西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积特性分析

角质颚是头足类主要的摄食器官,蕴含着大量渔业生态学信息。根据2019年3至5月中国灯光罩网渔船在西北印度洋海域采集的1 009尾鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)样本,对其角质颚色素沉积等级进行了划分和判定,分析了色素沉积等级与胴长、体重、性腺成熟度和角质颚形态参数的关系。结果显示,3至5月西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级以2级为主,占总样本的33.87%,色素沉积等级总体上随着月份的增加而增加。鸢乌贼角质颚的色素沉积与胴长、体重和性腺成熟度的关系均存在性别间显著性差异(P <0.05),总体而言雌性个体的沉积速度快于雄性个体。角质颚色素沉积等级与胴长、体重和角质颚外部形态参数均呈正相关,并且都随着性腺成熟度的增加而增加。本研究开展了西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积研究,确立了鸢乌贼色素沉积等级与胴长、体重、性腺成熟度和角质颚形态参数的关系,并拟合了相关生长方程,为进一步研究鸢乌贼的渔业生态学及合理开发该资源提供了科学依据。     

中国南海西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积变化

角质颚是头足类的主要摄食器官,蕴藏着大量的渔业生物学及生态学信息。根据2017年5—8月中国灯光罩网渔船于中国南海西沙群岛海域采集的860尾鸢乌贼样本,对其角质颚色素沉积等级进行了划分和判定,研究了鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级变化与胴长、体质量、净重、性腺成熟度和角质颚外部形态参数等因子的关系。结果表明:鸢乌贼的角质颚色素沉积变化存在性别间显著性差异(P0.05),雌性个体角质颚色素沉积速度快于雄性;色素沉积等级与胴长、体质量和净重均呈正相关,并随着性腺成熟度的增加而增加;雄性个体角质颚下颚除翼长外,其余各部色素沉积的速度均快于上颚各部;雌性个体上颚各部色素沉积速度均快于下颚。本研究为后续利用角质颚研究鸢乌贼渔业生物学和对该资源的有效开发及科学管理提供了基础。     

中国南海西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积变化

角质颚是头足类的主要摄食器官,蕴藏着大量的渔业生物学及生态学信息。根据2017年5-8月中国灯光罩网渔船于中国南海西沙群岛海域采集的860尾鸢乌贼样本,对其角质颚色素沉积等级进行了划分和判定,研究了鸢乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级变化与胴长、体质量、净重、性腺成熟度和角质颚外部形态参数等因子的关系。结果表明:鸢乌贼的角质颚色素沉积变化存在性别间显著性差异(P<0.05),雌性个体角质颚色素沉积速度快于雄性;色素沉积等级与胴长、体质量和净重均呈正相关,并随着性腺成熟度的增加而增加;雄性个体角质颚下颚除翼长外,其余各部色素沉积的速度均快于上颚各部;雌性个体上颚各部色素沉积速度均快于下颚。本研究为后续利用角质颚研究鸢乌贼渔业生物学和对该资源的有效开发及科学管理提供了基础。     

冬春季西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚外部形态及生长特性

角质颚是头足类重要的硬组织之一,被广泛用于研究头足类渔业生态学及资源评估等。根据2019年冬春季(2—5月)中国灯光罩网渔船于西北印度洋海域采集的1009条鸢乌贼样本,对其角质颚外部形态生长特征开展了研究。主成分分析表明,上头盖长(UHL)、上脊突长(UCL)、上侧壁长(ULWL)、下脊突长(LCL)、下翼长(LWL)和下侧壁长(LLWL)可作为角质颚外形变化特征指标。协方差分析表明,除UCL外所有外形特征参数与胴长(ML)的关系以及所有外形特征参数与体重(BW)的关系在性别间均存在显著性差异。根据方程拟合和赤池信息准则(AIC),雌雄个体的LCL、UCL与胴长的关系均最适合用线性函数拟合;雌性个体的UHL、LWL与胴长的关系最适合用幂函数拟合,而ULWL和LLWL与胴长的关系则最适合用线性函数拟合;雄性个体的ULWL与胴长的关系最适合用幂函数表示,UHL、LLWL和LWL与胴长的关系则最适合用对数函数表示。雌性个体所有特征参数与体重的关系均最适合用幂函数拟合;雄性个体除ULWL与体重的关系最适合用幂函数拟合外,其余均最适合用对数函数拟合。特征参数及其与胴长和体重生长方程的确定,为后续利用角质颚研究印度洋鸢乌贼渔业生态学及资源评估提供了科学依据。     

北太平洋两个柔鱼群体角质颚形态及生长特征

根据2011年5—11月我国鱿钓船在北太平洋海域(150°E—176°W)采集的渔获物样本,对柔鱼两个群体各项角质颚外部形态和生长进行分析。结果表明,角质颚参数值雌性均大于雄性,冬春生群体雌雄参数值间差异要大于秋生群体;角质颚各项参数值中,上头盖长(Upper Hood length,UHL)、上脊突长(Upper Crest length,UCL)、下脊突长(Lower crest length,LCL)、下翼长(Lower Wing length,LWL)与胴长、体重分别呈线性和指数关系(P0.01)。主成分分析认为,秋生群体雌、雄个体角质颚第一主成分因子均为UCL/ML,第二主成分因子均为UWL/ML,冬春生群体雌、雄个体角质颚第一主成分因子分别ULWL/ML和LLWL/ML,第二主成分分别与URW/ML和LRL/ML,这些这成分因子代表了角质颚水平和垂直方向上的生长特征。两个群体的雌性个体角质颚形态上存在显著差异,但雄性个体间差异不显著。方差分析(ANOVA)表明,2个群体不同胴长组间的角质颚形态均存在着显著差异(P0.01);LSD法分析认为,除了秋生群体雌性个体上头盖长、上喙长、下头盖长、下喙宽在胴长组250 mm和250—300 mm间不存在差异外,其他组之间均有着显著差异(P0.01)。同一群体不同性腺成熟度等级间的柔鱼角质颚形态存在显著差异(P0.01),但性成熟度为Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期时2个群体角质颚各项形态指标均存在显著差异(P0.01),而性成熟度Ⅲ期时则不存在差异(P0.05)。研究认为,不同群体的柔鱼角质颚形态及生长特征均存在着一定差异。     

不同气候年间西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔业生物学比较

文章根据2019年(厄尔尼诺)和2020年(正常)相同月份(2—5月)中国灯光罩网渔船在西北印度洋采集的1896尾鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis),对不同气候年间西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔业生物学特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,两年间雌性个体胴长分别为129—347和284—582 mm,优势胴长组分别为171—220和481—530 mm;雄性个体胴长分别为138—273和94—235 mm,优势胴长组均为171—220 mm; 2019年胴长及优势胴长均大于2020年,其中雌性个体差异最大。不同气候年间鸢乌贼体重与胴长的关系存在性别间显著性差异,除2020年雄性样本胴长与体重的关系最适用指数函数表示外,其余胴长与体重的关系均最适用幂函数表示。两年间样本的雌雄性别比分别为1.5﹕1和1.3﹕1,性腺成熟度组成也不相同,雌性个体2019年多处于未成熟阶段(Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期), 2020年则多处于成熟阶段(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期);雄性个体2019年多处于未成熟阶段(Ⅱ期)和成熟阶段(Ⅲ期), 2020年多处于成熟阶段(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)。不同气候年间西北印度洋鸢乌贼个体日龄组成和孵化群体也...     

西北太平洋北方拟黵乌贼角质颚外部形态生长特性

角质颚是研究头足类渔业生态学的重要材料.基于2018年9—11月中国鱿钓船在西北太平洋生产调查期间采集的268尾北方拟黵乌贼样本,对其角质颚外部形态生长特性进行了研究.主成分分析表明: 北方拟黵乌贼角质颚的上头盖长(UHL)、上脊突长(UCL)、上喙长(URL)、下头盖长(LHL)、下脊突长(LCL)和下喙长(LRL)可作为研究其角质颚外形变化的特征因子.协方差分析表明: 各特征因子与胴长和体重的生长关系在性别间均不存显著性差异.赤池信息准则分析显示: UHL、LHL与胴长生长的关系最适于用幂函数表示,UCL、URL、LCL与胴长生长的关系最适于用对数函数表示,而LRL与胴长生长的关系则最适于用线性函数表示;各特征参数与体重生长的关系,除LHL最适于用幂函数表示外,其余均最适于用对数函数表示.外形特征因子生长模型的确定,为北方拟黵乌贼的资源评估等研究打下科学基础.     

日本海舍氏贝乌贼角质颚形态特征分析

角质颚作为头足类的摄食器官,蕴含丰富的生态信息。根据2018年中国鱿钓船在日本海采集的303尾舍氏贝乌贼（Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi）样本,对其角质颚形态特征进行了分析。主成分分析显示,上头盖长、上喙长和上喙宽可解释舍氏贝乌贼上颚形态特征80.71%的信息,选为上颚的外形表征参数,下头盖长、下脊突长和下喙长可解释形态特征81.57%的信息,选为下颚的外形表征参数。协方差分析表明,舍氏贝乌贼角质颚外形表征参数与胴长和体重的关系均不存在性别间显著性差异。方程拟合和赤池信息准则结果表明,上头盖长与胴长的生长关系最适合用线性方程表示,而上喙长、上喙宽、下头盖长、下脊突长和下喙长与胴长的生长关系均最适用对数方程表示。上头盖长与体重的生长关系最适合用线性方程表示,而上喙长、上喙宽、下头盖长、下脊突长、下喙长与体重的生长关系均最适用对数方程表示。表征参数及其与胴长（或体重）关系式的确定,为后续利用角质颚外形进行种群鉴定和资源评估打下了基础。     

基于精荚数量对鸢乌贼中型群雄性 个体有效繁殖力的研究

根据2017年和2018年在我国南海海域采集到的鸢乌贼（Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis）中型群雄性样本,利用生物统计分析和线性模型拟合等方法研究其有效繁殖力特性及其在性腺发育过程中的变化规律。结果表明,南海鸢乌贼中型群雄性胴长分布范围为114 ~ 153 mm,体重分布范围为55.2 ~ 174.7 g。个体精荚囊的长度为22 ~ 124 mm,精荚囊重量为0.03 ~ 3.07 g,两者呈幂函数关系,且均随着性腺发育而逐步增大。精荚囊长度及其重量与胴长和体重均呈线性函数关系。精荚囊长度及其重量均在性腺成熟度Ⅵ期时达到最大值,分别为（94.33 ± 21.64）mm和（1.57 ± 1.07）g。有效繁殖力为1 ~ 144条,胴长相对有效繁殖力为0.02 ~ 1.62 条/mm。随着个体生长发育,有效繁殖力在Ⅵ期达到最大值,相对有效繁殖力则在Ⅵ ~ Ⅶ期时趋于稳定。有效繁殖力与胴长、体重均呈线性函数关系,相对有效繁殖力与胴长、体重均呈幂函数关系。精荚长度为4.79 ~ 36.60 mm,精荚重量为0.000 2 ~ 0.020 0 g,两者符合幂函数关系,且均在Ⅵ期达到最大值。同时,精荚长度及其重量与胴长、体重均呈线性函数关系。研究表明,南海鸢乌贼中型群雄性个体的精荚囊、精荚和有效繁殖力均随着性腺发育而不断增大,且三者均与个体胴长、体重呈显著的函数关系。     

阿根廷滑柔鱼两个群体间耳石和角质颚的形态差异

头足类硬组织具有稳定的形态特征、良好的信息储存以及抗腐蚀性等特点。根据2007年2—5月和2010年1—3月我国鱿钓船采集的阿根廷滑柔鱼样品,提取出625对耳石和787对角质颚,测量耳石10个形态数据和角质颚12个形态数据,通过除以胴长(Mantle Length,ML)校正后,对南巴塔哥尼亚群体(South Patagonic Stock,SPS)和布宜诺斯艾利斯-巴塔哥尼亚群体(Bonaerensis-Northpatagonic Stock,BNS)形态差异进行分析,并建立不同群体的判别函数。结果表明,BNS群体耳石和角质颚外形参数雌性大于雄性,而SPS群体则为雄性大于雌性。均数差异性检验认为,同一群体不同性别的耳石总长(Total StatolithLength,TSL)、最大宽度(Maximum Width,MW)、侧区长(Lateral Dome Length,LDL)、翼区长(Wing Length,WL)、翼区宽(WingWidth,WW)存在显著差异(P<0.05),同性别不同群体的MW、背侧区长(Dorsal Lateral Length,DLL)、吻侧区长(RostrumLateral Length,RLL)和WW存在显著差异(P<0.05)。而同一群体不同性别间角质颚的上头盖长(Upper Hood length,UHL)、上脊突长(Upper Crest length,UCL)、上喙长(Upper Rostrum length,URL)、上喙宽(Upper rostrum width,URW)、上侧壁长(UpperLateral wall length,ULWL)、下喙长(Lower Rostrum length,LRL)存在显著差异(P<0.01),同一性别不同群体角质颚的下头盖长(Lower Hood length,LHL)、下脊突长(Lower crest length,LCL)、LRL、下喙宽(Lower Rostrum width,LRW)、下侧壁长(LowerLateral wall length,LLWL)、下翼长(Lower Wing length,LWL)存在显著差异(P<0.01)。耳石形态参数经主成分分析,认为BNS群体雌雄的主成分因子主要集中在TSL/ML、DLL/ML、RW/ML和MW/ML,SPS群体主要集中于TSL/ML、RW/ML、WW/ML和DDL/ML;角质颚形态参数经主成分分析,认为BNS群体主成分因子主要集中在UHL/ML、UCL/ML、ULWL/ML和LRW/ML,SPS群体主要集中在UHL/ML、UCL/ML、ULWL/ML、URL/ML、LWL/ML和LRL/ML。利用角质颚和耳石对两群体样本分性别建立了判别函数,判别正确率均高于60%,所划分群体在部分形态指标上差异明显,具有一定的可信度。今后应加强样本采集个体大小和时间跨度,以更好的分析其群体变化规律。     

Size at the onset of sexual maturity in the anomuran crab, Aegla uruguayana (Aeglidae)

The size at maturity was studied in the crab Aegla uruguayana from the Areco River (31°14′ S, 59°28′ W), Argentina. Size at sexual maturity was determined according to three criteria: morphometric (change in the relative growth of reproductive characters), histological (first maturation of gonads) and functional (capability to mate and carry eggs). Regarding females, morphometric maturity occurred at a carapace length (CL) of 11.50 mm, considering abdomen width as a reproductive character. Gonad maturity of females could be observed at a minimum size ranging from 15 to 17 mm CL. The smallest ovigerous female observed in the field was 15.60 mm CL, although a relevant population incidence of ovigerous females (86.6%) has just been observed at values higher than 17 mm CL. As for males, the relative growth of the left chela length changed at a value of 15.40 mm CL, while morphological changes in sexual tube occurred between CL of 14 and 16 mm. Testicular maturation occurred at a CL ranging from 17 to 19 mm. The smallest size of males having spermatozoids in their vasa deferentia was 18.70 mm CL. The results obtained indicated that, in both sexes, functional maturity occurred after morphometric maturity and at a size similar to that of gonad maturity. Comparing sexes, females acquired sexual maturity (morphometric, gonad and functional maturity) at sizes statistically smaller than those of males.     

Relative growth,morphological sexual maturity,and size of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) (Crustacea,Decapoda, Palaemonidae) in a population with an entirely freshwater life cycle

The objective of this study was to estimate the size of morphological sexual maturity based on the study of relative growth, to determine the maximum size of individuals, and to determine if there are different morphotypes of males in a population of Macrobrachium amazonicum with an entirely freshwater life cycle. Collections were made monthly, with the use of a net, from September 2006 through August 2007. In each individual, the following structures were measured: carapace length (CL, in mm), width of the second pleuron (PlL, mm), length of the carpus (CaL, mm), and length of the propodus (PrL, mm). Relative growth was analyzed by observing the change in growth patterns of certain parts of the body in relation to the independent variable CL. The maximum sizes found were 8.5 and 11.4?mm CL for males and females, respectively. The morphometric variables: length of the carpus (CL?×?CaL) for males, and width of the second pleuron (CL?×?PlL) for females gave the best estimates for the size at maturation, which was 4.26?mm CL for males and 5.39?mm CL for females. The growth pattern in the different stages and the beginning of differential growth seemed to be closely related to reproductive aspects. No indices were found that separated the males into four different morphotypes, as proposed in the literature for coastal or artificially farmed populations. Only the male morphotype termed translucent claw was found in this population. The different morphological patterns in different regions are probably explained by ecological differences in the environments inhabited by these groups, principally in the availability of nutrients and the salinity in which the larvae develop.     

Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the clupeid Ilisha africana (Bloch) off the Lagos Coast, Nigeria

The maturation development, spawning period, oogenesis, fecundity and sex ratio of Ilisha africana off the Lagos Coast, Nigeria were investigated. Six macroscopic and seven microscopic stages of gonad maturity were identified. Maturity was attained at 12.0 cm total length. Breeding occurred throughout the year with the peak spawning between May and December. Oogenesis consisted of seven stages and breeding marks were observed in the species. Fecundity ranged between 2098 and 11 687 eggs. There was a slightly higher correlation between fecundity and weight than between fecundity and length. The egg diameter varied from 0.77 to 1.35 mm. The overall sex ratio was 1 male to 0.97 female. The females however predominated over the males during most months in the peak breeding period.     

Tied hands: synchronism between beak development and feeding-related morphological changes in ommastrephid squid paralarvae

Ommastrephid squid produce some of the smallest cephalopod hatchlings, whose feeding behavior has not been observed. The present study aimed at indirectly filling this knowledge gap by describing ontogenetic changes in beak morphology and morphometry and integrating these results with published datasets on Illex argentinus arm crown morphology and gut contents. Individuals [0.7–15 mm mantle length (ML)] were measured, weighed, and had their buccal mass extracted. Jaw measurements were correlated with ML to determine whether jaw development occurred linearly with ML. For a 10 mm increment in ML, weight increased 430-fold. The jaws of hatchlings were rudimentary, but in larger paralarvae the rostrum protrudes and the jaw features (teeth, slit, groove) disappear. Increases in ML were predicted by beak robustness indices and rostrum protrusion, with growth discontinuities pointing to faster growth in individuals ≤ 2 mm ML. Morphological changes in the beak and arm crown are in synchrony with a transitional event in the feeding ecology of paralarvae: the onset of active predation on crustaceans and masticating their exoskeletons for ingestion. Integration of the results with published data has led to the proposal of a hypothesis of four size-differentiated developmental stages in the feeding ecology of I. argentinus rhynchoteuthions.