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1.
G. Lorda J. D. Breccia V. Barbeito F. Pagliero S. Boeris C. Castaño A. Pordomingo F. Altolaguirre M. D. Pastor 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(1):1-5
The addition of xanthan to high water retention capacity peat (HWRC) inoculants did not show differences on the survival of
Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109. In low water retention capacity peats (LWRC) however, xanthan increased the survival of B.japonicum significantly. Xanthan showed the best effect at 0.1 g/l for B. japonicum, in contrast to Sinorhizobium fredii USDA205 where the concentrations evaluated (0–1.0 g/l) did not affected significantly its survival. Nevertheless, when the
symbiotic performance on soybean was evaluated, the presence of 0.1 g xanthan/l increased the nodule number for both strains. 相似文献
2.
Swasti S. Swain Tapasi Tripathy Pradipta K. Mohapatra Pradeep K. Chand 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(2):134-141
In vitro regeneration of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) plants was achieved through callus-mediated shoot organogenesis followed by 30 d indoor ex vitro adaptation to nutritional stress under environmental ambience and thereafter 6-d outdoor acclimatization in pots prior to
field establishment. Relevant physiological parameters including pigment content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, net photosynthetic rate (P
N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g
s) of in vitro-regenerated plants were investigated during the course of ex vitro adaptation. During the first 4 d of indoor transplantation to potting substrate, there was a marginal reduction in the leaf
chlorophyll and carotenoid contents but P
N and E were strongly reduced. The stomatal conductance and E/P
N ratio were significantly higher in plants up to 20 d of indoor adaptation than those of comparable age grown naturally from
seeds. The shape of the OJIP fluorescence transient varied significantly with acclimatization, and the maximum change was
observed at 2.0 ms. The 2.0 ms variable fluorescence (V
j), 30 ms relative fluorescence (M
0), photon trapping probability (TR0/Abs), and photosystem II (PSII) trapping rate (TR0/RC) showed initial disturbance and subsequent stabilization during 30 d of indoor acclimatization. Energy dissipation (DI0/RC) and electron transport probability (ET0/TR0) showed an initial phase of increase during the 4 d after plants were transplanted outdoors. During the 6-d outdoor acclimatization
after transfer of plants to soil, no significant change in total chlorophylls and carotenoids, E, and g
s were observed, but P
N improved after reduction on the first d. The OJIP-derived parameters experienced change on the first d but were stabilized
quickly thereafter. There was no significant difference between outdoor acclimatized plants and those of the seed-grown plants
of comparable age with respect to photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters. Direct transfer of plants without indoor acclimatization,
however, showed a completely different trend with respect to P
N, E, and OJIP fluorescence transients. The bearing of this study on optimizing micropropagation is discussed. 相似文献
3.
Increasing the ability to store mass-reared natural enemies during periods or seasons of low demand is a critical need of
the biocontrol industry. We tested the hypothesis that chemicals can enhance long-term cold storage of a predatory mite Phytoseiulus
persimilis Athias-Henriot. The research objective was to determine the effect of cryoprotectant and carbohydrate chemicals on in-storage
survival of predators. In-storage survival at 8°C was greater for predators sprayed with glycerol (5%, v/v) or glucose (10%
and 20%, v/v) than with water spray controls. After 74 days in the cryoprotectant experiment, predator survival declined to
11.5% in the 5% glycerol treatment and 7.8% in the water spray control. After 88 days in the carbohydrate experiment, predator
survival declined to 22% in the 20% glucose treatment and 2% in the water spray control. Although many individuals expired
within 50 days in both experiments, a few females survived more than 200 days. This research suggests that select cryoprotectants
and carbohydrates have a limited capacity to facilitate long-term storage of P. persimilis. 相似文献
4.
Mamdouh M. Nemat Alla Abdel-Hamid A. Khedr Mamdouh M. Serag Amina Z. Abu-Alnaga Reham M. Nada 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2011,33(2):547-557
Forty-day-old seedlings of Atriplex
halimus were treated either with NaCl (50, 300 and 550 mM) for the subsequent 30 days or with 15% PEG for the subsequent 10 days.
As much as 50 mM of NaCl significantly increased shoot fresh and dry weight and height; nevertheless, 300 or 550 mM NaCl seemed
to have no effect. On the other hand, these growth parameters were not affected by drought after 3 or 6 days, but were reduced
after 10 days. The gas exchange parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) were increased
by 50 mM NaCl, but decreased by 300 and 550 mM. These parameters were decreased in response to drought only after 10 days
of withholding water. In contrast to Na+, K+ was significantly decreased by NaCl but not by drought. The time course effect revealed that phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase
(PEPC) protein was doubled in response to NaCl after 1 and 5 h and continued thereafter, higher than control, while drought
had no significant effect. Rubisco seemed unchanged by NaCl or drought. It could be concluded that the decrease in fresh weight
might be attributed to the decrease in water content. Moreover, the decrease in photosynthesis could result from a decrease
in stomatal conductance, a protective mechanism against water loss to improve water use efficiency. These findings indicate
that Atriplex
halimus tolerates NaCl and drought through decreasing growth, reducing gas exchange parameters to improve water use efficiency, uptake
Na+ and saving, if any, the photosynthetic enzyme particularly PEPC. 相似文献
5.
Bourguyia hamata females oviposit almost exclusively inside the rosette formed by the curled leaves of the epiphytic bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis. We investigated whether the architecture of the individual bromeliads influences oviposition site selection by this harvestman
species. We collected data on the presence of clutches inside bromeliads, rosette length, rosette slope in relation to tree
trunks, and the amount of debris inside the rosette. Additionally, we measured the water volume inside the rosettes as well
as the variation in the humidity inside and outside bromeliads with long and short rosettes. Longer rosettes were preferred
as oviposition site possibly because they accumulate more water and maintain lower internal humidity variation than the external
environment. Although the slope of the rosettes did not influence the occurrence of oviposition, the probability of debris
accumulation inside the rosettes increased with their slope, and the frequency of clutches was greater in bromeliads with
small amounts of debris. A field experiment showed that bromeliads with water inside the rosette were more frequently used
as oviposition sites than bromeliads without water. In conclusion, females oviposit predominantly in bromeliads that accumulate
more water and have small amounts of debris inside the rosettes, probably because these characteristics promote a more adequate
microhabitat for egg development. 相似文献
6.
Despite their central role in lakeshore restoration, most littoral wetland plantings fail. The reasons for these failures
are poorly understood, in part due to limited information on the effects of planting time, water depth, and propagation on
the survival of emergent macrophyte plantings. We planted pots and prevegetated mats of softstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus
tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla) at two different water depths (0–30 and 31–60 cm) in five lakes each month between May and September
2006 to evaluate the effects of planting month, water depth, and transplant type on the survival of planted S. tabernaemontani. Overall survival decreased from 73% at 30 days after planting to 40% pre-winter to 15% post-winter. The timing of planting
was the most important factor influencing bulrush survival. Survival of bulrush planted later in the growing season is poor,
regardless of the transplant type used, and should be avoided. During the optimal planting season of early-to-mid summer,
transplants from pots are more likely to outperform mats, despite lower pre-planting biomass. Water depth is only important
immediately after planting, after which time, its influence on successful establishment diminishes. Overall, our research
indicated that key choices made by the practitioner can improve the likelihood that transplants establish in littoral wetland
restorations. 相似文献
7.
Ineke van Gremberghe Pieter Vanormelingen Katleen Van der Gucht Antoniya Mancheva Sofie D’hondt Luc De Meester Wim Vyverman 《Hydrobiologia》2009,635(1):147-155
We conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the influence of Daphnia infochemicals on growth rate, microcystin production, colony formation and cell size of eight Microcystis strains isolated from two lakes. The strains were characterized genetically by their 16S-23S rDNA ITS sequence. The experiment
was composed of four treatments: (1) a control using filtered WC medium, (2) addition of Scenedesmus obliquus culture medium filtrate, (3) addition of Daphnia magna culture medium filtrate and (4) addition of sodium octyl sulphate, a commercially available Daphnia infochemical. Our results showed that sympatric strains differed strongly for the measured functional traits, while no correlations
between traits were found. Between-strain differences in growth rate, microcystin production, colony formation and cell size
were generally larger than the differences in phenotypes observed between treatments. Despite this, several strains reacted
to the infochemicals by changing functional trait values. Daphnia culture medium filtrate and, to a lesser extent, sodium octyl sulphate had a negative influence on the growth rate of half
of the strains and stimulated microcystin production in one strain, but the latter effect was not Daphnia-specific as Scenedesmus culture medium filtrate had the same effect. Daphnia culture medium filtrate also induced colony formation in one strain. Our data suggest that Daphnia infochemicals generally have a weak influence on growth rate, microcystin production and colony formation of Microcystis strains as compared to the inter-strain variability, while existing inducible effects are highly strain-specific. 相似文献
8.
Zoran Maksimović Marina Milenković Dragana Vučićević Mihailo Ristić 《Central European Journal of Biology》2008,3(2):149-154
This paper presents the results of a study on chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil from Vojvodina province (north of Serbia). The investigated oil was hydrodistilled from a flowering plant
and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-three constituents were identified (>97% of total oil), with geranial (41.42%, w/w) and
neral (29.61%, w/w) as the most prominent. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using agar disc diffusion and
broth microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and two strains of Candida albicans. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity to varying degrees against all tested strains. The maximum activity of
T. Pannonicus oil was observed against E. coli, S. aureus and both tested strains of C. Albicans (MIC = 50 μ/ml, each). Moderate activity was observed against P. aeruginosa and one of the tested strains of K. Pneumoniae (MIC = 200 μ/ml), while E. faecalis and the other strain of K. Pneumoniae expressed a higher degree of resistance (MIC > 200 μ/ml). This study confirms that essential oil of T. pannonicus possesses remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity against several medicinally important pathogens. This is attributable to lemon-scented citral, a mixture
of geranial and neral, which has well-documented antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria and fungi. 相似文献
9.
Cladocera use their thoracic filter limbs, animated by rhythmic and persistent movements, for food collecting and gas exchanges.
Several researches have been performed on Daphnia magna in natural environments and in laboratory to identify the adaptations developed toward a decrease or a lack in oxygen. However,
no experiment was performed on cladocerans living exclusively in littoral areas, which need efficient adaptations to survive
an always changing environment especially regarding oxygen concentration. These changes require from organisms that they spend
additional energy in order to satisfy their need in oxygen. The present laboratory experiments were based on a typical inhabitant
of littoral areas, Simocephalus vetulus, and on individuals which came directly from natural environments. Respiration rate and NADH fluorescence in filter limb
muscles, as a marker of tissue oxygenation, were analysed on 20 families distributed over five generations, all acclimated
and cultured under constant food supply conditions. The results underlined differences among generations especially due to
body dimensions, and consequently to filter dimensions. As opposed to our former hypothesis, small and young individuals appeared
to be more active and thus display a more efficient respiration than big and old Simocephalus. 相似文献
10.
Tamara S. Al-Qudah Rida A. Shibli Feras Q. Alali 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(4):496-505
A protocol for in vitro propagation of the wild germander (Teucrium polium L.) was developed. In vitro plants were developed from ex vitro axillary buds. Then, shoot tips were excised and established on Murashige and Skoog medium. Proliferation of shoots was tested
with different levels of 6-furfurylaminopurin, 6-benzyladenine, or thiadiazuron. The highest proliferation of T. polium was obtained when 6-benzyladenine and 6-furfurylaminopurin were used at 2.0 and 1.6 mg l−1, respectively. Thiadiazuron gave the lowest response for shoot proliferation. Rooting was experimented at different levels
of Indol-3-butric acid, Indol-3-acetic acid, or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. 1-Naphthaleneacetic was the only growth regulator
which promoted root induction. Rooted plants were acclimatized successfully with 75% survival and grown in the greenhouse.
In vitro- and in vivo-grown plants were analyzed for essential oil production. In vitro-grown T. polium on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine and 1-naphthaleneacetic gave higher oil yield than that grown on hormone-free
Murashige and Skoog medium. In vivo (wild)-grown T. polium produced different oil yield when collected in different months (April and October). β-caryophyllene, used as a marker compound
in the essential oil, was identified and quantified by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Gas chromatography/mass (GC-MS) spectrometry
analysis was also used to identify other components of in vitro cultures and to compare with in vivo-grown plants. 相似文献
11.
Pesticide-induced effects in non-target organisms are a worldwide environmental problem and cladocerans have been used as
test organisms to quantify the toxicity effects. However, little is known about the true risks of acceptable levels, when
non-traditional end points such as sex determination, egg maturation, and teratogenesis are considered. Aims of the present
study were to investigate the effects of sublethal concentrations of the fungicide carbendazim taking into account the above-mentioned
endpoints and to evaluate their sensitivity to an environmental factor such as temperature, known to influence growth rates
and sex determination in cladocerans. We quantified the effect on the life history variables of Moina micrura at two different temperatures using the life table demographic approach, starting with neonates. The median lethal concentration
of carbendazim for M. micrura was 0.12 ± 0.01 mg l−1. The impacts of carbendazim were assessed in experiments conducted at 20°C (experiment 1) and 30°C (experiment 3) using four
sublethal concentrations of carbendazim (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04) and controls. An additional experiment (experiment 2) on the
next generation (F1) was conducted at 20°C, using the offspring of the second clutches of M. micrura from each of the corresponding treatments of the experiment 1. The increase in temperature from 20 to 30°C significantly
reduced always the average lifespan and life expectancy at birth, while raised the rate of population increase, net reproductive
rate, and reproductive effort, in controls but not in carbendazim treatments. Higher temperature also increased male/female
ratio. The patterns of survivorship curves were weakly affected by carbendazim exposure, but increase in concentration of
this fungicide reduced offspring production, reproductive rates, and the rate of population increase, more noticeable at the
higher temperature. These detrimental effects were much more striking in the F1 experiment, in which females were unable to
produce viable offspring in the two highest carbendazim concentrations, although survival and swimming behavior were not significantly
affected. This indicates that sensitivity to the toxicant is greater during egg development and that the fungicide acts as
an endocrine disruptor. The presence of carbendazim in the medium resulted in higher male production as compared with controls,
indicating also its effect on egg development. We also encountered a few individuals, with abnormal sexual secondary characters
(males with reduced antennule length, similar to female antennules) at the highest carbendazim concentration. The role of
carbendazim on the demography of cladocerans in natural systems, subject to temperature increase, is discussed taking into
account the persistence of this chemical and its elevated impact in the successive generations (through the higher sensitivity
of the developing eggs to the chemical at high temperatures). Cladoceran bioassays starting with neonates, which usually utilize
offspring as sublethal endpoints should include the first generation to evaluate fecundity responses. 相似文献
12.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection was carried out for adventitious rooting and associated propagation traits in a second-generation
outbred Corymbia torelliana × Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata hybrid family (n = 186). The parental species of this cross are divergent in their capacity to develop roots adventitiously on stem cuttings
and their propensity to form lignotubers. For the ten traits studied, there was one or two QTL detected, with some QTL explaining
large amounts of phenotypic variation (e.g. 66% for one QTL for percentage rooting), suggesting that major effects influence
rooting in this cross. Collocation of QTL for many strongly genetically correlated rooting traits to a single region on linkage
group 12 suggested pleiotropy. A three locus model was most parsimonious for linkage group 12, however, as differences in
QTL position and lower genetic correlations suggested separate loci for each of the traits of shoot production and root initiation.
Species differences were thought to be the major source of phenotypic variation for some rooting rate and root quality traits
because of the major QTL effects and up to 59-fold larger homospecific deviations (attributed to species differences) relative
to heterospecific deviations (attributed to standing variation within species) evident at some QTL for these traits. A large
homospecific/heterospecific ratio at major QTL suggested that the gene action evident in one cross may be indicative of gene
action more broadly in hybrids between these species for some traits. 相似文献
13.
The intron sequence of chloroplast rpS16 and the secondary structure of its pre-mRNA were characterized for the first time in 26 Allium sativum accessions of different ecologo-geographical origins and seven related Allium species. The boundaries and main stem-loop consensus sequences were identified for all six domains of the intron. Polymorphism
was estimated for the total intron and its regions. The structural regions of the rpS16 intron proved to be heterogeneous for mutation rate and spectrum. Mutations were most abundant in domains II and IV, and
transition predominated in domains I, III, V, and VI. In addition to structural elements and motifs typical for group IIB
introns, several Allium-specific micro- and macrostructural mutations were revealed. A 290-bp deletion involving domains III and IV and part of domain
V was observed in A. altaicum, A. fistulosum, and A. schoenoprasum. Several indels and nucleotide substitutions were found to cause a deviation of the pre-mRNA secondary structure from the
consensus model of group II introns. 相似文献
14.
Hua Zhang Rui Xia Zhou Li Jing Zhang Ruo Yu Wang Li Zhe An 《Journal of Plant Biology》2007,50(3):336-343
A novel late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) gene (AY804193), namedCbLEA, has now been isolated fromChorispora bungeana. This rare alpine subnival plant can survive sudden snowstorms and low temperatures. The full-lengthCbLEA is 842 bp, with an open reading frame encoding 169 ami no acids. The putative molecular weight ofCbLEA protein is 17.9 kDa, with an estimatedpl of 6.45. To investigate the functioning of thisCbLEA protein in cold-stress tolerance,CbLEA was introduced into tobacco under the control of the CaMV35S promoter. Second-generation (R1) transgenic tobacco plants exhibited significantly increased tolerance to cold. These transgenics maintained lower malondialdehyde
(MDA) contents and electrolyte leakage (EL) but their relative water content (RWC) was significantly higher compared with
non-transgenic plants under chilling stress. Further experimental results showed that non-transgenic plants had severe freezing
damage after exposure to -2°C for 1 h, whereas the transgenics suffered only slight injury under the same conditions. Moreover,
survival was longer in the latter genotype at that temperature. The extent of increased cold tolerance was positive correlated
with the level ofCbLEA protein accumulation, and was also reflected by the delayed development of damage symptoms. This indicates thatCbLEA is an excellent stress tolerance gene, and holds considerable potential as a new molecular tool for engineering improved
plant genetics. 相似文献
15.
S. Kumar Sunil Kumar S. P. Negi J. K. Kanwar 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(6):474-479
Callus cultures derived from leaf segments of chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Snow Ball’ which was susceptible to Septoria obesa were successfully used for in vitro selection for resistance to this pathogenic fungus. Resistant cell lines were selected by culturing callus on growth medium
containing various concentrations of S. obesa filtrate. Resistant calluses obtained after two cycles (30 d each cycle) of selection were used for plant regeneration. About
30% of the plants regenerated from the resistant calluses and 70–80% of the plants raised from cuttings had acquired considerable
resistance against the pathogen in the field. No phenotypic variation was observed in the selected regenerates. 相似文献
16.
The reproductive ecology of the gobiid fish Bathygobius fuscus was studied at Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan. Males of this species maintain small rock holes as a nest and females spawn an egg
mass on the wall of the nest. The males employed two forms of mating tactic: nest holding and sneaking. A nest holder stayed
in the nest and waited for a female to visit, whereas a sneaker intruded into a nest while a pair was engaged in reproduction.
Males larger than 55 mm standard length were always nest holders; those of smaller size employed both tactics. As the larger
males excluded the smaller males, the latter did not occupy a nest hole. With a decrease in the number of larger males, smaller
males changed their mating tactic from sneaking to nest holding. The results suggest that male Bathygobius fuscus adopt a conditional strategy whereby they change their tactic depending on their social status.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
17.
An in vitro method for propagation of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. has been developed using nodal explants from mature trees growing in the field. Irrespective of concentrations and
combinations of growth regulators used, the axillary and terminal buds sprouted and elongated when inoculated on Murashige
and Skoog (MS) medium. The highest numbers of shoots were formed when sprouted shoots were subcultured from MS basal medium
onto MS medium containing 2 mg dm−3 N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg dm−3 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The shoot number further increased upon subculture on MS medium containing 0.5 mg dm−3 BA. By repeated sub-culturing of shoots derived from nodal axillary buds, a high frequency multiplication rate was established.
The elongated shoots were excised and rooted in auxin free MS basal medium. Ex vitro rooting of in vitro formed shoots was achieved upon dipping the microshoots for 2 min in 2 mg dm−3 of indole-3-butyric acid solution. Successful field establishment and high (80–90 %) survival of plants was observed. 相似文献
18.
Hydrogen exchange rates for backbone amide protons of oxidized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 (P. aeruginosa cytochrome c) have been measured in the presence of low concentrations of the denaturant guanidine hydrochloride. Analysis of the data
has allowed identification of submolecular unfolding units known as foldons. The highest-energy foldon bears similarity to
the proposed folding intermediate for P. aeruginosa cytochrome c. Parallels are seen to the foldons of the structurally homologous horse cytochrome c, although the heme axial methionine-bearing loop has greater local stability in P. aeruginosa cytochrome c, in accord with previous folding studies. Regions of low local stability are observed to correspond with regions that interact
with redox partners, providing a link between foldon properties and function.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
19.
Caroline Guillou Audrey Fillodeau Eric Brulard David Breton Simone De Faria Maraschin Dorothée Verdier Mathieu Simon Jean-Paul Ducos 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2018,54(4):377-391
The establishment of cocoa embryogenic cell lines in liquid medium starting from high frequency somatic embryogenesis (HFSE) callus is described. The growth kinetics of the cultures during the multiplication and the expression steps conducted in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks were described for three genotypes selected for their agronomical traits (EET95, EET96, and EET103). The glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations and the absorption of Murashige and Skoog medium macronutrients (nitrate, ammonium, potassium, sulfate, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) were monitored. The multiplication of the embryogenic calluses in a medium containing 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) at 1 mg L?1, initiated with an inoculation density of 20 g L?1 of callus, was achieved. The growth rate was characterized by two phases, with the second being concomitant with a depletion of phosphorus and magnesium, and a decrease in the embryogenic potential of the callus. The expression of the callus embryogenic capacity was conducted in an auxin-free medium. The embryo production starting from 1 and 5 g L?1 inoculation densities was compared. When placed in the optimal expression conditions in flasks, 1 g of callus produced 1000 to 1500 embryos within 5 to 7 wk. Finally, two paths for improving the plantlet regenerative capacities of cocoa SE produced in liquid medium were identified. Supplementing the expression medium with myo-inositol used as an osmotic agent at a concentration of 50 g L?1 increased the embryo-to-plantlet conversion rate from 13–16% to 40–48%. A 6-wk culture of the embryos on a maturation medium in Petri dishes optimized their subsequent development into plantlets. 相似文献
20.
Silvia Maria Millan Gutierre 《Hydrobiologia》2012,679(1):91-95
The hydrozoan Cordylophora caspia, with its origin in the Caspian and Black Seas, is considered an invasive biofouling species to power stations and water
treatment plants in Brazil, causing economic and ecological impacts. Tolerance of the species to variation in pH was tested
to evaluate its resistance to acidic and basic pH levels. Values of pH were tested over a range from 4.0 to 10.0. The colonies
were exposed for 6 h to each treatment, using phosphoric acid and NaOH to set water pH to the desired acidic or basic levels,
respectively. Colonies of C. caspia displayed 100% mortality only at pH 4 and 10, and showed high survival rates (>50%) within the pH range of 5.0–8.5. The species
demonstrated tolerance to a wide range of pH levels, and the results will help in the development of techniques to reduce
biofouling by this species. Treatments that keep the pH below 5 or above 8.5 for at least 6 h are suggested to control and
eradicate C. caspia where fouling causes significant economic impacts. 相似文献