浙江三门湾浮游动物优势种空间生态位

生态位与种间竞争、资源利用密切联系,体现了物种在群落中利用资源的能力.为探明三门湾浮游动物分布格局的形成和影响因素,分别采用Shannon公式和Petrailis指数测定了浮游动物优势种生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并通过典范对应分析研究生态位分化状况.结果表明：百陶带箭虫、背针胸刺水蚤、短尾类幼虫等沿岸种的空间生态位较宽,而肥胖软箭虫、中华假磷虾等外海种的空间生态位较窄;具有捕食 被捕食关系的不同类群物种（如箭虫、仔鱼和水母分别与桡足类）有较高的生态位重叠,而同一类群物种（如桡足类及箭虫）间的生态位重叠值较低;浮游动物分布受温度、盐度和叶绿素a的影响较大,受营养盐影响较小.浮游动物空间生态位与生活类型、种间竞争、摄食等多种因素相关.
     

烟台近海浮游动物优势种空间生态位研究

根据2018年春、夏季烟台近海海域的调查资料,以浮游动物优势种(类)为研究对象,运用Levins公式和Pianka指数分析了浮游动物优势种(类)的生态位宽度和生态位重叠程度,采用冗余分析(RDA)研究了影响浮游动物优势种(类)空间生态位分化的主要因素。研究结果表明,浮游幼虫和桡足类是烟台近海浮游动物群落结构的主要组成群体,春、夏季浮游动物优势种(类)更替率为73.33%。依据烟台近海浮游动物优势种(类)的生态位宽度值,可将其划分为广生态位、中生态位和窄生态位三大类群,广生态位种类为浮游动物优势种(类)的主要构成群体,春季代表种类有短角长腹剑水蚤(Oithona brevicornis)、拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)等,夏季代表种类有小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、克式纺锤水蚤(Acartia clausi)等。生态位重叠指数与物种分布的环境位点的重合情况密切相关,广生态位种类之间的生态位重叠程度要高于窄生态位种类与其他种类之间的生态位重叠程度。RDA分析表明,春季影响浮游动物优势种(类)空间生态位分化的主要因素为海水温度、盐度和无机氮(DIN),夏...     

莱州湾鱼类群落优势种生态位

根据2011年5月、8月、10月和12月莱州湾底拖网调查资料,对该海域鱼类群落优势种的生态位进行了研究。结果表明,全年调查共捕获鱼类49种,各季节优势种种类数分别为春季3种,夏季5种,秋季3种,冬季4种。夏、冬季优势种的丛生指数较低,春、秋季较高;冬、春季优势种的平均拥挤度较低,夏、秋季较高。基于欧氏距离的优势种丰度聚类结果同优势度排序结果吻合。主成分分析(PCA)表明,青鳞小沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)分别是影响第一轴和第二轴的主要种类。绯鱼衔(Callionymus beniteguri)、鲬(Platycephalus indicus)、髭缟虾虎鱼(Tridentiger barbatus)和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)是时空二维生态位宽度最高的种类(2)。时空生态位显著重叠(0.6)的种类有7组,其中银姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)和皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)重叠值最高(0.798)。δ~(13)C值变幅(CR)最大的种类为斑鱼祭(Konosirus punctatus),δ~(15)N值变幅(NR)最大的种类为青鳞小沙丁鱼;青鳞小沙丁鱼和鱼祭生态位总面积超过20,皮氏叫姑鱼生态位总面积最小(1.38)且与其他优势种营养生态位重叠较高。等级聚类、排序、PCA和优势种排序结果较一致,而与时空生态位宽度分析结果差异较大,表明莱州湾鱼类群落结构受洄游鱼类的影响较大。时空生态位宽度较高的种类主要为集群特征不明显的周年定居种(绯鱼衔、鲬、短吻红舌鳎等底层鱼类),而季节洄游种(青鳞小沙丁鱼、鱼祭、赤鼻棱鳀等中上层鱼类)因时间生态位宽度较低导致时空生态位宽度较低。时空生态位和营养生态位分析表明,生态位重叠导致的资源利用性竞争并不是导致莱州湾鱼类群落结构现状的决定性因素,而更多可能是人为干扰形成的。     

北部湾北部生态系统结构与功能——浮游动物空间生态位及其分化

根据2006—2007年北部湾北部海域4个航次调查资料,采用K-优势度曲线法对浮游动物种(类)群进行排序分析,运用Levins公式和Pianka指数分析了主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值和生态位重叠程度,并通过除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)研究生态位分化状况。结果表明,该海区浮游动物优势种(类)群按生态位宽度值可划分为广生态位、中生态位和窄生态位三大类型。其中,广生态位的种(类)群如肥胖软箭虫、亚强次真哲水蚤、长尾类幼体等具有较强的生态适应性,生活范围较广;窄生态位的种(类)群,对环境的适应性较差,对海流和水团等环境因素的变化具有指示意义。生态位宽度能够反映种(类)群丰度季节变化,但不能反映具体丰度大小。北部湾北部全年主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值介于0.08—0.77之间,并且各优势种(类)群的生态位宽度差异较大,种对间生态位重叠值介于0.02—0.89之间,平均生态位重叠指数为0.45,种(类)群之间利用资源环境的互补性较强,这与海域内生境多样化并且各优势种对环境适应能力的差异存在一定联系。DCCA分析表明,影响浮游动物分布的主要因子是水深、温度和盐度,其次是叶绿素a和溶解氧。     

青海省海东地区小型兽空间生态位分析

采用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数对青海省海东地区不同生境的小型兽类群落进行研究.结果发现,捕获的18种小型兽中,柴达木根田鼠(Microtus limnophilus)的生态位宽度值最大(0.940),洮州绒孵(Caryomys eva)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrar...     

乐清湾浮游动物的季节变动及摄食率

2002年8月、11月、2003年2月和5月,在乐清湾进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查。根据采集的浮游动物样品的分析鉴定及海上现场实验结果,对浮游动物的群落组成、生物量、丰度、多样性指数的分布和季节变动及其浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率进行研究。结果表明,乐清湾已鉴定的浮游动物有56属,75种,17类浮游幼体,主要可划分为4个生态类群,以近岸低盐类群为主,其优势种为真刺唇角水蚤Labidoceraeuchaeta、太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartiapacifica、驼背隆哲水蚤Acrocalanusgibber、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausiasinica和百陶箭虫Sagittabedoti等,半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海种和广布种的种数相对较少。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布趋势基本一致,有明显季节变化。2月份和5月份,浮游动物生物量和丰度,从湾顶向湾口呈逐渐增加趋势;8月份,生物量和丰度的分布与2月份、5月份的分布趋势不同,从湾顶向湾口,生物量和丰度逐渐降低;11月份,生物量和丰度的平面分布相对均匀。浮游动物种类多样性指数有明显的季节变化,其动态变化与浮游动物种数和丰度的变化一致。微型浮游动物对浮游植物存在摄食压力,且摄食率有季节变化,摄食率的变化在0.15~0.48d-1。     

唐家河自然保护区夏季啮齿类的空间生态位

本文在野外调查的基础上, 运用现代生态学中生态位的理论和方法, 采用以Shannon - Wiener 多样性指数为基础的生态位宽度指数和Pianka 生态位重叠指数对唐家河自然保护区的啮齿类动物群落进行了研究。根据海拔高度和植被类型, 将唐家河自然保护区的植被划分为4 个带, 即山地常绿阔叶林带(海拔1 600 m以下) 、常绿与落叶阔叶混交林带(1 600～ 2 100 m) 、针阔叶混交林带(2 100～ 2 400 m) 和亚高山针叶林+ 亚高山灌丛草甸带(2 400～ 3 600 m) 。发现唐家河自然保护区的12 种啮齿类动物中, 高山姬鼠、龙姬鼠和大林姬鼠在4 个垂直植被带上的分布范围最宽。本文还对群落中物种的空间生态位宽度指数与其分布的关系以及各物种对空间资源的竞争与空间生态位重叠指数大小的关系进行了讨论。     

白颈长尾雉与白鹇秋冬季空间生态位比较

2008年9月-2009年2月,在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)和白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)及其栖息地生态因子进行调查,通过8个资源轴分析了2个种的多维生态位宽度、重叠及种间竞争.结果表明,白鹇和白颈长尾雉综合空间生态位宽度分别仅为0.268和0.294;白鹇的海拔和坡度空间生态位大于白颈长尾雉.而白颈长尾雉的坡向生态位宽度大于白鹇,在其他资源轴上二者接近;白颈长尾雉和白鹇的栖息地生态位相似性为0.425,竞争系数为0.584,竞争比较激烈.应加强低海拔地区植被及水源的保护,减少人为干扰.     

盘锦芦苇湿地空气动力学参数动态及其影响因子

应用盘锦芦苇生态系统观测场的涡动相关通量和小气候梯度系统的观测资料,采用涡动相关与小气候梯度观测相结合的方法估算了研究区芦苇下垫面空气动力学参数,并分析了其影响因素.结果表明：该方法可较好地估算芦苇湿地的空气动力学参数;芦苇湿地零平面位移（d）和粗糙度（z₀）的季节变化均呈先增后减的单峰曲线变化. z₀和d均在9月达到最大,分别为0.24和1.85 m; 12月达最小,分别为0.03和0.02 m.芦苇湿地z₀和d的季节变化主要受株高(h)和叶面积指数(LAI)的影响. d随h的增加而线性增加,z₀与h呈二次曲线关系.d/h和z₀/h均与LAI呈幂函数关系,复相关系数分别为0.99和0.78.     

浙江金华地区小麦-杂草群落中杂草生态位的研究

  In the wheat fields in Jinhua,Zhejiang province,160 random     

普陀山主要植物种生态位特征

利用样地调查方法,以物种重要值作为资源状态指标,应用Levins生态位宽度公式和Levins生态位重叠公式对普陀山主要植物种进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算。结果表明:普陀山主要植物群落中,青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、茶(Camellia sinensis)、薹草(Carex tristachya)的生态位宽度分别在乔、灌、草本层中占有优势地位;而且,各层植物种之间有着不同程度的重叠,表现为草本层>乔木层>灌木层;总体上,各植物种的生态位重叠较小,生态位分化明显,资源利用方式分化较大;分布频度是影响植物种生态位宽度、生态位重叠大小的主要因素之一,分布频度越大,则生态位宽度越大,与其他植物种形成生态位重叠的机率也越大。     

Seasonal dynamics and grazing rate of zooplankton in Yueqing Bay,China

The species composition,biomass,abundance,and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from August 2002 to May 2003 from 14 stations in Yueqing Bay,China.Phytoplankton growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rate were obtained by using the dilution method developed by Landry and Hassett.The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed.The results showed that the zooplankton in the Yueqing Bay could be divided into four ecotypes,namely coastal low saline species,estuary brackish water species,offshore warm water species,and eurytopic species.A total of 75 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 17 groups of pelagic larva were identified in the Yueqing Bay.The coastal low saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area,and the dominant species were Labidocera euchaeta,Acartia pacifica,Acrocalanus gibber,Pseudeuphausia sinica,and Sagitta bedoti among others.There was considerable seasonal variation in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the surveyed areas.The peak biomass appeared in August,descending in November and in May,and the lowest biomass appeared in February.Similarly,the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August,with the abundance descending in the following months:May,November,and February.There were similar horizontal distribution patterns for the biomass and the abundance of zooplankton.They both increased from the upper to the lower bay in February and May,but decreased from the upper to the lower bay in August.Biomass and abundance were evenly distributed in the Yueqing Bay in November.Moreover,there was marked seasonal variation in the species diversity of zooplankton,which conformed to the abundance of zooplankton.Results of the dilution experiments indicated that there was grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Yueqing Bay throughout the year though the rate of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton varied seasonally.Phytoplanktons were growing at 0.26-2.07/d and grazed by microzooplankton at a rate of 0.15--0.48/d in different seasons.     

Seasonal dynamics and grazing rate of zooplankton in Yueqing Bay, China

The species composition, biomass, abundance, and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from August 2002 to May 2003 from 14 stations in Yueqing Bay, China. Phytoplankton growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rate were obtained by using the dilution method developed by Landry and Hassett. The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed. The results showed that the zooplankton in the Yueqing Bay could be divided into four ecotypes, namely coastal low saline species, estuary brackish water species, offshore warm water species, and eurytopic species. A total of 75 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 17 groups of pelagic larva were identified in the Yueqing Bay. The coastal low saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area, and the dominant species were Labidocera euchaeta, Acartia pacifica, Acrocalanus gibber, Pseudeuphausia sinica, and Sagitta bedoti among others. There was considerable seasonal variation in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the surveyed areas. The peak biomass appeared in August, descending in November and in May, and the lowest biomass appeared in February. Similarly, the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August, with the abundance descending in the following months: May, November, and February. There were similar horizontal distribution patterns for the biomass and the abundance of zooplankton. They both increased from the upper to the lower bay in February and May, but decreased from the upper to the lower bay in August. Biomass and abundance were evenly distributed in the Yueqing Bay in November. Moreover, there was marked seasonal variation in the species diversity of zooplankton, which conformed to the abundance of zooplankton. Results of the dilution experiments indicated that there was grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Yueqing Bay throughout the year though the rate of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton varied seasonally. Phytoplanktons were growing at 0.26–2.07/d and grazed by microzooplankton at a rate of 0.15–0.48/d in different seasons. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8): 1853–1862 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(8): 1853–1862]     

Complex relationships between species niches and environmental heterogeneity affect species co-occurrence patterns in modelled and real communities

Species co-occurrence analysis is commonly used to assess how interspecific interactions dictate community assembly. Non-random co-occurrences, however, may also emerge from niche differences as well as environmental heterogeneity. The relationships between species co-occurrence patterns, environmental heterogeneity and species niches are not fully understood, due to complex interactions among them. To analyse the relationships among these patterns and processes, I developed synthetic community models and analysed a large dataset of tree species across the conterminous United States. Niche overlap and environmental heterogeneity had significant and contrasting effects on species co-occurrence patterns, in both modelled and real communities. Niche breadth, in turn, affected the effect sizes of both variables on species co-occurrence patterns. The effect of niche breadth on the relationship between co-occurrence and niche overlap was markedly consistent between modelled and real communities, while its effect on the relationship between co-occurrence and environmental heterogeneity was mostly consistent between real and modelled data. The results of this analysis highlight the complex and interactive effects of species niche overlap, niche breadth and environmental heterogeneity on species co-occurrence patterns. Therefore, inferring ecological processes from co-occurrence patterns without accounting for these fundamental characteristics of species and environments may lead to biased conclusions.     

浙江披山海域主要鱼类时空生态位

依据2015年11月(秋)、2016年2月(冬)、5月(春)、8月(夏)4个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用相对重要性指数(IRI)、Shannon指数和Pianka指数对浙江披山海域主要鱼类的时空生态位宽度和重叠进行分析,并结合冗余分析和种间竞争系数研究了主要鱼类间的竞争共存关系及生态位分化.结果 表明:研究期间共...     

乐清湾珠带拟蟹守螺夏季种群的分布格局

2004年7~8月,对温州乐清市雁荡镇西门码头、西门岛红树林、南岳镇、岐头、大门岛百花庙滩涂5个样点的珠带拟蟹守螺(Cerithideopsilla cingulata)种群密度进行调查,分别采用Taylor幂法则、Iwao聚集格局回归分析法及Morisita指数公式计算和统计分析,结果表明,珠带拟蟹守螺种群空间分布格局理论上属于聚集型负二项分布。其种群在中潮区的分布量最大,而高潮区又大于低潮区。珠带拟蟹守螺是一种对环境污染非常敏感的指示生物,滩涂生境如有污染就会直接反映在其种群密度上。