内蒙古草原中东部现代表土植硅体组合与植被关系

对内蒙古中东部14个典型植被表土样品进行植硅体分析,同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明：圆型和齿型在表土组合中占优势。圆型具有超代表性且在针茅草原和羊草草原表土组合中含量超过50％。针茅哑铃型和脊哑铃型在克氏针茅草原以及退化草原表土组合中含量偏高,可指示干的草原生境以及草原退化。蒿属块型表现为低代表性,即便是在冷蒿灌丛表土中,蒿属块型含量也较低。沙地云杉林和榆树灌丛生境特殊,它们的表土植硅体组合特征明显,前者以光滑块型、粗糙块型、规则多边型以及十字型等为主,后者以多铃型、三铃型、哑铃型以及简单哑铃型为特征。高山草甸和山杨林表土与研究区其它植被表土的相似性低。另外,研究区全新世古土壤剖面样品与表土样品的对应分析表明内蒙古中东部表土植硅体分析为恢复研究区全新世草原植被演化提供了参照物。     

浙江青浜岛现代植物群落和表土植硅体研究及环境意义

在植物分类基础上全面调查了浙江舟山青浜岛分布的植物群落类型,获得8个群丛类型,对青浜岛25种现代植物植硅体进行提取,共鉴定出17种形态类型。帽型、齿型、哑铃型、鞍型和扇型主要见于禾本科植物;蕨类主要产波状棒型和三棱柱型;木本主要产纺锤型和多边形板状型,这表明不同分类位置的植物产生不同的植硅体形态及组合。对横跨整个青浜岛东南—西北坡向的8个群丛样方进行表土植硅体提取分析,共获得14种植硅体形态类型,研究结果显示表土植硅体贡献主要来自禾本科、蕨类、阔叶类和裸子类植物。随着岛屿山体海拔的增加(海拔20—90m),示冷型和示干旱型植硅体增加,青浜岛局部生境(自东南向西北翻过山顶)气候变化表现为温暖湿润—温凉偏干—温暖湿润。表土植硅体组合灵敏地响应了海拔改变而引起的局地植被和环境的变化,是重建第四纪环境变化的可靠代用指标。     

中国-中新世湖泊的古生态:根据山旺盆地植硅体的初步解释

山东山旺中新世山旺组湖相沉积中富含保存精美的古生物化石。对于湖相沉积中的昆虫、植物和哺乳动物化石,前人已经做了大量的研究工作。其中植物大化石和孢粉的研究结果表明,中新世山旺组在沉积期间,山旺湖周围的植被处于湿润的暖温带到亚热带的古生态环境下。哺乳动物蝙蝠和貘化石的研究结果也支持这个结论。然而,迄今为止,还没有关于草本植物的种类组成及含量的研究报道。本文首次对山旺组样品中的植硅体进行了研究,为山旺中新世植被的研究提供了新的证据。对从6块山旺组样品中分析出的植硅体进行研究的结果表明,山旺中新世植硅体组合含有丰富的保存极好的草本植物植硅体,代表森林成分的双子叶植物植硅体,以及偶尔出现的棕榈科植硅体。草本植物的植硅体主要来自于C_3/C_4禾本科的PACCAD类群和早熟禾亚科的植物,少数可能来自于在林下封闭生活环境中生长的草本植物。山旺中新世植硅体组合显示,在湖边森林生活环境下,伴生大量的适合沼生到中生环境的草本植物,在较干旱的地区生长着早熟禾(和PACCAD)的草本植物。本文的研究结果进一步支持山旺中新世气候比现在更加湿润而且变动较小的观点。山旺中新世植硅体组合与土耳其和北美大平原中新世湖相沉积中的植硅体组合不同,后者的植硅体组合主要是由多种C_3早熟禾亚科草本和不同种类的PACCAD类群草本植物组成。今后的研究工作将进一步揭示这种差异是否反映了草本植物群落在大尺度的生物地理上的差异,或者是由于地区性的局部气候不同所导致。     

东北地区芦苇植硅体形态的空间差异

笔者对东北地区12个样点的芦苇叶片的植硅体进行了分析,探讨了芦苇植硅体在空间上的分布规律,揭示芦苇植硅体的环境指示意义,为定量恢复古环境提供参考。实验结果表明:12个样点中芦苇植硅体基本类型相同,共有5种主要植硅体类型,即中鞍型、帽型、芦苇扇型、尖型和棒型;但芦苇植硅体的浓度随着纬度的变化而相应的发生变化。总体来说,纬度较低的样点芦苇植硅体的浓度较大,而纬度较高的样点芦苇植硅体的浓度相对较小;随着纬度的变化,芦苇的特征植硅体中鞍型的浓度也呈现波状变化,牡丹江以南的几个样点中鞍型植硅体浓度相对较大,9、10两个月牡丹江以北的几个样点中鞍型植硅体浓度迅速减少。芦苇扇型植硅体则呈现出纬度较高的样点植硅体浓度较大,纬度较低的样点植硅体浓度较小的特点,芦苇扇型植硅体的空间变化规律与扇型植硅体的不同。     

母岩与竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体碳含量的影响

在浙江省毛竹主产区,采集不同母岩类型(花岗岩、砂页岩、凝灰岩)和不同竹龄(1、3年生)的毛竹竹叶样品,研究了不同母岩和竹龄对毛竹叶片中硅与植硅体碳含量的影响,以及竹叶样品中硅和植硅体含量之间的相关关系.结果表明: 母岩、竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体含量均有显著影响,不同母岩土壤毛竹竹叶中硅含量表现为花岗岩(33.19 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(32.64 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(24.51 g·kg^-1),植硅体含量表现为花岗岩(105.81 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(93.50 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(59.40 g·kg^-1);3年生毛竹竹叶中硅与植硅体含量均显著高于1年生.母岩与竹龄对竹叶植硅体碳含量均无显著影响,而对竹叶干物质植硅体碳含量存在显著影响.3种母岩发育土壤上毛竹叶中硅与植硅体含量间呈显著正相关;但1年生竹叶中两者之间无显著相关性.要准确估算全国不同地域、不同土壤类型毛竹竹叶的植硅体含量时,需要考虑母岩、植物株龄的影响.     

四川新津宝墩遗址的植硅体分析

农业是文明产生的深厚基础.成都平原是长江上游地区文明起源的中心,探讨其史前农业的经济形态一直是学术界关心的热点问题.本文拟对新津宝墩遗址的文化层剖面及两处灰坑的样品进行植硅体分析,并结合浮选结果,以期探讨宝墩遗址农业经济状况.研究结果表明,宝墩文化层中,存在大量具有驯化特征的产于水稻叶秆的扇型和横排双裂片型(哑铃型)植硅体以及产于水稻稃壳的双峰型植硅体,同时还存在少量黍稃壳植硅体碎片.水稻扇型植硅体多呈典型的驯化形态,总体尺寸较大,其测量数据符合粳稻植硅体特征.这表明宝墩先民的经济结构是以稻作农业为主,兼有粟作农业.     

东北地区草本植物和木本植物植硅体的形态特征鉴别分析

为了鉴别草本植物来源及木本植物来源的植硅体类型,本文从植硅体形态和大小两方面着手,对东北地区常见的57种草本植物和72种木本植物的植硅体进行系统分析。从植硅体形态来看,鞍型、帽型和哑铃型等24类植硅体为草本植物的特征类型,木本植物也鉴定出17类典型植硅体类型,包括立方体、端尖细长棒型和凹口棒型等。同时,进一步通过引入形态参数区分三类形态相似且含量较多的植硅体类型(不规则扁平状、边缘弯曲扁平状、不规则块状)的植物来源,结果显示,长度30μm不规则扁平状、长度50μm边缘弯曲扁平状(包含蕨类植物)、长度30μm不规则块状主要来源于草本植物;长度40μm不规则扁平状、长度50μm边缘弯曲扁平状及长度40μm不规则块状主要形成于木本植物。在利用形态和大小分别区分植硅体植物来源的基础上,本研究还系统总结了东北地区草本类植硅体和木本类植硅体的鉴别标准,并据此识别东北地区表土植硅体的植物来源。该研究能够为本区开展植硅体-古植被重建等研究提供重要的参考。     

水稻扇型植硅体野生–驯化特征研究进展

近年来,植硅体分析方法被广泛应用于考古学领域,为世界农业起源、演化研究提供了新的手段和关键证据,其中在稻作农业起源和传播的研究中,水稻扇型植硅体对于发现、鉴定水稻遗存起到了重要的作用。研究农业起源的关键,是找到地质考古记录中的植物遗存,并准确鉴定野生–驯化特征,本文介绍了水稻扇型植硅体鉴定方法从定性到定量研究的历史,重点阐述了现代野生稻生长区、驯化水稻田、旱稻田表土中水稻扇型植硅体鱼鳞状纹饰研究的新进展,明确了野生、驯化水稻扇型植硅体研究中关于个体鉴定、选择和鱼鳞状纹饰计数的标准,在此基础上讨论了野生和驯化水稻扇型植硅体纹饰产生差异的可能原因和机制。希望通过本文的总结与讨论,能够使植硅体分析方法在作物起源和传播的研究中得到更准确、更广泛的应用。     

长白山北坡垂直植被带木本植物的植硅体形态特征及其环境意义

长白山垂直分布的植被是温带到寒带植被的组合,能够很好地反映温度变化趋势,研究其植物的植硅体对于了解长白山气候变迁有重要意义.作者选择长白山9科14属木本植物的叶子,采用湿式灰化法对其进行植硅体分析,计算了不同形态植硅体的百分含量,同时测量了长度和宽度.研究表明:长白山北坡垂直植被带中典型木本植物的叶子具有8种植硅体类型:表面有突起、皱纹的椭圆形、卵形;具有螺旋纹的纺锤状以及导管形、弓形、鸟嘴状、扁棒型、石块状、松树皮状、不确定型.在14种木本植物叶子中都出现了扁棒型植硅体,其含量随海拔升高逐渐增加,说明在长白山区扁棒型植硅体是示冷型植硅体.阔叶类木本植物叶子中,具有螺旋纹的纺锤体及导管形、弓形植硅体占优势;裸子植物叶子中松树皮状、石块状植硅体,其含量随海拔升高逐渐递减,说明松树皮状和石块状植硅体是示暖型植硅体.     

安徽禹会村遗址双墩文化时期农业发展的植硅体证据

本文利用植硅体分析方法,对安徽蚌埠禹会村遗址双墩文化时期44份土壤样品开展植物考古研究,重点关注典型农作物植硅体类型及其形态特征,以及敏感型与固定型植硅体组合特征等。结果显示,禹会村遗址大部分样品中皆发现有水稻特征型植硅体,并未发现粟、黍等旱地作物遗存;水稻扇型及双峰型植硅体形态特征分析显示,水稻遗存为驯化程度较高的粳型稻。以上研究结果表明,该遗址双墩文化时期的农业结构延续了顺山集文化时期以来种植粳型稻为主的传统。此外,通过水稻植硅体高密度样品中敏感型与固定型植硅体含量比值为0.7±0.2推测,该遗址水稻栽培环境属于“高地势-雨水供给”或“低地势-雨水供给”类型。本文研究结果为探讨淮河中游地区新石器时代农业发展、水稻栽培与驯化以及人类适应策略等问题提供了重要科学依据。     

Do soil phytoliths accurately represent plant communities in a temperate region? A case study of Northeast China

Modern soil phytoliths can potentially provide analogues for phytolith assemblages from archaeological and palaeoecological contexts. To assess the reliability of soil phytoliths for representing different plant communities, we analysed phytoliths in surface soils and parent plants at 65 sites representing five types of regional vegetation in Northeast China. The results demonstrated that surface soil phytolith assemblages could clearly differentiate samples from herbaceous and woody communities, and samples from Poaceae and non-Poaceae communities could be separated statistically. In addition, woody communities could be differentiated into a broadleaf-Poaceae community, a broadleaf-non-Poaceae community and a conifer and broadleaf-non-Poaceae community, except for some overlapping samples. Soil phytolith assemblages are thus able to differentiate regional vegetation types into different plant community types. In the present study, soil phytoliths represented about 30% of the phytoliths present in the aboveground vegetation. In addition, soil phytoliths from different communities reflected the aboveground vegetation with slightly different degrees of accuracy, and in addition different morphotypes exhibited different degrees of representational bias. Some morphotypes (e.g. rondel, elongate psilate, lanceolate) overrepresented the abundance of the associated plant taxa; morphotypes such as tracheid, conical epidermal, stomata and others under-represented the original plant richness; and other morphotypes, e.g. saddle, trapeziform sinuate, scutiform, were in good agreement with the numbers of plant taxa in the plot inventory. Thus, any quantitative palaeovegetation reconstruction using phytoliths should begin with the calibration of soil phytolith assemblages. We conclude that our findings provide improved phytolith analogues for different plant communities, with applications in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and they also provide additional insights into the mechanisms of phytolith production and deposition.     

内蒙古典型草原禾本科植硅体形态

运用地层中植硅体组合解释过去草原植被及气候变化的关键之一,是要了解研究区现代植硅体形态及表土植硅体组合与现代植被的关系。文中研究内蒙古典型草原禾本科植物根、茎、叶、芒以及种子等不同部位的植硅体,对其中的12种主要禾本科植物叶表皮短细胞硅酸体进行分类及统计。研究表明：内蒙古典型草原禾本科叶表皮短细胞硅酸体可分为8种特殊形态类型。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞硅酸体形态多样。几乎所有早熟禾亚科都能产生圆型硅酸体,以贝加尔针茅(85．5％)、大针茅(89．7％)、克氏针茅(90％)以及芨芨草(96．6％)中的圆型硅酸体含量最丰富。针茅哑铃型主要见于针茅植物叶表皮短细胞中,克氏针茅的针茅哑铃型含量相对较高。羊草中未见针茅哑铃型硅酸体。浴草、披缄草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以齿型为主,分别含87．3％和57．2％,齿型在硬质早熟禾中也占一定比例。沙生冰草中的脊圆型占优势,含74．4％。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞产生的截锥型硅酸体含量较少。C4植物虎尾草亚科中的糙隐子草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以黍哑铃型、简单哑铃型、鞍型为主;黍亚科狗尾草则以黍哑铃型占优势(82．9％)。     

Assessing the importance of environmental factors to phytoliths of Phragmites communis in north-eastern China

Phytoliths have proved to be reliable indicators of environmental conditions both at present and in the past, and can provide evidence for the distribution of taxa or vegetation. Understanding the environmental significance of phytoliths within plants helps in drawing more reliable inferences about palaeovegetation and in reconstructing the palaeo-environment. The present study examined the relationship between phytoliths and environmental factors to assess the environmental significance of different types of phytoliths. Phytoliths were extracted from Phragmites communis growing in xerophytic and aquatic habitats at twelve sampling sites in north-eastern China and their implications for the environment were assessed using quantitative data mainly including phytolith concentration and environmental factors and statistical analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) of several environmental factors (including the climate, micro terrain, and the physicochemical properties of soils) revealed that other factors being constant, P. communis phytolith concentrations were influenced largely by the average annual temperature and precipitation. Orthogonal experiment analysis and three-way analyses of variance of the concentrations confirmed the reliability of the results of the PCA. More specifically, the concentrations of the saddle and rondel types of phytoliths (the short-cell phytoliths) were closely linked to the average annual temperature whereas those of the elongate, lanceolate, and bulliform phytoliths (the non-short-cell phytoliths) were more sensitive to the variations in water status. The results contribute to further confirming the major environmental implications of phytoliths and, in turn, providing a reference for growth and development of wetland plants. Our findings also provide critical information that could help managers and policymakers assess and modify ecological restoration practices.     

Diversity of lobate phytoliths in grass leaves from the Sahel region, West Tropical Africa: Tribe Paniceae

Phytoliths are microscopic amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2.H2O) particles occurring in leaves, internodes, glumes and inflorescence within all members of the grass family Poaceae. Phytoliths of grasses are of particular interest, as they possess morphological features which have encouraged many investigators to identify these plants from which fossil phytoliths might have originated. The present study is a step towards preparing a systematic inventory of grass phytoliths in western tropical Africa. Morphology and dimensions of phytoliths from 66 species belonging to the tribe Paniceae have been studied. Four shape categories of lobate phytoliths have been determined in leaf blade spodograms: bilobate, nodular bilobate, polylobate, quadra-lobate. Bilobate shaped phytoliths are frequently represented in all genera of Paniceae. 13 groups of lobate phytoliths have been distinguished based on significant morphological criteria like shape of outer margins, shape of the shank and number of lobes. A size category system of lobate phytolith dimensions (length, width; length and width of shanks) has been developed by the analysis of average, minimum and maximum values of these dimensions. Application of the size category system results on classifying the major groups into 25 subgroups. The study proves that size and shape can be used to assign some of the lobate phytoliths to their respective genera. Some rarely produced lobate shapes like nodular bilobate and polylobate types could be used together on assemblage basis as markers for definite genera in the tribe Paniceae, e.g. Brachiaria, Panicum, Pennisetum and Setaria. Also, bilobate phytoliths with concave margins have been recorded in five species. Bilobate phytoliths with flattened and convex margins and quadra-lobate shapes are produced by almost all species which therefore resulted in an inconsistent and indefinite relationship with the taxa that produce them. The study shows a correlation between width dimensions of bilobate shapes and their shanks. Greater width dimensions usually connected to thick shanks while short ones are attached to thin shanks. A spectrum on percentages of species producing each type of lobate phytolith has been designed. It is recommended that such spectrum should be carried out for all tribes of Poaceae on phyto-geographical basis which might eliminate the effect of redundancy and multiplicity on the classification of grass phytoliths.     

Morphological characteristics of phytoliths from representative conifers in China

Coniferous phytoliths in sediments are an effective tool for detecting the historical appearance of conifers. However, at the timberline in mountainous areas, such coniferous phytoliths are easily confused with grass phytoliths. This study analyses modern phytoliths from 17 conifer plants. Six common types and six rare types were identified. The conifers studied produce abundant blocky polyhedral and cubic (in the average 30–40 μm size range), blocky scrobiculate (average 30–40 μm), tabular elongate unsculpted (length 50–100 μm, width 10–20 μm), tabular elongate cavate (length 50–150 μm, width ∼10 μm), tabular elongate dendritic (50–100 μm × 10–20 μm), and irregular oblong (20–40 μm) phytoliths. This paper aims to show morphological characteristics of coniferous phytoliths in China, and to show how the common coniferous phytoliths differ from similar grass phytolith types, such as blocky polyhedral coniferous phytoliths from silicified parallelepipedal bulliform cells produced by grass. Blocky polyhedral and cubic phytoliths are the commonest coniferous phytoliths found in the sediments, but need to be carefully distinguished from grass parallelepipedal bulliform cells. This study indicates that clearly protruding ridges and irregular inward edges are essential features of cubic and polyhedral morphotypes produced by conifers. Results of this paper might provide important material for the study of paleovegetation and paleoecology of mountainous areas, especially at the timberline.     

Teosinte inflorescence phytolith assemblages mirror Zea taxonomy

Molecular DNA analyses of the New World grass (Poaceae) genus Zea, comprising five species, has resolved taxonomic issues including the most likely teosinte progenitor (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays). However, archaeologically, little is known about the use of teosinte by humans both prior to and after the domestication of maize. One potential line of evidence to explore these relationships is opaline phytoliths produced in teosinte fruit cases. Here we use multidimensional scaling and multiple discriminant analyses to determine if rondel phytolith assemblages from teosinte fruitcases reflect teosinte taxonomy. Our results indicate that rondel phytolith assemblages from the various taxa, including subspecies, can be statistically discriminated. This indicates that it will be possible to investigate the archaeological histories of teosinte use pending the recovery of appropriate samples.     

盐碱胁迫下羊草植硅体的形态变化

对6个不同盐碱度梯度环境的羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落中生长状况良好的羊草进行人工筛选, 选取其中长势相近、叶片大小一致的羊草叶片, 用湿式灰化法提取植硅体并对其进行分类和命名, 共统计植硅体3387粒, 鉴定出植硅体类型10类, 分别是平顶帽型、尖顶帽型、刺帽型、光滑棒型、刺棒型、似牛角棒型、尖型、板型、蜂窝状和其他类型。随着盐碱浓度的增加, 帽型、棒型、尖型、板型和蜂窝型都有不同程度的变化。帽型植硅体的百分含量都有不同程度的增加, 6组样品中同种形态植硅体的大小有一定差别, 植硅体的大小随着盐碱度的升高呈现出不同程度的变化, 总体上有增大的趋势。     

青藏高原常见早熟禾亚科植硅体形态特征初步研究

文章对采自青藏高原地区早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）常见的10属19种现代植物进行详细的植硅体形态描述、分类、统计、测量和对比。分析发现：青藏高原现生植物早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）特有的植硅体形态主要包括帽型、齿型、针茅哑铃型和针茅多铃型,同时发育塔型、棒型、尖型、刺球型等其它亚科常见的类型。初步明确了部分属一级的植硅体形态特点,例如,羊茅属（Festuca）、早熟禾属（Poa）等主要发育尖顶帽型;长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin．）、赖草（Leymus secalinus（Georgi）Tzvel．）等主要发育平顶帽型;针茅属（Stipa）主要发育针茅哑铃型;早熟禾属（Poa）、三毛草属（Trisetum）同时发育较丰富的帽型和齿型。为进一步地深入研究该区草原植被群落的演替过程和规律提供了植硅体形态学分析的基础。