La respiration tissulaire des branchies des Téléostéens d'eau douce

Sans résumé     

Les otolithes des Téléostéens du Plio-Pleistocène belge

The study of approximately twenty three thousand otoliths from Plio-Pleistocene sites in the harbour region of Antwerp, as well as a critical revision of already published material allowed us to identify a teleostean fauna with fourty seven species (including two subspecies and seven species in open nomenclature). Two of these, Ophidion springeri and Uranoscopus septentrionalis are new to science. The fauna is typical for coastal waters slightly warmer than those of the actual North Sea and caracterized by the predominance of Gadidae. Biostratigraphically this fauna is well individualized with respect to preceeding ones (only seven species in common with the Miocene fauna) and those following twenty-three species in common with the extant fauna). The following biostratigraphical subdivision has been recognized in the Upper Miocene and the Plio-Pleistocene of the Antwerp region: (1) an association with «genus? Macrouridarum labiatus, Trisopterus sculptus, Gadiculus benedeni and Trisopterus luscus spectabilis, in the Sands of Deurne (Upper Miocene); (2) an association with Gadiculus benedeni and Merlangius pseudaeglephinus, in the Formation of Kattendijk (Pliocene); (3) an association with Gadiculus verticalis and Merlangius pseudaeglefinus in the Formation of Lillo (Plio-Pleistocene); (4) an association with Gadus morhua and Merlangius pseudaeglefinus in the so called «Icenian deposits not present in Belgium but found in the Netherlands.     

L'os cellulaire d'un Poisson Téléostéen ≪Anguilla anguilla L.≫

Résumé Le squelette vertébral de l'Anguille est formé d'os cellulaire: lamellaire compact ou spongieux, suivant les différentes parties de la vertèbre. Nous avons pu y mettre en évidence, chez des animaux physiologiquement normaux, les trois catégories de cellules caractéristiques de l'os des vertébrés supérieurs: ostéoblastes, osteocytes, ostéoclastes. Elles ont les mêmes fonctions que chez ces derniers, les ostéoblastes procèdent à l'élaboration du tissu osseux, alors que les ostéoclastes le détruisent; à cette résorption ostéoclastique s'ajoute une lyse périostéocytaire ou résorption périlacunaire. Les osteocytes, dans ce tissu, nous paraissent être des éléments actifs; néanmoins, leur nombre (par unité de surface) est très inférieur à celui trouvé chez les Mammifères. Le remaniement osseux résultant du jeu de l'apposition et de la résorption est important et comparable à celui existant chez l'Homme.L'os de l'Anguille est, à de nombreux points de vue, très voisin de celui des Mammifères; les Poissons n'ont pas de parathyroïdes en tant que telles mais ils sont pourvus d'autres glandes vraisemblablement impliquées dans la régulation phosphocalcique: corps ultimobranchial et corpuscules de Stannius. Notre but sera donc d'essayer de déterminer comment est réglé le métabolisme de l'os cellulaire des Téléostéens.

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Histologic study on teleost cellular bone I.

Summary The vertebral skeleton of the eel consists of cellular bone, either lamellar or spongy, depending on different parts of the vertebra. In this osseous tissue we have found, in physiologically normal animals, three categories of caracteristic cells of the bone of higher vertebrates: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. They have the same functions as in higher vertebrates, osteoblasts form the bone while the osteoclasts which are to be found in Howship's lacunae destroy it. In addition, a perilacunar type of bone resorption or osteocytic osteolysis can be observed. In this bone, osteocytes seem to be active cells, but the concentration of osteocytes is decidedly lower than that to be found in Mammals.The osseous remodeling produced by apposition and resorption is of the same importance as in human bone. The bone of the eel, in many ways, closely resembles that of mammals. Teleost fish do not have parathyroid glands, but their phosphocalcic regulation seems to be facilitated by the action of two endocrine glands: Ultimobranchial body and the corpuscles of Stannius.The regulation of the cellular bone metabolism of Teleostean fishes is discussed.

Nous remercions Monsieur le Professeur Baud qui nous accueille dans son laboratoire à Genève et qui nous prodigue ses conseils.     

L'otolithe: la ≪ boîte noire ≫ des Téléostéens

Calcified structures such as otoliths have been used successfully for estimating the age of teleost fishes for many years. Otoliths record age as well as annual and/or seasonal events in the lives of fish and they are an important source of life history information. Otoliths have been found to contain characteristics that are stock specific. Elemental composition might be useful for identifying non-mixing groups of fish that may be regarded as separate stocks for fisheries management. Examination of otolith microstructure has been used to study early life history. Papers describe the use of otolith microstructure combined with chemical analysis to assess the relative significance of environmental variables: feeding frequency, photoperiod and temperature, migration from freshwater to marine water, pollution, etc. Otoliths are the first calcified structures that appear during the early development of fish and they provide a more adequate record of the growth history than scales. Otoliths represent the black box of teleost fish.     

Les théories de l’économie animale et l’émergence de la psychiatrie de l’Encyclopédie à l’aliénisme

The author analysesEncyclopédie’s articles devoted to nervous and mental functioning and disorders, showing that a new approach to lunacy as a mental illness, which is defined in some articles as a “general trouble of the animal economy”, progressively emerged. The term,animal economy, unified physical and moral aspects of the study of man. It was elaborated by XVIIIth century physiologists and was widely accepted by French physicians. This idea is based on the vitalistic thought of the Montpellier school, which equated life with sensibility, and on English medical conceptions of a nervous-centred organism. Later on Philippe Pinel’s work displayed the legacy of these conceptions. On one hand, the comprehensive view of physical and moral dimensions in theanimal economy neutralized the question of an organic or psychogenetic origin of madness. This enabled him to consider it as a determinate field of sensibility interactions and as a medical matter, and to legitimize the group of therapeutic practices that he namedtraitement moral. On the other hand, Pinel departed from the classical conception ofanimal economy by developing his concept of aprinciple of mania, which underlies the manifold symptoms and forms of madness, and which are only perceptible to a trained specialist (aliéniste). The historical development analysed in this article show how alienists were enabled to claim both the wholly medical nature of insanity as disease, and their specific competence as apart from the other medical disciplines. To this extent, Esquirol achieved Pinel’s scientific work.     

Quelques aspects histochimiques de l'ovogenèse chez Betta splendens R. (Téléostéen Anabantidé)

Résumé Cette étude permet de préciser:la dualité d'origine de mucosubstances acides sécrétées par le nucleole de l'ovocyte et les cellules folliculaires.L'élaboration d'acides aminés (type tryptophane), de protéines sulfhydrilées, de composés phénoliques par le nucléole del'ovocyte, dont on précise par ailleurs l'équipement enzymatique. la formation des vacuoles corticales (mucosubstances acides sulfatées et glycoprotéines) à partir de la sécrétion des cellules folliculaires.la composition des globules vitellins (phosphoprotéines liées ou non à des phospholipides, ribonucléines, protéines sulfhydrilées et à radicaux aromatiques) et l'indépendance de leur genèse vis-à-vis des sites révélant des glucides.le stockage à partir du stade III de substances de réserves (glycogène, triglycérides) indépendantes du vitellus.la localisation de la phosphomonoestérase alcaline non spécifique et de l'ATP au niveau de la membrane ovocytaire; de la phosphomonoestérase acide (noyau stade I, puis migration dans le cytoplasme dans les stades ultérieurs); des oxydoreductases dès le stade I, dans le cytoplasme périnucléaire, puis périphérique.la structure et le rôle des enveloppes de l'ovocyte: le durcissement après la fécondation de la membrane ovocytaire externe limitante PAS⁺, d'origine folliculaire, peut être expliqué par un phénomène de kératinisation; la zona radiata, interne et constituée de protéines à radicaux aromatiques, à l'exclusion de tout composant polysaccharidique, évoque l'éventualité d'un processus de tannage quinonique (ou dérivé) pour sa sclérotisation.

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Some histochemical aspects of the oogenesis of Betta splendens R. (Teleostean Anabantidé)

Summary This study allows us to precise:the dual origin of acid mucosubstances, secreted through the nucleole of the ovocyte and the follicular cells.the elaboration of ammo-acids (tryptophane-type), of sulfhydriled proteins, of phenolic compounds through the nucleole of the ovocyte (whose enzymatic equipment is precised in another connection).the formation of cortical vacuoles (sulfated acid muco-substances and glycoproteins) from the secretion of follicular cells.the composition of vitelline globules (phosphoproteines, linked or not to phospholipids, ribonucleines, sulfhydriled proteins and aromatic radicals), and the independance of their genesis towards the sites which show out glucids.the storing, from stage III, of substances (glycogen, triglycerids) which do not belong to the vitellus.the localisation of non-specific alkaline phosphomonoesterase and ATP at the level of the ovocyte membrane; of acide phosphomonoesterase (nucleus, stage I, then migration into the cytoplasm, in further stages); oxydoreductases from stage I, in the perinuclear, then peripheral cytoplasm.the structure and role of the envelopes of the ovocyte: the hardening after fecundation of the ovocytous membrane (limitant PAS⁺, of a follicular origin), can be explained by a phenomenon of keratinisation; the zona radiata, intern and constituted of proteins with aromatical radicals, excluding any polysaccharidic component, calls forth the possibility of a process of quinone tanning (or derivating from it) for its sclerotisation.

     

Tentative de localisation histochimique d'une ATPase-Na+-K+ au niveau de l'épithélium pseudobranchial des Téléostéens

Résumé Les recherches histochimiques sur l'ATPase-Na⁺-K⁺ en microscopie optique ont permis de mettre en évidence une forte activité au niveau de l'épithélium pseudobranchial des Téléostéens.Cette activité est localisée sur la membrane interne des cellules pseudobranchiales, qui fait face aux larges espaces extracellulaires de la région interlamellaire. Cette région interlamellaire contient de nombreuses terminaisons nerveuses afférentes. La spécificité de ces localisations est discutée.

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Attempt at histochemical localization of the Na⁺-K⁺ activated ATPase of teleostean pseudobranchia epithelial cells

Summary The histochemical studies of the ATPase-Na⁺-K⁺, at light microscopic level, showed a strong activity in the pseudobranchial epithelium of a teleost fish. This activity is located on the inward membrane of the pseudobranchial cells facing the large extracellular spaces of the intralamellar areas. These intralamellar areas contain numerous afferent nerve endings. The reality of these localizations is discussed.

     

Physiopathologie des troubles de l’érection chez l’homme paraplégique

Peripheral mechanisms responsible for penile erection are dependant upon a complex control by the nervous system, including peripheral nervous pathways, spinally mediated reflex loops and supraspinal nervous structures. Spinal cord injury is accompanied by a partial or a complete modification of these controls. In relation to the reflexogenic or psychogenic origin of penile erection, spinal cord injury does not cause the same effects. Reflexogenic erections sitll occur after spinal cord injury at a suprasacral level. After lesions at a level lower than the thoracolumbar spinal cord, tumescence following psychogenic stimulation has been observed. The hypotheses resulting from clinical and experimental observations and explaining the differences at the origin of these response are detailed. The recent developments in the neurophysiology of penile erection and the role of neurotransmitters allow a more analytical approach of the phenomenous and also bring new insights into possible compensatory pathways following spinal cord injury.     

La part de l’analyse phénoménologique dans l’étude de cas singulier

We argue that clinical psychiatry oscillates between two epistemological poles: inference and perception. The inferential approach categorises illnesses bottom up, from visible symptoms to the pathological category supposedly causing them. In doing so, psychiatry moves away from the possible instantaneous perception of a patient, as well as from illness as a changing, evolving, phenomenon. From a phenomenological point of view, the perceptive approach enables the therapist, within an encounter, to experience the emergence of an impression of a patient’s overall bearing, or attitude. Thanks to épochè, a sense of form, Gestalt will emerge. The clinical case, nevertheless, is always a construction, an intersubjective narrative about illness, recounted by the patient. Creating a library of clinical cases leads to the development of case types, each becoming a reference to which future clinical cases can be compared and categorised as belonging to a clinical family; it is the participant with respect to Plato’s eidos. Phenomenology contributes to clinical experience in that it makes possible the link between perception and inference, between subjective experience and intersubjective narrative, and between person and case type.     

Distribution du sélénium et de seize éléments dans les différents organes deTrifolium repens

Summary Sandy clay loam soils in the La Roche-Posay area, and the different parts ofTrifolium repens growing on 9 locations, were analyzed for their contents of selenium and 16 other elements. The level of K, P, Se in the young leaves was 2 or 3 times higher than in the old organs. The roots showed the lowest contents for these three elements. By contrast, their content of Al, Fe, As were 10 times higher than in the young leaves. When the content of Se in leaves and roots was low, the contents of P, Al and Fe increased with increasing contents of Se. When the level of Se was high, the reverse was the case.      

Importance de l’étape pré-analytique en spermiologie pour le diagnostic et l’évaluation des thérapeutiques

Semen analysis is subject to great variability, partly due to the mechanism of ejaculation. This variability can be reduced by taking certain precautions, such as interviewing the patient to eliminate any external factor of variability, by imposing a 3- to 5-day period of sexual abstinence, by explaining the procedures to avoid bacterial contamination of the sample, by verifying whether the whole semen sample has been collected, by checking that the temperature of the sample is maintained at 37°C and finally, by carefully homogenising the sample to obtain good quality liquefaction.     

L'éléphantiasis péno-scrotal. A propos d'un cas

Massive scrotal lymphoedema with gross genital deformation is called penoscrotal elephantiasis. It is a rare syndrome outside of filariasis endemic regions. It is usually idiopathic and rarely congenital or secondary. It is both physically disabling and emotionally distressing for the patient. Surgical treatment is often necessary. The authors report a case of a patient with penoscrotal elephantiasis in whom no aetiology could be found. Complete surgical resection of the diseased tissue and scrotum and penile reconstruction were performed with good cosmetic and functional results.     

Infrastructure superficielle de la vésicule vitelline et du sac péricardique de l'embryon de Poecilia reticulata (Poisson Téléostéen)

Résumé Le microscope électronique à balayage montre l'existence d'un réseau complexe de microcrêtes à la surface de la vésicule vitelline et du sac péricardique de l'embryon de Poecilia reticulata. Cette étude permet également de préciser la localisation, l'aspect et la répartition des «cellules à chlorure» et de proposer un schéma tridimensionel de l'organisation infrastructurale de la paroi de la vésicule vitelline. Un choc osmotique détermine rapidement un mouvement d'étalement des cellules épithéliales sur la surface apicale libre des «cellules à chlorure». La signification de ces résultats est discutée en rapport avec le problème de l'osmorégulation embryonnaire chez les Poissons, en particulier chez les Cyprinodontes vivipares de la famille des Poeciliidae.

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Ultrastructure of the yolk sac and pericardial sac surface in the embryo of the teleost Poecilia reticulata

Summary A complex network of microridges is revealed by scanning electron microscopical examination of the yolk sac and embryonic pericardial sac surface of Poecilia reticulata. This study also specifies the localization, aspect and distribution of the chloride cells. A tridimensional diagram of the ultrastructural organization of the yolk sac wall is suggested. Osmotic stress quickly induces an overlapping of adjacent epithelial cells on the free apical surface of the chloride cells. These findings are discussed in relation to the problem of embryonic osmoregulation in fishes and especially in viviparous Poeciliids.

Nous exprimons notre gratitude à Mme Neumann, Directeur du Laboratoire de Micropaléontologie de l'Université Paris VI, qui nous a permis d'utiliser le microscope électronique à balayage qui a servi à cette étude. Nos remerciements s'adressent aussi à Melle Aubry et à M. Saussé pour leur concours technique. — Les observations en microscopie électronique en transmission ont été effectuées au Laboratoire de Microscopie électronique appliquée à la Biologie du C.N.R.S.     

Etude microcalorimétrique de l’accélération de la germination des graines,traitées par les ultra-sons

Biologia Plantarum - On a traité des graines d’orge à différentes fréquences ultrasonores (30, 80, 570, 720, 960 kHz) avec des puissances de 2 à 5 W/cm2, de 5 à...     

Personnages dans l’art saharien : le réel et l’imaginé

In the Sahara, wherever there are naked rock surfaces, engravings and paintings have been found in large numbers. This rock art includes various types of images — the oldest dating about ten millenniums — among which human beings, wild or domesticated animals, therianthrops and non-explicit images can be identified. According to periods and styles, the human being has been represented under extremely varied aspects from particularly realistic — similar to the reality — till very simplified, even caricatural drawings. For some realistic representations of women and men, we can observe anatomical or morphological peculiarities which, without being frequent, show cases of steatopygy and gynoïd or androïd obesity, pathological or not. For certain periods, we also find imaginary, fantastic or caricatural representations. These images characterize particularly styles previous to that called “Round Heads”. So, in the Saharan art, the human being has been represented either in his physical truth, or according to multiple stylistic conventions or graphic stereotypes, which could characterize certain ethnic groups.