In contrast, within the wood both the radial (sapwood vs. heartwood) and vertical (trunk bottom vs. trunk middle) variation was modest. Higher concentrations in sapwood relative to heartwood provide empirical support for wood nutrient resorption during sapwood senescence. Dipterocarp species showed resorption rates of 25.3 ± 7.1% (nitrogen), 62.7 ± 11.9% (phosphorus), and 56.2 ± 12.5% (potassium), respectively, while non-dipterocarp species showed no evidence of nutrient resorption in wood. This suggests that while dipterocarps have lower wood nutrient concentrations, this family is able to compensate for this by using wood nutrient resorption as an efficient nutrient conservation mechanism. In contrast to other nutrients, calcium and magnesium tended to accumulate in heartwood. Wood density (WD) showed little vertical variation along the trunk. Across the species (WD range of 0.33 to 0.94 mg/cm³), WD was negatively correlated with wood P and K concentration and positively correlated with wood Ca concentration. As our study showed exceptionally high nutrient concentrations in the bark, debarking and leaving the bark of the harvested trees on site during logging operations could substantially contribute to maintaining nutrients within forest ecosystems.     

Sapwood characteristics of Quercus robur species from the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin

We analysed sapwood characteristics in 344 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) samples from the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin. The samples came from 13 sites, located in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. The trees had an average of 13.3 sapwood rings, with a minimum of 5 and maximum of 32. Fifteen log-log linear regression models were employed to assess the statistical relationship between sapwood and heartwood variables. The number of sapwood rings (N_SW), which is usually needed in dendroarchaeological dating, is significantly related to the number of heartwood rings (N_HW), heartwood width (W_HW) and heartwood growth rate (G_HW). Older and more slowly growing trees had a higher average number of sapwood rings. Using N_HW and W_HW, we employed an additional multiple regression model and calculated coefficients for N_SW predictions for real-world dendroarchaeological dating from the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin.     

Effect of age on the distribution of oil in Eastern redcedar tree segments

Eastern redcedar is widespread in the US and produces significant amount of biomass. Open-grown trees invade abandoned fields and compete with valuable forage species in pastures and rangelands. Value-added product development from redcedar is vital for management of eastern redcedar. Cedarwood oil is a valuable component which can be used for further value-added product development. This study examined the effect of age on the distribution of oil in redcedar tree segments. Trunks of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) trees at different stages of growth (26-63 years old) were divided into three sections (top, center and lower). Each section was fractionated separately into bark, heartwood and sapwood segments. Heartwood and sapwood samples from each tree section were analyzed for oil content and composition. A hydrodistillation method was used for oil extraction. Volatile components of tree segments were examined by using a Gas Chromatograph-headspace analysis technique. The heartwood of eastern redcedar contained significantly higher oil than sapwood. Older trees had more oil in the heartwood than younger trees. Both redcedar bark and leaves contained significantly lower oil content than the cedarwood. There were also significant differences in the oil composition of bark, leaves and wood fractions. Cedarwood oil extraction may benefit from prior separation of tree segments prior to oil extraction. However, the economic feasibility of separation prior to an extraction process needs to be further studied. Required extra capital investment and operating costs need to be examined, as well as whether sapwood is worth processing.     

Xanthones and triterpenes of Calophyllum tomentosum

The bark, branch timber, sapwood and heartwood extractives of Calophyllum tomentosum contain friedelin, friedelan-3β-ol, betulinic acid, taraxero     

Effects of age and site quality on the distribution of biomass in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

The distribution of the above-ground and below-ground biomass of Scots pine in southern Finland were investigated in trees of different ages (18–212 years) from two types of growth site. Secondly, some structural regularities were tested for their independence of age and growth site. Trees were sampled from dominant trees which could be expected to have a comparable position in stands of all ages. All stands were on sorted sediments. The biomass of the sample trees (18 trees) was divided into needles, branch sapwood and heartwood, stem sapwood and heartwood, stem bark, stump, large roots (diameter >20 cm), coarse roots (five classes) and fine roots. The amount of sapwood and heartwood was also estimated from the below-ground compartments. Trees on both types of growth site followed the same pattern of development of the relative shares of biomass compartments, although the growth rates were faster on the more fertile site. The relative amount of sapwood peaked after canopy closure, coinciding with the start of considerable heartwood accumulation. The relative amount of needles and fine roots decreased with age. The same was true of branches but to a lesser degree. The relative share of the below-ground section was independent of tree age. Foliage biomass and sapwood cross-sectional area were linearly correlated, but there were differences between the growth sites. Needle biomass was linearly correlated with crown surface area. The fine root to foliage biomass ratio showed an increasing trend with tree age.     

Soluble carbohydrates of Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood

Summary The amounts of glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose/galactose, raffinose/stachyose and starch were investigated in the outer sapwood, innermost sapwood, transition zone and heartwood of four stems of Pinus sylvestris L. The samples were taken in October and the determination of the compounds was done enzymatically. It was not possible to distinguish arabinose from galactose and raffinose from stachyose. The amounts of glucose, fructose and sucrose were greatest in the outer sapwood and decreased gradually towards the innermost sapwood and the heartwood. In the outermost heartwood glucose, fructose and sucrose were only present in trace amounts. Raffinose/stachyose showed highest concentrations in the outer sapwood and decreased towards the heartwood. In contrast, the concentrations of arabinose/galactose increased towards the heartwood and the greatest amount was found in the inner heartwood. When identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), arabinose was found to be present in greater amounts than galactose. The amount of starch decreased markedly towards heartwood. However, the amounts of sugars in all the studied stems was very variable. The changes in the amounts of carbohydrates in the different zones of the stems and the possible relationships of these phenomena with heartwood formation are discussed.